Melanocytes are neural crest-derived cells located in the epidermis that synthesize melanin in organelles called melanosomes. There are two types of melanocytes - secretory melanocytes that transfer melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes to provide UV protection, and non-secretory melanocytes that redistribute melanosomes within their dendrites. Melanin synthesis involves the transcription of proteins, melanosome biogenesis, sorting of proteins into melanosomes, transport of mature melanosomes to dendrite tips, and transfer to keratinocytes. The two main types of melanin produced are eumelanin (brown/black) and pheomelanin (red/yellow). UV irradiation and keratinocyte factors can stimulate
Definition, development, function & Site-specific of Melanocyte Definition, formation & function of Melanosomes, Definition & function of Melanin
Melanogenesis
Definition, development, function & Site-specific of Melanocyte Definition, formation & function of Melanosomes, Definition & function of Melanin
Melanogenesis
We all Know that the most dangerous medical condition in our modern life is cancer!
There are two types of this awful condition, BENIGN and MALIGNANT. The first is safe
and can be removed by many ways without large effects on the patients, but the last
one is very killing and can cause a lot of consequences on the patient, even death.
In my report, I will discuss one of the cancer's types that occur in the human body,
which is "Melanocytes tumors".
I mentioned everything about Melanocytes tumor, starting with signs and symptoms,
and finishing with diagnosis and treatment.
The Melanocytes are found in two areas of the human body, (Eye and skin). It can be
hidden for a lot of time without discovering by patients or doctors, so all people need
to be checked every month or years to be sure that they are safe from this killing
condition.
Also, this condition can be normal without problems and found in all people
approximately, such we called it "Nevus" or "Shama" in Arabic language which is one of
the beauty sings.
A concised information regarding use of photo therapy in dermatology. made by me as a part of MD dermatology residency. includes additional information about sunscreens.
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS OF FOLLICULAR LINEAGE
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH SEBACEOUS DIFFERENTIATION
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH APOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH ECCRINE DIFFERENTIATION
We all Know that the most dangerous medical condition in our modern life is cancer!
There are two types of this awful condition, BENIGN and MALIGNANT. The first is safe
and can be removed by many ways without large effects on the patients, but the last
one is very killing and can cause a lot of consequences on the patient, even death.
In my report, I will discuss one of the cancer's types that occur in the human body,
which is "Melanocytes tumors".
I mentioned everything about Melanocytes tumor, starting with signs and symptoms,
and finishing with diagnosis and treatment.
The Melanocytes are found in two areas of the human body, (Eye and skin). It can be
hidden for a lot of time without discovering by patients or doctors, so all people need
to be checked every month or years to be sure that they are safe from this killing
condition.
Also, this condition can be normal without problems and found in all people
approximately, such we called it "Nevus" or "Shama" in Arabic language which is one of
the beauty sings.
A concised information regarding use of photo therapy in dermatology. made by me as a part of MD dermatology residency. includes additional information about sunscreens.
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS OF FOLLICULAR LINEAGE
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH SEBACEOUS DIFFERENTIATION
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH APOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION
NEOPLASMS AND PROLIFERATIONS WITH ECCRINE DIFFERENTIATION
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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If you are like me, the first time you heard this subject, you probably wondered what it is all about. Well, not need to wonder anymore. This document will help you gain an understanding of melanosomes and give you insight into neuroendocrine cells. The document is for academic purposes and does not exhaust the subject. However, you can always write me an email if you would like an in-depth discussion. Enjoy the read!
dendritic cells are part of innate immune system, antigen presenting cells in skin, activation of t cells and inducing and maintaining immune tolerance, 4 types- langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, merkel cells, melanocytes
Biology of melanocyte - Professor Torello Lotti, MD - University G.Marconi,...VR Foundation
Although almost everyone has the same amount of melanocytes, the amount and size of the melanosomes and melanin particles produced can differ immensely in humans, resulting in the different races of the world. Dendritic prolongations take contact with nearby keratinocytes, and serve as melanosomes carriers.
ned as the development of new radiculopathy or myelopathy of a motion segment adjacent to the site of a previous arthrodesis of the spine (either superior or inferior).1 Studies have shown that the prevalence of symptomatic ASD ranges from 9 to 17%, with an annual incidence be- tween 1.5% and 4% in patients who under- went anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion.24 Although there is controversy surrounding the origins of ASD and whether or not it is a function of surgery or a natural progression of disease, multiple biomechanical studies have suggested that arthrodesis leads to increased loading of adjacent segments, which in turn leads to disk degeneration.1
In terms of cervical alignment, it is postu- lated that kyphotic angulation could potentially cause a shift of cervical loading from the poste- rior columns to the anterior column, in turn leading to unnatural loading of adjacent seg- ments.1 Recently, a systematic review of the literature was completed examining a possible correlation between cervical sagittal imbalance and adjacent segment pathology. It was de- termined that five poorquality retrospective studies demonstrated level III evidence of a correlation between cervical sagittal malalign- ment and adjacent segme
The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the total body weight in adult humans. It exerts multiple vital protective functions against environmental aggressions, rendered possible thanks to an elaborate structure, associating various tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin, arranged in three layers, including (from top to bottom) the epidermis (and its appendages), the dermis and the hypodermis.
Similar to The melanocyte & melanin synthesis.pptx (20)
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
1. THE MELANOCYTE &
MELANIN SYNTHESIS
Dr. Rahul pratap s
chouhan [Resident 1st
year} Dermatology
department
2. • DEFINITION OF MELANOCYTE:
Are neural crest-derived dendritic cells
•Mainly located in the stratum basale of
skin’s epidermis &
•Synthesize melanosomes.
3. FUNCTION OF MELANOCYTES:
Is to synthesize melanin in membrane-
bound organelles called melanosomes &
to transfer melanosomes to neighbouring
keratinocytes to provide protection from
UV irradiation.
4. TYPES OF MELANOCYTES
1- SECRETORY MELANOCYTES:
-Present in basal layer of epidermis form network
of dendrites in the basal layer
-They act as unicellular glands producing
melanosomes that are transferred to
surrounding epidermal keratinocytes (cytocrine
activity)
5. 2- NON-SECRETORY MELANOCYTES:
Called MELANOPHORES do not transfer
melanosome but redistribute them from
perinuclear zone into dendrites and back
again.
6. SITE SPECIFIC MELANOCYTES
A. Cutaneous melanocytes
B. Hair follicle melanocytes
C. Ocular melanocytes
D. Otic melanocytes
7. MELANOSOME
Is membrane bound unique organelle
Within the cytoplasm of melanocytes
in which in which melanin pigments
are synthesized, deposited and
transported.
8. SYNTHESIS & DISTRIBUTION OF
MELANIN IN THE
EPIDERMIS INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS
1) Transcription of proteins required for
melanin synthesis
2) Melanosome biogenesis
3) Sorting of melanogenic proteins into
melanosomes to initiate melanin synthesis
within the melanosome
9. 4) Transport of the mature melanosomes to
the tips of melanocyte dendrites migrates via
microtubules.
5) Transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes
13. 1. EUMELANIN( BROWN, BLACK)
-Black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair.
-Brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes yellow
(blond) color hair.
-Insoluble in all solvents
-Nitrogenous pigment
-Oxidative polymerization of 5-6dihroxindole derived from tyrosine
-Manufactured in ellipsoidal melanosomes
14. 2. PHEOMELANIN (RED, YELLOW)
- Imparts a pink to red hue, depending upon its concentration.
- Concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans penis, and vagina.
-When small amount of brown eumelanin in hair mixed with red pheomelanin,
the result is red hair.
-Alkali soluble, contain Sulphur addition to nitrogen, Females>Males
-Oxidative polymerization of CYSTINE-S-YI-DOPA Via 1-4BENZOTHIAZINE
intermediates
-Manufactured in spherical melanosomes
-lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina
-Is carcinogenic
