Mint Countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey)ed gbargaye
The document discusses the MINT countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey - which were identified by economist Jim O'Neill as emerging economic powers with strong growth potential similar to the earlier identified BRIC countries. It provides background on each MINT country, including population size, current GDP figures, growth projections, and key industries. Mexico is projected to have one of the highest GDP per capita by 2050. Indonesia is expected to have the 7th largest GDP by 2050 based on its large population and growing economy. Nigeria has a rapidly growing economy and manufacturing sector and aims to be one of the top 20 global economies by 2020. Turkey has experienced strong construction-led growth and has a large domestic market.
The document summarizes information about the MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey). It provides background on the term "MINT" and how it refers to the economies of these four specific countries. Tables and projections show historical and predicted economic indicators like GDP, GDP per capita, population, and economic growth for each MINT country through 2050.
The document discusses India-China relations and the BRICS economic bloc. It provides background on the historical trade relationship between India and China dating back over 2,000 years. It then summarizes key economic statistics for India and China, comparing their GDP, population size, currency value, imports and exports. The document also outlines what BRICS is, noting it is an acronym for the major emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It presents data on the size of BRICS economies and populations in comparison to other global powers.
1. The document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China), which were grouped based on their large, fast-growing economies.
2. It is projected that by 2050, the BRIC nations will account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP, surpassing developed economies.
3. The BRIC nations face both opportunities and challenges in continuing their economic growth, improving living standards, and increasing their influence in global politics and international organizations.
BRICS is an international organization consisting of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Formed in 2009, BRICS aims to enhance cooperation between these countries in multilateral forums and promote economic and political ties. The organization has led to the establishment of new institutions like the New Development Bank and Contingency Reserve Arrangement that allow BRICS nations to challenge the influence of Western financial bodies like the IMF and World Bank. With nearly half the world's population and a growing share of global GDP, BRICS represents a significant geopolitical force.
Jim O'Neill coined the term BRICs in 2001 to refer to the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China that were predicted to overtake Western economies. The BRICs have experienced significant growth over the past decade, with each becoming one of the top ten economies in the world. O'Neill discusses how the growth market concept at Goldman Sachs recognizes that traditional labels of "developed" and "emerging" no longer reflect the global economy, with countries like the BRICs playing increasingly important economic roles. He also introduces the concept of the "Next 11" countries that could have growth trajectories similar to the BRICs. The document focuses on India specifically, noting its large population, resource wealth
This document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and their growing economic influence. It notes that by 2050, the BRIC countries are expected to account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP. Together, the BRIC nations already account for 40% of the world's population, 25.9% of the world's land area, and 40% of global GDP. The document outlines key economic and demographic statistics for each BRIC country and discusses their future challenges and opportunities to continue growing as economic powers.
The document discusses regional economic integration agreements and provides information about BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It outlines the formation and focus of the BRICS Forum, including establishing a development bank and addressing issues like poverty, healthcare, and infrastructure. It also provides economic overviews and statistics for each BRICS country, mentions potential new members, challenges faced by BRICS, and concludes that BRICS markets are well positioned for long-term growth despite short-term uncertainties.
Mint Countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey)ed gbargaye
The document discusses the MINT countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey - which were identified by economist Jim O'Neill as emerging economic powers with strong growth potential similar to the earlier identified BRIC countries. It provides background on each MINT country, including population size, current GDP figures, growth projections, and key industries. Mexico is projected to have one of the highest GDP per capita by 2050. Indonesia is expected to have the 7th largest GDP by 2050 based on its large population and growing economy. Nigeria has a rapidly growing economy and manufacturing sector and aims to be one of the top 20 global economies by 2020. Turkey has experienced strong construction-led growth and has a large domestic market.
The document summarizes information about the MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey). It provides background on the term "MINT" and how it refers to the economies of these four specific countries. Tables and projections show historical and predicted economic indicators like GDP, GDP per capita, population, and economic growth for each MINT country through 2050.
The document discusses India-China relations and the BRICS economic bloc. It provides background on the historical trade relationship between India and China dating back over 2,000 years. It then summarizes key economic statistics for India and China, comparing their GDP, population size, currency value, imports and exports. The document also outlines what BRICS is, noting it is an acronym for the major emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It presents data on the size of BRICS economies and populations in comparison to other global powers.
1. The document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China), which were grouped based on their large, fast-growing economies.
2. It is projected that by 2050, the BRIC nations will account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP, surpassing developed economies.
3. The BRIC nations face both opportunities and challenges in continuing their economic growth, improving living standards, and increasing their influence in global politics and international organizations.
BRICS is an international organization consisting of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Formed in 2009, BRICS aims to enhance cooperation between these countries in multilateral forums and promote economic and political ties. The organization has led to the establishment of new institutions like the New Development Bank and Contingency Reserve Arrangement that allow BRICS nations to challenge the influence of Western financial bodies like the IMF and World Bank. With nearly half the world's population and a growing share of global GDP, BRICS represents a significant geopolitical force.
Jim O'Neill coined the term BRICs in 2001 to refer to the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China that were predicted to overtake Western economies. The BRICs have experienced significant growth over the past decade, with each becoming one of the top ten economies in the world. O'Neill discusses how the growth market concept at Goldman Sachs recognizes that traditional labels of "developed" and "emerging" no longer reflect the global economy, with countries like the BRICs playing increasingly important economic roles. He also introduces the concept of the "Next 11" countries that could have growth trajectories similar to the BRICs. The document focuses on India specifically, noting its large population, resource wealth
This document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and their growing economic influence. It notes that by 2050, the BRIC countries are expected to account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP. Together, the BRIC nations already account for 40% of the world's population, 25.9% of the world's land area, and 40% of global GDP. The document outlines key economic and demographic statistics for each BRIC country and discusses their future challenges and opportunities to continue growing as economic powers.
The document discusses regional economic integration agreements and provides information about BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It outlines the formation and focus of the BRICS Forum, including establishing a development bank and addressing issues like poverty, healthcare, and infrastructure. It also provides economic overviews and statistics for each BRICS country, mentions potential new members, challenges faced by BRICS, and concludes that BRICS markets are well positioned for long-term growth despite short-term uncertainties.
The document provides information about BRICS, which is an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It discusses the formation of BRICS, its objectives to promote cooperation in business, politics and culture. It also summarizes the focus of BRICS forums on issues like development banking, leadership, technology, trade and highlights some key economic statistics of BRICS nations.
The document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China), which were coined in 2001 and expanded to BRICS with the addition of South Africa. It analyzes the economic growth and prospects of each country, noting their reliance on commodities or manufacturing and recent slowdowns. Demographic changes and a growing middle class are factors behind their growth. The document also examines the Next 11 emerging economies and compares growth environment scores. Criticisms of BRICS include a lack of unity while proposals include expanding membership and establishing a joint development bank.
The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) have experienced significant economic growth and increased influence over the past few decades. They established the New Development Bank in 2014 as an alternative to the Western-dominated World Bank and IMF. The BRICS seek to preserve their sovereignty and promote regionalism through organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, ASEAN, and the African Union. However, they also face weaknesses including economic volatility, environmental issues, and political tensions that could challenge their rising status.
The document discusses BRICS, an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It provides background on BRICS, including its history beginning in 2001, annual summits that began in 2009, the addition of South Africa in 2010, and the establishment of financial structures like the New Development Bank in 2014. In summary, BRICS represents over 3.6 billion people and has a combined GDP of $16.6 trillion, and focuses on areas like infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and establishing independent financial institutions.
- BRICS is an international organization consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the five major emerging economies.
- The objectives of BRICS are to achieve regional development, remove trade barriers and promote economic development and optimum use of resources.
- BRICS summits are held annually, with the first in 2009 and most recent in 2016. The summits have established the New Development Bank and Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
- Collectively BRICS countries account for over 25% of the world's land area and population, as well as 40% of global GDP.
This document provides an overview of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It discusses the origins and formation of BRICS as an international organization of leading emerging economies. Key points covered include the economic and population size of the BRICS countries, their contributions to global GDP and trade relationships. The document also outlines some of the main advantages and challenges facing each BRICS country. It discusses cooperation between the BRICS countries in areas like trade, infrastructure development, healthcare and green energy. Overall the BRICS alliance aims to make the international order more representative and influence global issues.
The document discusses the economy and monetary policy of Russia. It provides economic indicators for Russia from 2010-2014, showing GDP growth slowing after 2011. It outlines the monetary policy framework and highlights four stages of monetary policy in Russia from 2000-2015: 1) rapid money growth and reserves until 2008, 2) crisis response 2008-2009 with GDP decline and currency devaluation, 3) partial return to previous policies from 2010-2011, and 4) inflation targeting and changes due to external instability from 2012 onward. Charts show trends in monetary indicators, interest rates, inflation, and trade balances over this period.
This presentation provides an overview of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It discusses the origins and objectives of the BRICS grouping, highlights key advantages and opportunities of each member country, and reviews past BRICS summits. In conclusion, it notes that BRICS cooperation has exceeded expectations but competition remains, and that collectively the BRICS have the potential to form a powerful new economy with greater opportunities than other nations.
This document summarizes a book report on "Advancing Decent Work Amidst Deepening Inequalities in Asia" by Prof. Rene Ofreneo. It discusses the stark realities of poverty and inequality in Asia despite economic growth. While some countries have reduced poverty, issues remain such as unemployment, poor conditions for informal workers, gender imbalances, and child labor. The document also examines the concept of "decent work" promoted by the ILO, which focuses on employment, social security, social dialogue, and workers' rights. Prof. Ofreneo argues for policies that strengthen unions, provide social protection for all, and establish standards to curb unreasonable practices by transnational corporations.
http://profitableinvestingtips.com/investing-tips/what-happened-to-the-brics
What Happened to the BRICS?
A few years ago the BRICS nations seemed ready to move into the first ranks of the world economy. Today the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are having their problems. What happened to the BRICS? Radio Free Europe reports on BRICS woes.
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa — the BRICS — hope to move the world away from the U.S. dollar and Western-dominated financial institutions, which they say do not meet the needs of emerging economies.
But steep drops in recent weeks in the currencies of the five countries, which account for 40 percent of the world’s population and about one-fifth of global economic output, underscore how difficult it would be for any of them to take the dollar’s place.
The problems of the BRICS nations vary case by case but the global economic slowdown is a culprit for all of them. Russia is hurt by low oil prices, which help the others to greater or lesser degrees. Brazil is hurt by slowing demand for raw materials from China which in turn is seeing its economy slow down due to decreasing demand from Europe especially. What happened to the BRICS is a case by case story.
Russian Adventurism
In response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and support of separatists in Ukraine the USA and EU imposed economic sanctions on Russia. CNN Money writes about how badly sanctions have hurt Russia.
This document discusses the BRICS organization, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It provides background on the formation of BRICS in 2003 and highlights that the main objectives of BRICS are to provide an alternative to the World Bank and IMF and achieve regional development and economic growth among member nations. The document also outlines the history of BRICS summits since 2009, advantages and disadvantages of BRICS countries, key sectors and initiatives like the New Development Bank.
What can be the impacts of the BRICS new financial institutions?Jimmy Huang
Introduction: The diversity of sources of international development finance has increased dramatically in recent years
Part1: BRICS group signed to create two new financial institutions during the sixth BRICS summit in Brazil in 2014
- New Development Bank (NDB)
- Contingency Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
Part2: China leverages its influence and capitalizes on emerging and developing countries with new financial institutions
- AIIB and Silk Road Fund co-finance One Belt One Road (OBOR)
- AIIB provides an addition to reduce infrastructure-funding gap in Asia
Wrap-up: Understand features of the new development finance institutions and roles of regional finance
BRICS is an acronym that refers to 5 major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The term was coined by economist Jim O'Neill to describe the growing economic power of these countries. Together, BRICS members are developing or newly industrialized countries that aim to improve the global economic situation through cooperation. They seek to reform international financial institutions and expand industrial cooperation to contribute to world peace and development. By 2050, BRICS countries could become 4 of the most dominant economies globally based on their current economic growth and potential.
The document provides information on the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It lists the current leaders and finance ministers of each country. It also provides key economic data including GDP, population, area, and other statistics for each BRICS nation as well as in total. The history and developments of the BRICS group are summarized, including details on the first 5 summits hosted between 2009-2013.
Brics nations future bank brazil,russia,india,china,south africaaliyfa
The document discusses plans for a future bank among the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The objectives of forming this bank are to promote regional development, remove trade barriers, and support economic growth and optimal use of resources. Key reasons for establishing the bank include providing currency reserves, accommodating high GDP growth rates in these emerging markets, and offering climate, food, energy, and financial assistance. An analysis suggests the bank could take advantage of opportunities in these large populations and markets while addressing weaknesses like infrastructure and managing threats from other financial institutions.
The document discusses the role of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in international trade and development. It outlines the objectives of BRICS, which include regional development, removing trade barriers, and economic cooperation. BRICS countries have increased their financial and technical assistance to other nations over the last decade. The formation of the New Development Bank by BRICS is highlighted as a way to balance influence from the World Bank and IMF.
The document discusses the proposed BRICS Nations Future Bank. It notes that BRICS is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the five major emerging economies. The objectives of the proposed bank would be to promote regional development, remove trade barriers, and optimize resource use between the BRICS nations. It is expected that China and India will become dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, while Brazil and Russia will be dominant suppliers of raw materials. The bank would help address issues like population growth, limited financing options, and the role of the dollar in international trade. A joint development bank could take advantage of opportunities in emerging markets within the BRICS nations, which have higher GDP growth rates than developed countries.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
Comparative Analysis of MINT v/s The Economic TimesVikrant1711992
This document provides a comparative analysis of two Indian business newspapers: Mint and The Economic Times. It includes profiles of each newspaper, discussing their founding, readership, and market position. A SWOT analysis is presented for both newspapers. The methodology section outlines a descriptive research design to analyze consumer interest in the two papers. The findings suggest Mint is growing its readership but still lags The Economic Times in awareness. Suggestions include increasing promotions and building proper brand positioning for Mint.
The document provides information about BRICS, which is an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It discusses the formation of BRICS, its objectives to promote cooperation in business, politics and culture. It also summarizes the focus of BRICS forums on issues like development banking, leadership, technology, trade and highlights some key economic statistics of BRICS nations.
The document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China), which were coined in 2001 and expanded to BRICS with the addition of South Africa. It analyzes the economic growth and prospects of each country, noting their reliance on commodities or manufacturing and recent slowdowns. Demographic changes and a growing middle class are factors behind their growth. The document also examines the Next 11 emerging economies and compares growth environment scores. Criticisms of BRICS include a lack of unity while proposals include expanding membership and establishing a joint development bank.
The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) have experienced significant economic growth and increased influence over the past few decades. They established the New Development Bank in 2014 as an alternative to the Western-dominated World Bank and IMF. The BRICS seek to preserve their sovereignty and promote regionalism through organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, ASEAN, and the African Union. However, they also face weaknesses including economic volatility, environmental issues, and political tensions that could challenge their rising status.
The document discusses BRICS, an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It provides background on BRICS, including its history beginning in 2001, annual summits that began in 2009, the addition of South Africa in 2010, and the establishment of financial structures like the New Development Bank in 2014. In summary, BRICS represents over 3.6 billion people and has a combined GDP of $16.6 trillion, and focuses on areas like infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and establishing independent financial institutions.
- BRICS is an international organization consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the five major emerging economies.
- The objectives of BRICS are to achieve regional development, remove trade barriers and promote economic development and optimum use of resources.
- BRICS summits are held annually, with the first in 2009 and most recent in 2016. The summits have established the New Development Bank and Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
- Collectively BRICS countries account for over 25% of the world's land area and population, as well as 40% of global GDP.
This document provides an overview of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It discusses the origins and formation of BRICS as an international organization of leading emerging economies. Key points covered include the economic and population size of the BRICS countries, their contributions to global GDP and trade relationships. The document also outlines some of the main advantages and challenges facing each BRICS country. It discusses cooperation between the BRICS countries in areas like trade, infrastructure development, healthcare and green energy. Overall the BRICS alliance aims to make the international order more representative and influence global issues.
The document discusses the economy and monetary policy of Russia. It provides economic indicators for Russia from 2010-2014, showing GDP growth slowing after 2011. It outlines the monetary policy framework and highlights four stages of monetary policy in Russia from 2000-2015: 1) rapid money growth and reserves until 2008, 2) crisis response 2008-2009 with GDP decline and currency devaluation, 3) partial return to previous policies from 2010-2011, and 4) inflation targeting and changes due to external instability from 2012 onward. Charts show trends in monetary indicators, interest rates, inflation, and trade balances over this period.
This presentation provides an overview of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It discusses the origins and objectives of the BRICS grouping, highlights key advantages and opportunities of each member country, and reviews past BRICS summits. In conclusion, it notes that BRICS cooperation has exceeded expectations but competition remains, and that collectively the BRICS have the potential to form a powerful new economy with greater opportunities than other nations.
This document summarizes a book report on "Advancing Decent Work Amidst Deepening Inequalities in Asia" by Prof. Rene Ofreneo. It discusses the stark realities of poverty and inequality in Asia despite economic growth. While some countries have reduced poverty, issues remain such as unemployment, poor conditions for informal workers, gender imbalances, and child labor. The document also examines the concept of "decent work" promoted by the ILO, which focuses on employment, social security, social dialogue, and workers' rights. Prof. Ofreneo argues for policies that strengthen unions, provide social protection for all, and establish standards to curb unreasonable practices by transnational corporations.
http://profitableinvestingtips.com/investing-tips/what-happened-to-the-brics
What Happened to the BRICS?
A few years ago the BRICS nations seemed ready to move into the first ranks of the world economy. Today the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are having their problems. What happened to the BRICS? Radio Free Europe reports on BRICS woes.
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa — the BRICS — hope to move the world away from the U.S. dollar and Western-dominated financial institutions, which they say do not meet the needs of emerging economies.
But steep drops in recent weeks in the currencies of the five countries, which account for 40 percent of the world’s population and about one-fifth of global economic output, underscore how difficult it would be for any of them to take the dollar’s place.
The problems of the BRICS nations vary case by case but the global economic slowdown is a culprit for all of them. Russia is hurt by low oil prices, which help the others to greater or lesser degrees. Brazil is hurt by slowing demand for raw materials from China which in turn is seeing its economy slow down due to decreasing demand from Europe especially. What happened to the BRICS is a case by case story.
Russian Adventurism
In response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and support of separatists in Ukraine the USA and EU imposed economic sanctions on Russia. CNN Money writes about how badly sanctions have hurt Russia.
This document discusses the BRICS organization, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It provides background on the formation of BRICS in 2003 and highlights that the main objectives of BRICS are to provide an alternative to the World Bank and IMF and achieve regional development and economic growth among member nations. The document also outlines the history of BRICS summits since 2009, advantages and disadvantages of BRICS countries, key sectors and initiatives like the New Development Bank.
What can be the impacts of the BRICS new financial institutions?Jimmy Huang
Introduction: The diversity of sources of international development finance has increased dramatically in recent years
Part1: BRICS group signed to create two new financial institutions during the sixth BRICS summit in Brazil in 2014
- New Development Bank (NDB)
- Contingency Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
Part2: China leverages its influence and capitalizes on emerging and developing countries with new financial institutions
- AIIB and Silk Road Fund co-finance One Belt One Road (OBOR)
- AIIB provides an addition to reduce infrastructure-funding gap in Asia
Wrap-up: Understand features of the new development finance institutions and roles of regional finance
BRICS is an acronym that refers to 5 major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The term was coined by economist Jim O'Neill to describe the growing economic power of these countries. Together, BRICS members are developing or newly industrialized countries that aim to improve the global economic situation through cooperation. They seek to reform international financial institutions and expand industrial cooperation to contribute to world peace and development. By 2050, BRICS countries could become 4 of the most dominant economies globally based on their current economic growth and potential.
The document provides information on the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). It lists the current leaders and finance ministers of each country. It also provides key economic data including GDP, population, area, and other statistics for each BRICS nation as well as in total. The history and developments of the BRICS group are summarized, including details on the first 5 summits hosted between 2009-2013.
Brics nations future bank brazil,russia,india,china,south africaaliyfa
The document discusses plans for a future bank among the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The objectives of forming this bank are to promote regional development, remove trade barriers, and support economic growth and optimal use of resources. Key reasons for establishing the bank include providing currency reserves, accommodating high GDP growth rates in these emerging markets, and offering climate, food, energy, and financial assistance. An analysis suggests the bank could take advantage of opportunities in these large populations and markets while addressing weaknesses like infrastructure and managing threats from other financial institutions.
The document discusses the role of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in international trade and development. It outlines the objectives of BRICS, which include regional development, removing trade barriers, and economic cooperation. BRICS countries have increased their financial and technical assistance to other nations over the last decade. The formation of the New Development Bank by BRICS is highlighted as a way to balance influence from the World Bank and IMF.
The document discusses the proposed BRICS Nations Future Bank. It notes that BRICS is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the five major emerging economies. The objectives of the proposed bank would be to promote regional development, remove trade barriers, and optimize resource use between the BRICS nations. It is expected that China and India will become dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, while Brazil and Russia will be dominant suppliers of raw materials. The bank would help address issues like population growth, limited financing options, and the role of the dollar in international trade. A joint development bank could take advantage of opportunities in emerging markets within the BRICS nations, which have higher GDP growth rates than developed countries.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
Comparative Analysis of MINT v/s The Economic TimesVikrant1711992
This document provides a comparative analysis of two Indian business newspapers: Mint and The Economic Times. It includes profiles of each newspaper, discussing their founding, readership, and market position. A SWOT analysis is presented for both newspapers. The methodology section outlines a descriptive research design to analyze consumer interest in the two papers. The findings suggest Mint is growing its readership but still lags The Economic Times in awareness. Suggestions include increasing promotions and building proper brand positioning for Mint.
Peppermint is a hybrid mint plant that is widely cultivated for its fragrant leaves and essential oil. It grows as a rhizomatous perennial herb and reproduces vegetatively. Peppermint oil contains high levels of menthol and is used in many consumer products like tea, candy, gum, and toothpaste due to its flavor and scent. Peppermint has also been used medicinally to relieve headaches, digestive issues, cold symptoms, itching and skin irritations. While generally safe in amounts normally consumed, peppermint should be used cautiously by those with GERD or gallstones and is not recommended for infants or during pregnancy without consultation.
The document discusses peppermint (Mentha pipertia), including its botanical information, parts used, chemical constituents like menthol and menthone, mechanisms of action as a calcium channel blocker, uses to treat nausea, headaches and reduce inflammation, potential side effects like heartburn and allergic reactions, contraindications during pregnancy and intestinal diseases, interactions with other drugs, and dosage recommendations of 3-6 grams as an infusion or 0.2 ml of peppermint oil per day in capsules.
El objetivo de esta presentación es ofrecer un panorama de la primarización en América Latina y subprimarización en el caso de México. por otra parte se hace un analisis del sector del petroleo, fondos soberanos y seguridad energetica.
This document presents a proposal for an organic spices extraction project using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Some key points:
- The project would organically cultivate and process spices like cardamom, ginger, pepper, and clove to produce essential oils and extracts. Supercritical CO2 extraction would be used to preserve quality.
- Details are provided on organic certification requirements, proposed manufacturing processes, expected products, market potential, and financial projections. The total project cost is estimated at Rs. 1022.24 lakhs and would have a debt to equity ratio of 3:2.
- Break-even analysis shows the project would break even at 50% capacity. The internal rate of return is projected
The document provides information on a proposed project to produce menthol in Bangladesh at the cluster level. It introduces four individuals who will be involved in the project due to their relevant experience and expertise. It then discusses several benefits of the NJLIP program partnering with the project, including empowering women through skills development, ensuring year-round income, and developing women entrepreneurs. The document outlines the production process of menthol from mint leaves and provides details on various aspects of growing and harvesting mint. It also presents market information on menthol consumption and financial requirements for the proposed project.
Peppermint is a hybrid perennial plant that grows 1-3 feet tall with dark green leaves and purple flowers. It is native to Europe but naturalized in North America, where it grows in most areas as long as it has access to water and good drainage. Peppermint has a long history of medicinal uses for treating various ailments like coughs, nausea, headaches, and skin irritation due to its high menthol content, which has soothing and cooling properties.
A peppermint plant has green stems and leaves with purple flowers that grow in clusters at the top. It can reach heights between 1 to 3 feet tall and is native to Europe and Asia, thriving in moist, temperate hard soils that don't require daily watering. Peppermint is useful for making toothpaste, tea, and treating indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, upset stomachs, headaches, and skin irritations.
This document provides an overview of spices and their extraction. It discusses how essential oils and oleoresins can be extracted from spices through steam distillation or solvent extraction. It focuses on black pepper, the main components of black pepper like piperine and volatile oils, and different analytical techniques used to analyze the quality and composition of black pepper extracts and oleoresins like refractive index, specific gravity, optical rotation, UV-visible spectroscopy, gas chromatography. The document concludes that Sreelankan black pepper provides the highest quality with high piperine content and yields of oleoresin and volatile oils.
El G20 es un foro de cooperación y consulta entre 19 de las principales economías del mundo más la Unión Europea. Se reúnen regularmente desde 1999 para discutir temas relacionados con la estabilidad financiera internacional y otros asuntos más allá del alcance de otras organizaciones. Sus miembros incluyen países industrializados y economías emergentes con el objetivo de promover un mayor entendimiento en políticas económicas a nivel global.
- The G20 was created in 1999 by the G7 countries in response to financial crises to help stabilize global markets and the international monetary system.
- It has taken on a larger role since the 2008 crisis and expanded its membership to include both creditor and emerging economies.
- However, the G20 and other global institutions have struggled to anticipate and resolve major issues like inequality, unemployment, climate change, and have focused more on short-term banking rescues in developed countries. Significant obstacles remain to establishing a new economic governance with more justice for developing countries.
O documento descreve as principais características do G20 e do G8, dois grupos formados pelos países mais economicamente poderosos do mundo. O G20 reúne 20 países e tem como objetivo principal discutir políticas para promover o crescimento econômico global de forma sustentável. Já o G8 é composto por 8 nações e é criticado por movimentos sociais por decidir questões globais sem legitimidade ou transparência.
A study on consumer preference towards The Hindu NewspaperYOGA
This document is a summer project report submitted to Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology by V. Yogalakshmi studying the consumer preferences towards "The Hindu" newspaper. It provides background information on "The Hindu" newspaper, which was founded in 1878 and is one of India's largest newspapers. The report aims to understand existing consumer preferences, reading habits, and perceptions of "The Hindu" compared to other newspapers. It uses surveys and statistical analysis to examine topics like consumer demographics, preferred sections, views on quality and reliability of information.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key details about the document type, topic, objectives and approach at a high level while keeping it concise.
Colombia and latin america - The next challengesAlvaro Uribe V.
This document discusses trends that will shape Latin America's future and analyzes the economic outlook for the region in 2013. Some key trends include the rise of the global middle class, emerging powers like China surpassing Western economies, increasing pressure on natural resources, and changing demographics. The document contrasts the more successful socio-economic models of countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico that embrace liberal democracy, free trade, and investment versus the weaker ALBA bloc model of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. It concludes by predicting GDP growth rates for countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Chile in 2013, with Brazil expected to be the main driver of growth in the region.
The document discusses how the health of Latin American economies impacts the U.S. and rest of world. It analyzes the economies of Brazil, Mexico, Chile and Peru. For Brazil, it outlines the current strong market and global impact, and suggests simplifying taxes and improving infrastructure to sustain growth. For Mexico, it describes recent economic blows from recession and H1N1, the current strong market focused on trade, and reliance on agreements like NAFTA. The document provides an overview of the key Latin American economies and their significance on a global scale.
This document summarizes Alvaro Uribe Velez's keynote address on political trends in Latin America to the JP Morgan Latin American Advisory Council. It finds the region divided between more democratic center-left countries that cooperate with the US and pursue free trade (led by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico), and more radical leftist ALBA countries (led by Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia) that are anti-US, weak on institutions, and ideology-driven. It discusses Brazil's role in the region politically and economically, China's growing influence through trade, and how Latin America is managing its relationship with China given increased economic ties.
Trinidad y tobago energy chamber presentaciónAlvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses trends that will shape the global future over the next 20 years such as the expansion of the global middle class, the rise of emerging powers like China and India, demographic changes, and increasing pressure on natural resources. It then focuses on Latin America, describing its growing population and middle class, commodity resources, and policy changes that have driven poverty reduction and economic growth in much of the region. Finally, it provides the 2013 economic outlook for several Latin American countries, forecasting GDP growth rates between 1.5-5.8% with inflation remaining stable in most countries.
Colombia and latin america - The next challengesAlvaro Uribe V.
This document discusses trends that will shape the future of Latin America and Colombia. It identifies 4 key trends to 2030: the expansion of the global middle class, the rise of emerging powers like China, demography influencing development, and increasing pressure on natural resources. It then outlines Latin America's population trends, reduction in poverty, and commodity resources. Two socioeconomic models in the region are described as having different outcomes. The 2013 economic outlook forecasts moderate growth for most countries. Colombia's turnaround from instability to stability over the past decade using a comprehensive policy framework is also summarized.
Pub impact of high population on nigerian economyOnyeka Okwuosa
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of population growth on Nigeria's economy. It finds that contrary to popular belief, population growth in Nigeria has had a positive impact on economic growth. Using regression analysis of time series data from 1980-2014, it finds a positive relationship between total population levels and economic growth in Nigeria. However, it also finds that human capital development has not had a significant impact on economic growth. The paper recommends policies to boost economic productivity and further enhance growth, such as attaining demographic policies and revitalizing human capital development.
Mexico has strong economic numbers like low interest rates and increasing GDP, but faces significant political risks from corruption, drug cartel violence, and a reputation for instability. Indonesia also has high GDP but unpredictable growth rates and faces risks from natural disasters, public protests, and religious extremism. Nigeria has Africa's largest economy but risks include overdependence on oil revenues, corruption, and the Boko Haram insurgency.
This document summarizes the evolution of Latin America from 1980 to 2012 and discusses regional economic outlook and policy challenges. Key points include:
1) Latin America has experienced rapid growth and transformation over the last three decades, reducing poverty and debt. However, challenges remain around building strong democracies, economic development, social gaps, and environmental sustainability.
2) The region can be characterized as having two policy paths - the ALBA group pursues anti-US, anti-trade policies while the democratic center pursues cooperation, trade, and long-term development.
3) After slowing in 2011-2012, the regional economy is expected to recover in 2013, led by Brazil, though challenges remain around strengthening
Act Local Please respond to the following in 2-3 paragraphsBased .docxbobbywlane695641
"Act Local" Please respond to the following: in 2-3 paragraphsBased on the two articles below, address the following:
What fundamental actions are at least two leaders of developing countries taking to improve the living standards of their people in terms of their economies, their political systems and their environments? Please give good response, DUE 6-11-15
· Development Shouldn’t Give Democracy the Cold Shoulder
· May 2013
· One of the strongest global trends today is the empowerment of citizens and their desire for dignity and freedom. As governments prepare for what should replace the Millennium Development Goals, they should take this into account. But don't hold your breath. Two recent surveys conducted by the United Nations to inform the discussion of the post-2015 agenda provide a striking demonstration of the widening gap between citizens and their governments.
·
· One of these is the U.N.-sponsored online survey known as My world. So far more than half a million citizens in 194 countries have voted in the survey, and the results show that "honest and responsive government" consistently ranks among the top three developmental priorities cited by respondents as desirable for their own countries. In the other survey undertaken among U.N. member state governments by the U.N. Secretary-General for the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development, "good governance" ranks bizarrely as only 25th out of 32 priorities listed. The disparity between the surveys' initial results are illustrative of a wider trend where citizens see democratic governance as a major priority, while governments don't. Keeping this in mind, there are two main reasons why the High-Level Panel report should make certain that it includes democracy in its recommendations for the new development framework.
·
· First, nothing matters more for development than national politics. As pointed out by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in their book Failed States, anyone who doubts the importance of national institutions and national policies need only look at the history of the two Koreas, which had the same economic starting point seven decades ago. Today, South Korea has a booming economy, high levels of education, and a life expectancy of 79 years, according to the World Health Organization. In North Korea, life expectancy is 64 years and the economy has stagnated under dictatorship. Open, democratic, and competitive politics with institutions that place constraints on power are far more likely to uphold the rule of law, protect property rights, and provide an inclusive market economy that limits corruption and provides opportunity for all.
·
· Second, this critical importance of national politics is only enhanced by the fact that trade, investment, and remittances are rapidly dwarfing traditional aid as vehicles for economic development. The world is waving goodbye to the old "donor-recipient" paradigm, in which the western world provides aid to support developi.
The McKinsey Quarterly 2004 Number 2100 The power of productiv.docxoreo10
The McKinsey Quarterly 2004 Number 2100 The power of productivity 101
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The McKinsey Quarterly 2004 Number 2100 The power of productivity 101
After the Second World War, a vast array of international and national
institutions—the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary
Fund, and a host of nongovernment and government aid organizations—
was created to better the lot of the world’s poor. Conventional wisdom came
to hold that improvements in infrastructure, technology, capital markets,
education, and health care would eliminate the stark distinctions between
rich and poor nations.1 Fifty years and billions of dollars later, this wisdom
has proved wrong.
At the beginning of the 1990s, the Soviet Union’s fall precipitated a new
conventional wisdom. This “Washington consensus” focused heavily on
macroeconomic policies, such as flexible exchange rates, low inflation,
and government solvency, while also embracing microeconomic elements—
for instance, price decontrol, privatization, and good corporate governance
and market regulation. Market reform swept through the world, including
countries as diverse as Argentina, Brazil, India, Mexico, New Zealand,
Poland, and Russia. Most were thought to be doing virtually everything
needed to spark rapid growth.
But once again the results were disappointing. By the end of the 1990s, most
of these countries’ growth rates had returned to levels so low that the profile
of the global economic landscape wasn’t changing at all. Today more than
The power
of productivity
Poor countries should put their consumers first.
William W. Lewis
1 For more on the failure of development economics, see William Easterly, The Elusive Quest for Growth:
Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2002.
The McKinsey Quarterly 2004 Number 2102 The power of productivity 103
80 percent of the world’s people still get by on less than a quarter of the
average income in rich countries, much as they did 50 years ago.
Even worse, only a handful of countries, having moved out of dire poverty
into the middle ground, enjoy a real prospect of joining the rich ones
(Exhibit 1). This failure is worrisome because it means that today’s poor
countries will probably be poor 20 years from now. Economic develop-
ment is a slow process. Even if poor countries grew at the extraordinary rate
of 7 percent a year, it would take them 50 years to catch up. At current
rates, it would take them a couple of centuries—if they ever did. As the
tenacity of oppressive regimes and the rise in terrorism in these poor
countries amply demonstrate, this gap between rich and poor is a major
threat to global stability.
Conventional solutions have failed because they don’t address the real causes
of persistent poverty. The Washington consensus, like the 50 years of
development economics before it, is grounded in an analysis of economies
...
Public Private Partnerships, Latin America and Colombia’s current challengesAlvaro Uribe V.
Outline:
1. The current global context
2. Latin America in a multi-polar world
3.PPP’s for a new regional era
4. Types of PPP’s
5. Latin America between two models
6. Colombia Current Challenges
This document discusses trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It notes that poverty levels have risen sharply from 28.1% of the population living below the poverty line in 1980 to over 70% in 2002. While some expected democracy to reduce poverty, four years after civilian rule began in 1999 poverty continues to increase. The document examines factors slowing democratic consolidation and options for pro-poor policies and development in Nigeria.
Needs, poverty and democracy in nigeria – an assessmentKayode Fayemi
This document analyzes trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It finds that poverty has significantly increased, with over 70% of Nigerians now living below the poverty line. Poverty is most prevalent in rural areas and northern regions but has also grown substantially in urban areas. Women and girls experience higher rates of poverty than men due to social and economic inequalities. While Nigeria has significant oil wealth, the Niger Delta region remains deeply impoverished due to underdevelopment and political repression over many years of military rule. Inadequate infrastructure, education, healthcare and opportunities continue to plague Nigeria and exacerbate poverty conditions.
This document analyzes trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It finds that poverty has significantly increased, with over 70% of Nigerians now living below the poverty line. Poverty is most prevalent in rural areas and northern regions but has also grown substantially in urban areas. The document examines factors driving poverty such as poor governance, corruption, and an economic reliance on oil. It also notes that poverty has a gender dimension and that women tend to experience greater vulnerability.
Needs, poverty and democracy in nigeria – an assessmentKayode Fayemi
This document summarizes trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past few decades based on various statistics and studies. It finds that poverty in Nigeria has significantly increased, with over 70% of Nigerians living below the poverty line by 2002. Poverty is deeper in rural areas and varies substantially by region. Women also experience higher rates of poverty than men. While Nigeria has significant oil wealth, the Niger Delta region remains deeply impoverished with lack of basic infrastructure and services. Weak governance, corruption, and lack of inclusive institutions are cited as primary drivers of widespread and increasing poverty in Nigeria.
This document discusses economic and political trends in Latin America from 1980 to 2012. It notes that emerging markets have become engines of global growth, with Latin America experiencing rapid economic growth and democratic expansion over this period. However, it also identifies two different policy paths in the region - the modern democratic center countries that have pursued pro-investment, pro-trade policies, and the ALBA countries that have adopted more anti-US, ideology-driven approaches. The document argues the democratic center countries, led by Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Mexico, will be better positioned to capitalize on emerging market opportunities due to their stronger institutions, investment confidence, and social policies.
1. The document discusses how policies can dramatically impact the development of emerging markets, using Latin America as a case study.
2. It outlines two main policy paths in Latin America - the ALBA model of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Cuba, which is anti-US, anti-free trade and lacks investment confidence; and the modern democratic center countries that cooperate with the US, support free trade and have greater political stability.
3. The democratic center countries leading investment and growth are Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. The document analyzes some of the main policy challenges still facing countries in the region like improving education and social programs in Peru, and restoring fiscal credibility in Argentina
Latin America an the Carabbean past and futureAlvaro Uribe V.
Latin America has experienced significant economic growth and transformation since 1980, with emerging markets accounting for a growing share of global GDP. While countries like Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Peru have adopted policies promoting investment, trade, fiscal responsibility and strong institutions, other countries in the region like Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia have weaker institutions, less political stability and pursue more interventionist policies, risking long-term development. Maintaining policies that ensure democratic governance, economic openness, and sustainable social programs will be key for Latin American countries to continue their participation in the emerging markets boom.
This document discusses economic and political trends in Latin America from 1980 to 2012. It notes that Latin America has experienced significant growth and transformation during this period, with emerging economies now accounting for a larger share of global GDP. However, it also identifies two main policy paths in the region - the ALBA countries led by Venezuela that have weaker institutions and investment confidence, and the modern democratic center countries that have pursued cooperation, free trade, and fiscal prudence. The document argues the center countries will be better positioned to participate in the emerging markets boom due to their stronger policies and institutions. It also outlines some remaining challenges faced by countries like Peru, Argentina, and the region as a whole.
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The mint countries as emerging economic power bloc
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
99
The MINT Countries as Emerging Economic Power Bloc:
Prospects and Challenges
Adeolu Durotoye, PhD
Department of Political Science and International Studies
College of Social and Management Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Email: Adeolud@abuad.edu.ng, adeolud@yahoo.com
Abstract
MINT is a new acronym referring to the economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey. The term is
being popularized by Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs, who had created the term BRIC. The idea is that Mexico,
Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey have very favourable demographics for at least the next 20 years, and their
economic prospects are encouraging. Is it likely that these countries would do enough on the economic-policy
front to quickly realize that potential? Can they do what is needed to lift the country’s growth rate to double digit?
Will they be able to advance infrastructure, increase middle class and rapidly decline poverty rates? Are these
MINT countries in a “mint” condition to fulfil expectations of their emergence as economic powerhouses? This
paper will rely on existing literatures, newspaper articles as well as World Bank data to achieve its assignment.
We will conclude that the MINT countries will have to engage their youth population creatively and
productively to be able to actualise their future economic potentials. The paper suggests economic models that
will make the favourable demographics an asset.
Keywords: MINT Economies, Economic Power bloc, Youth Engagement, Nigeria, Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia
1. Introduction
In 2001, the world began talking about the BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China - as a potential
power bloc of the world economy. The BRIC, especially China justified this prediction by returning double digit
growth rates between 2003 and 2008. Since 2013, the "MINT" countries - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and
Turkey – have been identified as emerging economic giants becoming the rallying point of an economic
grouping that is now an important player in international economic relations for a number of reasons.Even
though they have diverse history, culture and geopolitics, they share some commonality in terms of economic
conditions. They all have big and growing populations with lots of young workers that will grow the economy
faster when ageing and shrinking populations will lead to slower growth rates in many developed countries
including China over the coming decades.
Geographically, they are also nicely placed to take advantage of large markets nearby, with Indonesia close to
China, Turkey on the edge of the European Union and Mexico on America's doorstep.Nigeria does have the
potential to become the hub of Africa's economy.
Mexico, Indonesia and Nigeria are also leading commodity producers. Of the four, only Nigeria is not already a
member of the G20 group of developed and developing countries.
But as the MINT countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey share opportunities, they also share
challenges. Major tasks will be how to rapidly advance infrastructure, increase middle class and rapidly decline
poverty rates by putting their young populations to gainful employment. This paper examines the opportunities
and the challenges and proffers suggestions on the way forward.
2. The state of the MINT countries: Socio-political and Economic Conditions
We will now look at the socio-political and economic conditions of the MINT countries in greater detail.
2.1.Mexico
Region: Latin America
GDP: $1.261 trillion (2013)
Population: $122.3 million
School enrolment, primary: over 100% (2012)
Poverty headcount ratio (% of population)
52.3% (2012)
51.1% (2010)
47.8% (2008)
42.9% (2006)
47.0% (2005)
Life expectancy:77 years (2012)
GNI per capita: $9,940
Source: World Bank
2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
100
Mexico’s population is 122.3 million, with a GDP of $1.261 trillion.
Mexico's infrastructure is rapidly advancing, while the middle class is increasing with a per capita income of
almost $10,000. However, poverty rate seems to have gone up to 52% in 2012 from 43% six years earlier.
Mexico is a large nation with 32 states covering a land space totalling 1,972,550km. There are some 62
Indigenous languages spoken in addition to the official language of Spanish. Apart from the capital, Mexico City,
which contains more than 21 million people, the regions away from the capital have felt themselves ill-served by
the federal government.
The current age distribution reflects that 28.48% of the population is 14 years of age or younger; 65.11% is 15-
64; and 6.41% is 65 or over. According to UNESCO’s statistics, Mexico has a literacy rate of over 93%. School
enrolment is over 100% when taking into account over-aged and under-aged students. The life expectancy is 77,
not far behind Canada and the United States.
Apart from its high and relatively young population which undoubtedly is a great asset, Mexico is not only a
major oil exporter, but is also an increasingly competitive and diversified economy, with a thriving middle class.
Since the early 1990s, Mexico has increasingly moved both economically and strategically into the North
American region and into collaboration with the United States and Canada as a member of the North American
Free Trade Area and since 9/11, the North American Security and Prosperity Partnership. But Mexico does not
compare favourably with its two North American partners in terms of security issues, levels of economic and
social development, and political stability. Some of the challenges confronting Mexico include being a major
hub for narcotic drugs, ineffective police, endemic crime, and compromised security apparatuses. Mexico’s
prospects include good educational system and viable economic institutions.
Politically, Mexico is generally considered to be a fragile democracy more because of the increased power of the
narcotics cartels, and the attendant corruption which has affected the efforts of the federal government to contain
the cartels thereby undermining the trend toward the maintenance of a stable democracy. “The trend in Mexico
has been an opening of the state and the political system, undeniable improvements in the respect for the human
rights of the population at large, and improved transparency and accountability. But those improvements, almost
all observers would agree, have a long way to go before they are at acceptable standards. Politics are still corrupt
and scandal-ridden, with parties often focused more on individuals than on programmes for action. And while
progress has been made, the Mexican state is still far from comfortable with the concepts of accountability and
transparency” (Klepak:2008).
Economic realities made Mexicans look north for trade,investment and outlets for labour.By 2010 Mexico had
concluded free tradeagreements with approximately 40 countries including Japan, the European Union and
anumber of Central American countries, although the United States continued to be the dominant trading partner.
More than 44% of Mexico’s imports come from theUnited States followed by Brazil at 31%. The United States
represents well over 80% of totalMexican trade. Also, China continues to make inroads into that market.It is the
6th largest oil exportingnation in the world and along with Canada is the most important foreign source of oil to
theUnited States. The service sector in Mexico generates more than 61% of GDP, followed byindustry at 34%,
and only 4% from agriculture, and each of those sectors are tied in largepart to the U.S. economy. The country’s
standard of living has continued to increase.(Klepak:2008)
Alleviating poverty, increasing internal security, reducing dependence on the USA for trade and
increasingemployment have continued to be the major challenges. A continued downturn in the economy of the
USA given the massive dependence of Mexico on this market as a source of importsand investment would do the
Mexican economy no good.For Mexico to realise its full potentials, it will have to provide a conducive
environment for investment. Recent data about the ease of doing business shows that Mexico is ranked a
respectable 54th in the world and 68th in protecting investors. However, it is ranked 133rd in the area of getting
electricity for business. (IFC/ The World Bank:2014a)
2.2.Indonesia
Region: East Asia & Pacific
GDP: $868.3 billion (2013)
Population: 249.9 million
Poverty headcount ratio (% of population)
11.4% (2013)
12.0% (2012)
12.5% (2011)
13.3% (2010)
14.2% (2009)
Life expectancy: 71years(2012)
GNI per capita: $3,580 (2013)
School enrolment:over 100% (2012)
Source: WorldBank.
3. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
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A member of the G-20, Indonesia has a population of 249.9 million and a GDP of US$868.3 billion, with a per
capita income of $3,580. Age distribution shows that 27.7 percent is 0-14, 66.2 percent is 15-64, while 6.1
percent is 65 and above. “According to WTO data, Indonesia ranks 27th among the world trading nations. It also
has an increasingly diversified export base. Geographically, the country is a fissiparous archipelago of over
17,000 islands, many of them prone to earthquakes and Tsunamis. It is a moderate Muslim country that is
increasingly confident as a flourishing democracy. It has continued to grow at a rate of 6% over several years,
with unemployment estimated at 6.1% and the incidence of poverty at 11.7% of the population. Indonesia shares
a neighbourhood with Japan, China, Malaysia and Singapore. Both as a market and as an exporter, its potentials
are considerable”. (Mailafia:2014).With its large population,Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the
private sector and government play significant roles. Being the largest economy in Southeast, Indonesia is the
world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the USA and the world's third most populous
democratic country after India and the USA.
Despite a downturn in GDP growth in the past two years, the Indonesian economy is growing, as is the
Indonesian middle class. A moderation in investment slowed GDP growth to 5.9% inthe first half of 2013. Fixed
investment plummeted to 5.2% as against the 9% of the previous 3 years. Private consumption swelled by 5.1%,
contributing almost half the growth in GDP. Sales of automobiles rose by 12%, Net exports made a significant
contribution to GDP growth owing to a sharp deceleration in import volumes and a modest increase in export
volumes. Services grew by 7.6% and contributed 3.5 percentage points to the increase in GDP. Transport and
communications services continued to expand at a double-digit pace. Manufacturing grew by 5.9%, adding 1.5
percentage points to GDP growth, agriculture grew by 3.4%, while oil and gas production declined by 5%. The
economy generated 1.2 million new jobs in the 12 months through February 2013, mostly in wholesale trading,
construction, and manufacturing. Poverty incidence declined to 11.4% in March 2013 from 12.0% in March
2012. (Ginting/Aji:2013).Literacy level stands at 92.6 percent, according to UNESCO and school enrolment is
over 100%.
While still strong by global comparison, Indonesia's economy has gradually slowed over the past two years. By
the third quarter of 2013, annual GDP growth had declined to 5.6%, down from 6.5% in 2011largely due to
lower global prices for key Indonesian export commoditiessuch as thermal coal, natural rubber, gold and crude
palm oil, and more recently also to slowing investment and consumption.
A recent World Bank’s report titled “Indonesia: Avoiding the Trap” argues that Indonesia can achieve shared
prosperity, through fast productivity-driven economic growth with inclusiveness, but only by making progress
on key structural reforms and implementation such as expanding supply, increase productivity, improve
infrastructure, and improve the quality of human resources.
Indonesia will need to improve the investment climate. The data on the ease of doing business shows that
Indonesia is ranked 116th
in the world. Even though it is ranked a respectable 52nd in protecting investors, it is
ranked 121th in getting electricity. (IFC/The World Bank:2014b).
Indonesia was the only Asian member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) outside of
the Middle East until 2008 and is currently a net oil importer. Indonesia is the world's largest tin market.
Although mineral production traditionally centered on bauxite, silver, and tin, Indonesia is expanding its copper,
nickel, gold, and coal output for export markets. In 2010, Indonesia sold 7.6 million motorcycles mainly
produced in Indonesia with almost 100% local components. Honda led the market with a 50.95% market share,
followed by Yamaha with 41.37% market share. In 2011, the retail car sales total was 888,335 units, a 19.26%
increase from 2010. Toyota dominated the domestic car market by 35.34%, followed by Daihatsu and Mitsubishi
with 15.44% and 14.56%, respectively. Since 2011, some indigenous local car makers have introduced some
Indonesian national cars which can be categorized as Low Cost Green Car (LCGC). In 2012, significant increase
by 24.8% made automobile sales broke 1 million units with 1.116 million units.Indonesian Textile industry also
attractedinvestment worth $247 million in 2012 (Wikipedia.org:2014a).
Challenges facing Indonesia include high rate of poverty, for which the government introduced Social Safety Net
which includes the provision of food, the creation of jobs through public businesses, health and education, and
support for small and medium-sized businesses with funding for the Social Safety Net program from the World
Bank and the Asian Development Bank.There is also clamour for regional Independent Autonomy. Indonesia
has roughly 300 ethnic groups. Since it gained its independence, Indonesia's national policy has been "unity in
diversity." However, ethnic and religious strife have been a major issue. In Indonesia it is generally believed that
ethnic Chinese, which make up less than 5% of the total population, control 80% of the wealth. The Muslims,
which make up close to 90% of the total population, harbour a strong animosity against the ethnic Chinese based
on this economic disparity and religious differences. Corruption, collusion and nepotism (KNN) have eaten deep
into the fabric of the Indonesian society. KNN is deeply rooted in the government at all levels. This is one cause
of Indonesia's high cost economy. It would be impossible to wipe out KNN in a short period of time, but in order
to restore Indonesia's economy, it will be necessary to make every effort to root it out.(Mishima:1999).
There is also religious problem caused by the Jihadists. In 2001, the first suicide bombing — the attacks on Bali
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night clubs — took place. There have been several suicide bombings and other bomb attacks since then. While
the government has implemented a severe police response against the fundamentalist, jihadist groups, it has been
accommodating to groups making violent attacks against Christian and dissident Islamic sects. There have been
attacks against the mosques and prayer houses of the Ahmadiyah sect as well as against some Christian churches.
Prosecutors have, for example, demanded only seven-month sentences for members of the Islamic Defenders
Front (Front Pembela Islam — FPI) who attacked and beat to death three members of the Ahmadiyah sect and
injured five others.(Lane:2011)
On the economic front, inadequate infrastructures have been a constant source of complaint, especially from the
businesspeople. The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) Report states that inadequate infrastructures,
considered as “largely underdeveloped”, have remained the most serious constraints to the Indonesian economy
(Boediono:2013).
2.3. Turkey
Region: Europe & Central Asia
GDP: $820.2 billion (2013).
Population: 74.93 million (2013)
School enrolment: Over 100%
Poverty headcount ratio
2.3% (2012)
2.8% (2011)
3.7% (2010)
4.4% (2009)
6.8% (2008)
Life expectancy: 75 years (2012)
GNI per capita: $10,950 (2013).
Source: World Bank
Turkey is a country of 75 million people, nicely located between Asia and Europe. It has a GDP of US$820
billion and a per capita income of $10,950. A member of NATO and a candidate for membership of the
European Union, Turkey is a bourgeoning democracy and strong international trading state. 24.6% of the
population is within the 0-14 age range, while 67.8% is aged between 15 and 64. 7.7% is 65 and above.
Turkey's economy was the third fastest growing economy in the world growing by 10.3% in 2013, even faster
than China. Turkish economy depends largely on construction and related industries like Steel, Timber, and
Energy making up 30% of the economy. Turkey also has a very large domestic consumption base, and 3 major
auto companies making Turkey the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP in 2011. The country is a founding member of
the OECD and the G-20 major economies (1999) as well as part of the EU Customs Union since 1995.
(Wikipedia.org:2014b).
The economy has been growing at 9% annually. Poverty rate has declined considerably over the years from 6.8%
in 2008 to 2.3% in 2012. However some parts of Turkey remain poor. Much of Anatolia, the rural eastern region,
bears no resemblance to the glitter of Istanbul and the western coast. (Jones:2011).
Full economic and political integration into Europe will do Turkey a lot of good. Turkey signed a Customs
Union Agreement with the EUin 1995.Trade with the EU accounts for about 50% of overall Turkish exports
while the share of EU countries in total imports of Turkey was almost 45%. Ingeneral, full EU membership for
Turkey would ensure this market and also lead to a furtheropening of the European market to Turkey. Not only
has the volumeof trade between Turkey and the EU increased very rapidly over the years, but also the
exportstructure has changed radically. Whereas Turkey was mainly an exporter of raw materials andagricultural
products in the 1960s and 1970s, presently, manufactured production covers almost80% of Turkish exports. The
EU share is about 65% with respect to total foreigndirect investments in year 2012. Most foreign firms operating
in Turkey come from the EUstates.
If granted full membership, Turkey would be the second largest country in the EU interms of population after
Germany. There will be huge labour mobility from Turkey to the EU which will help to alleviate EU’s ageing
society. Low labour costs, closeness to a huge Eastern European market and unrestricted access to the European
market would definitely triggermassive domestic and foreign investments into Turkey's manufacturing industry.
Backed upby the import of technology, this would lead to an economic upswing in this sector of theTurkish
industry. The relatively low cost of Turkey's labour force compared to otherEU members will lead to export of
Turkey's labour and to an import of foreign capital.Politicalinterference has been reduced and the institutional
and regulatory framework has beenbrought closer to international standards. In order to get the highestbenefit,
government should keep on macroeconomic and political stability, provide firms witheasy access to finance and
sufficient support of innovation, and should make sufficientinfrastructure investments.
Doing business in Turkey is relatively easier than the other MINT countries. It is ranked 69th in 2014 and 34th in
protecting investors while it is ranked 49th in the area of electricity. (IFC/The World Bank:2014c).
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2.4.Nigeria
Region: Sub-Saharan Africa
GDP: $522.6 billion (2013)
Population: 173.6 million (2013)
Poverty headcount ratio:
46.0% (2010)
48.4% (2004)
Life expectancy: 52 years(2012)
GNI per capita:$2,760 (2013)
School enrolment: 85% (2010)
Source: World Bank
Nigeria’s population is about 173million with a GDP of $522.6 billion in 2013 representing a GDP growth rate
of 7.3%. 44% of the population falls within the 0-14 age bracket, while 53% falls within the 15-64 age range,
with only 2.7% above 65.
Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics in 2014 replaced the present GDP price structure (base year) for the first
time in 23 years with a more recent one to reflect structural changes in the economy. Previously, 1990 was being
used as the base year and the rebasing exercise has changed it to 2010. The process took into account new
sectors of the economy that have sprung up over the last twenty three years. This statistical exercise gave a more
realistic and true estimate of the value and size of economic activities in Nigeria.
The statistical office was assisted by technical teams from the African Development Bank, International
Monetary Fund and World Bank. After the exercise, agriculture turned out the largest sector of the economy
accounting for about 42% of total GDP. The fastest growing segments are Wholesale and Retail Trade and
Telecommunication and Post. Together they account for almost 35% of total output. The third largest sector is
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas which constitutes 13.5% while Industry and Construction account for the
remaining 9.5% of the GDP. (Trading Economics:2014)
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and seventh in the world, also Africa’s largest oil producer. It is
an ethnically diverse nation, with over 400 linguistic groups represented in 36 states. Nigeria is definitely an
emerging market, with expanding financial, service, communications, and entertainment sectors. It is ranked
26th (40th in 2005, 52nd in 2000), in the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product at purchasing power parity
as of 2014, and largest within Africa. Its manufacturing sector is the third largest on the continent, and produces
a large proportion of goods and services for the West African region.(Wikipedia.org:2014c).
Ruchir Sharma of investment bankers Morgan Stanley, in his new book, The Breakout Nations, believes that
Nigeria is on course to take her place among the civilised nations of the twenty-first century. (Ruchir
Sharma:2013).
The Nigerian economy is growing over the years at above 6.5% to 7% annually. The GDP growth has made the
world tonotice Nigeria and now it has become a major destination of investments. The inflation rate is below
10%, the currency is stable and interest rate benchmark is at 12.5%. (Chiakwelu:2014).However poverty rate
stands at 46% and life expectancy is 52. UNESCO’s data shows that literacy stands at an abysmally low level of
61.3%. When most nations have achieved 100% school enrolment level, Nigeria is still at 85%, with a high
disparity among states with some northern states falling below 50% in school enrolment.
Corruption among the elite, and high cost of governance is a major problem. Unemployment is another.
Nigeria’s population is exploding and the youths are not being satiated with jobs and modern amenities. Such a
population especially the hard working youths is necessary for sustainable economic growth. The youths must be
occupied with beneficial activities to get rid-off of delinquency and idleness that can culminate to disruptive
activities like the Boko Haram disruptions in some parts of the country.
Nigeria should provide a more conducive environment for investment. According to statistics, Nigeria is ranked
147th in the ease of doing business and 185th in the area of getting electricity for business. It ranked 68th in
protecting investors. (IFC/The World Bank:2014d).
The provision of electricity, transportation and health facilities are necessary for attaining the economic
development goals of Nigeria and increasing life expectancy.
Most reforms in Nigeria have largely focused on restructuring and diversifying the productive base of the
economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and on imports.
To actualise its full potentials, Nigeria will have to confront the following challenges headlong;
1. Political challenges: bordering on bad governance due to leadership problem at all levels of
government.Nigerian political parties are devoid of discernible modern political and economic ideologies.
2. Corruption Challenges: Although corruption is a global scourge, Nigeria has fared worse than most countries
according to Transparency International. Huge sums of money Nigeria earned from crude oil over the years have
largely gone into the private pockets of public officials who are acquiring million dollar homes within and
outside Nigeria and stock piling stolen public money in financial institutions abroad. The immediate past
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Central Bank of Nigeria governor, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi was removed from office after blowing the whistle
over $40 billion unremitted crude oil proceeds by NNPC. The Jonathan’s regime’s body language seems to be
protective of corruption.
3. Policy inconsistency is another challenge. Every administration that comes on board takes on a new policy
initiative instead of building on the previous ones. As a result, Nigeria is bereft with series of ineffective and
poorly implemented polices in all the sectors of the economy.
4. Expensive and Inflated Cost of Governance: “There is a positive relationship between inflation and spending
habits and level of productivity. One of the problems with Nigeria is that there is a lot of un-regulated spending
by the politicians. Records reveal that from January to April 2013 the three tiers of government received more
than N2.1 trillion from the federation account, and over $4 billion from the excess crude account. In fact, about
N1.9 trillion was disbursed during the same period in 2002. And with the 2015 elections around the corner,
inflation is expected rise with the huge liquidity that would be pumped into the system” (Afuye:2013).
5. Poor Capacity Utilization: Nigeria’s economy is said to be operating “at only 25% capacity”. (Daily
Independent:2007). The gross underutilization of resources has been blamed on ineffective institutions and
infrastructure.
Notwithstanding the challenges, Nigeria is a sea of possibilities which if well harnessed will become an
economic superpower.There is potential for faster growth and development if all the states focus on their
competitive edge. There are opportunities for investment in Nigeria if the local areas are opened up through
adequate transportation network and electricity. A number of states already have brochures that are designed to
showcase their attractiveness. If these efforts are sustained and if the investments flow in, Nigeria will be able to
hit double digit growth sooner than later.
As part of the efforts to reduce poverty, the World Bank recently endorsed the new World Bank Group Country
Partnership Strategy for the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2014-2017.
The World Bank recognises that Nigeria has been growing at 6 to 8% annually over the past decade but now
needs to achieve even higher job-led growth rates to eradicate or reduce poverty. Another key focus of this
initiative is to enable Nigeria diversify its economy and reduce its heavy reliance on oil which makes the country
vulnerable to commodity price volatility.(The World Bank (2014a).
The World Bank Group’s support for Nigeria is structured around three strategic priorities:Promoting diversified
growth and job creation by reforming the power sector, enhancing agricultural productivity and increasing access
to finance, improving the quality and efficiency of social service delivery at the state level to promote social
inclusion, and strengthening governance and public sector management with gender equity and conflict
sensitivity as essential elements of governance.
The new partnership strategy is supportive of and complements the country’s Vision20:2020 plan and
Transformation Agenda. The former sets out Nigeria’s long-term development objectives including promoting
sustainable growth and welfare improvements for the Nigerian people while the latter is the country’s medium-
term strategy for operationalizing Vision 20: 2020.
Most development experts agree that pervasive energy shortages are severely restricting economic growth in
Nigeria. With approximately 3,500 megawatts of total available capacity in 2013, against an estimated demand
of 10,000 MW, Nigeria has considerable unmet demand for power. In 2009, the Federal Government of Nigeria
(FGN) launched the ‘Roadmap for Power Sector Reform’ outlining comprehensive reforms across the power
sector. This ambitious effort has not yielded the desired result.
3. Recommendations
One of the main determinants of classifying the MINT countries as potential economic power blocs is the young
population of these countries which is considered an asset both at the present and in the future. Youth are
expected at the forefront of global social, economic and political developments. In addition to their intellectual
contribution and their ability to mobilize support, young people bring unique perspectives that propel any society
to greater heights. The progress of any society is based therefore, among other elements, on each society's
capacity to involve young women and men in building and designing the future. However, the youth of the
MINT countries face a lot of challenges which the governments, the private sector and civil society organizations
should deal with if the youth would become an asset and engine of economic growth. Some of the challenges
include high unemployment and low life expectancy rates, limited resources available for funding youth
programmes and activities; inequities in social, economic and political conditions; gender discrimination, armed
conflict and confrontation, increasing incidence of disease, hunger and malnutrition, inadequate opportunity for
education and training, drug/alcohol abuse, domestic and public violence, and materialism. For instance, most
Nigerian youth who graduate from the university with multiple degrees cannot find work that pays enough to
sustain a decent lifestyle. Unemployment rate in Nigeria for the year 2011 stood at 23.9% with youth
unemployment rate at over 50%.(Risenetwork:2013). The World Bank report "East Asia Pacific at Work:
Employment, Enterprise and Well-Being" mentions that unemployment among Indonesia’s youth aged 15 to 24
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is at an unusually high level of 21.6%. (The World Bank. 2014b). Turkey’s youth unemployment stands at 17%
(The World Bank.2014c). Interestingly, Mexico’s figure of youth unemployment stands at less than 10%. (The
World Bank 2014c).
3.1. Youth-Centred Monetary Policy
Monetary policies should include provision of soft loans to intending youth entrepreneurs to start small scale
businesses. Benchmark interest rates in the MINT countriesshould be halved for youth entrepreneurs while
exchange rate stability should be guaranteed for such youth entrepreneurs as a matter of official policy in those
countries.
3.2. Youth Employment Fund
The government of the MINT countriesshould alsointroduce a Youth Employment Fund as a new Youth Jobs
Strategy that will help youth get work experience, start a business or build job skills. For youth between 15 and
29 who are unemployed, and not in school full-time, a youth employment officer in each state or region should
be designated to help these youth connect with employers and get a job placement of four to six months.
Government should provide incentives to employers to help cover the cost of wages and training for new hires
and help youth cover costs like transportation or tools required for the job. These Job placements will provide
more opportunities for youth to build skills and confidence, get valuable work experience and connect with
employers. This will help youth facing barriers to work, including youth with a disability, youth with a poor
history of educational attainment or employability, and youth in communities with high youth unemployment.
The Employment Service will assess skills, education, work experience and interests to help find a suitable
program or job placement and decide together how a particular youth can achieve his goals. The employer
providing the placement should ensure that existing employees will not lose their jobs as a result of this
placement. Through this initiative, the government will be expanding employment opportunities by helping
employers find the skilled workers they need and helping young people gain job skills and experience.
3.3. Massive Investment in Agriculture
In addition, governments of the MINT countries should invest massively in Agriculture and make agri-business
attractive to the younger generation through establishment of modern farm settlements with electricity and other
modern facilities.
3.4. Vocational, Technical and Entrepreneurial Education
The MINT countries should intensify vocational, technical and entrepreneurial education for the youth. They
should create and reactivate existing technical colleges and establish new life academies. Entrepreneurial
education should be inculcated in the curricular of elementary and high schools as well as tertiary institutions.
4. Conclusion
This paper has looked extensively at the economic prospects and potentials of the MINT countries. Challenges
confronting these potentials are also examined. No doubt the MINT countries have enormous potentials in the
area of human and natural endowments. Mexico will need to cooperate more with its northern neighbour, the
USA, in fighting the damaging narcotic trade which poses the danger of even destroying its youth population.
Mexico will also need to reduce its dependence on the USA for trade by diversifying the source and destination
of its import and export respectively. Indonesia will have to contend with its internal socio-political dynamics to
be able to actualise its economic potentials. Its effort in manufacturing is commendable. Turkey has done well in
the area of non-commodity led economy, and its successful full integration into the EU in the future will be a
major turning point. Nigeria’s economic future will be enhanced by a successful and productive engagement of
its youth in the area of school enrolment and job creation as well as entrepreneurial skills acquisition. The
successful implementation of its power sector reform is a must as well as ensuring a reliable transportation
network. The Boko Haram menace will have to be put down one way or the other. Its new collaboration with the
World Bank is a major step in the right direction, so also its acceptance of foreign assistance to deal with the
Boko Haram insurgency. All the MINT countries have to engage their teeming youth population creatively to
ensure that they turn out an asset they are meant to be. All theMINT countries share the common problem of
corruption which they are working hard to confront.
MINT is just another acronym which sounds perfectly knitted like BRICs, the G8, ASEAN, G20 and so on. For
now, the MINT countries are not yet in a “mint” condition but are taking concrete step towards getting there.
MINT offers a platform for the four countries to collaborate and partner for economic development.
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