Integumentary system BSN programs

1. ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGY
INTEGUMENTRY SYSTEM
BY
TAHIRA BIBI
Post RN, Dip in Psychiatric
Nursing, Dip in Dietetics, MS
IN Com health & Nutrition,
MSN
SAJIDA PARVEEN
Post RN

2. OBJECTIVES
 At the end of this lecture students will be able to:
 Define integumentry system.
 Describe the function of skin.
 Discuss structure of skin.
 Identify parts of epidermis and dermis

3. Course title: A&P Venue: Zoom
meeting room
Topic: introduction to integumentry system Date: 07-04-2021
Level of students: Bachelor Time allocated:
45 min
Teacher :Tahira Bibi, Sajida Parveen
s/no objectives Course
outlines
Method
of
teaching
Time
allocat
ed
resources Method of
evaluatio
n
1 Define
integumentry
system
Introduction to
integumentry
system
Online
lecture
05
mint
Zoom
meeting
Q&A
2 Describe the
function of skin.
function of skin Online
lecture
15
mint
Zoom
meeting
Q&A
3 Discuss structure
of skin
structure of skin Online
lecture
15
mint
Zoom
meeting
Q&A
4 Identify parts of
epidermis and
dermis
parts of
epidermis and
dermis
Online
lecture
10
mint
Zoom
meeting
Q&A

8. Epidermal Cell Types
 Keratinocytes - 90 % of epidermal
cells are keratinized contains
keratin (fibrous protein) protects
and waterproofs the skin
 Melanocytes - 8% of the
epidermal cells produces melanin
contributes to skin color and
absorbs UV light
 Langerhans cells - Arise from red
bone marrow and migrate to the
epidermis -Constitute small portion
of epidermal cells -Participate in
immune responses Easily damaged
by UV light
 Merkel cells - Least numerous of
the epidermal cells Found in the
deepest layer of the epidermis-
Along with tactile discs, they
function in sensation of touch

11. EPIDERMIS
 Epidermis consist of following layers:
 Stratum basale
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum
 Stratum corneum
 (Memorise these layers with the mnemonic: "British
and Spanish Grannies Love Cornflakes",

12. STRATUM CORNEUM
 The stratum corneum
(STRĂT um KOR nee
um) is the outermost
strata of the epidermis. It
is mostly dead cells,
filled with a protein
substance called keratin.
It is thicker on the soles
of the feet than on the
eyelids…where there is
less pressure.
Stratum
corneum

13. STRATUM LUCIDUM
 The stratum lucidum
(LOO seh dum) is a
translucent layer
lying directly beneath
the corneum. It may
not even exist in
thinner skin. Cells in
this layer are also
dead or are in the
process of dying
Stratum
lucidum

14. STRATUM GRANULOSUM
 The stratum
granulosum (grăn yū
LŌ sum) is one or more
layers of cells starting
to die and become
hard. They are in the
process of keratinizatio
(kare ah tin ī ZĀ shun)
becoming fibrous
protein similar to that
in hair and nails.
Stratum
granulosum

15. STRATUM GERMINATIVUM
 The stratum germinativum
(jer mah nah TĪV um) is
composed of several layers
of living cells capable of cell
division. It is the innermost
layer of the epidermis, and
contains melanin… the
pigment that gives color to
the skin. The more abundant
the melanin… the darker the
skin color. Damage to this
layer, such as in severe
burns, requires skin grafts
Stratum
germinativum

16. STRATUM BASALE
 The stratum basale is a
single layer of columnar
or cuboidal basal cells.
The stratum basale is
primarily made up of
basal keratinocyte cells,
which can be considered
the stem cells of the
epidermis. They divide to
form the keratinocytes of
the stratum spinosum,
which migrate
superficially.
Stratum
Basale

23. Glands of integumentry system
 Sweat glands also known as sudoriferous glands, found
almost everywhere on our body. Each sweat gland is
made up of two portions:
 A secretory section
 The secretory portion is found in the dermis,
 An excretory duct
 The excretory duct moves from the secretion portion,
through the dermis, and into the topmost layer of the
skin, the epidermis, where it opens up at the surface of
our skin.

24. Glands of integumentry system
 Sbacious gland
 Sebaceous glands are found in most of the skin
(except the palms of the hands and the soles of the
feet).
 The sebaceous glands are located in the dermis, the
middle layer of the skin.
 Their function is to secrete a substance called
sebum, a mixture of fatty substances, entire sebum-
producing cells, and epithelial cell debris

25. Sweat glands
 Sweat glands are coiled tubular structures vital for
regulating human body temperature.
 Humans have three different types of sweat glands:
 Eccrine
 abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly
secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of
the skin.
 Apocrine
 secrete oily substances containing lipids, proteins, and
steroids through hair canals and are found only in skin
containing hair


26. Sweat glands
 restricted to the armpits, mammary, anal, and
genital areas.
 apocrine glands often respond to emotional stimuli
including anxiety and fear. Under these
circumstances, sweating is often observed in the
armpits, palms, and soles of the feet
 Apoeccrine
 apoeccrine glands were identified in areas of
apocrine glands but secreted watery fluids similar
to eccrine glands

28. Skin Color
 Genetic Factors – Skin pigmentation
All humans have the same number of
melanocytes
How much melanin they produce is controlled
by several genes
Lack of pigment is called albinism
 Environmental Factors - Exposure to sunlight
 Volume of Blood – Hemoglobin in blood

29. Skin Color
Melanocytes Located mostly in epidermis
Number of melanocytes are about the same in all races
Difference in skin color is due to the amount of pigment that
melanocytes produce and disperse to keratinocytes.
Freckles are caused by the accumulation of melanin in
patches
Liver spots are also caused by the accumulation of melanin

30. Skin Pigments – Melanin
 Melanocytes synthesize melanin from an amino acid called
tyrosine along with an enzyme called tyrosinase. All this occurs in
the melanosome which is an organelle in the melanocyte.
 Two types of melanin:
 Eumelanin :which is brownish black
 Pheomelanin: which is reddish yellow
 Fair-skinned people have more pheomelanin and dark skinned
people have more eumelanin

31. Environmental Factors Affect Melanin
Production
 UV light increases enzyme activity in melansomes –
increased melanin production
 As amount of melanin increases , darkness of skin
increase
 Eumelanin = protection from UV radiation but
pheomelin = breaks down with too much UV
 Too much UV radiation may cause skin cancer

32. Other Skin Pigments
 Carotene = yellow -orange pigment
precurser of Vitamin A – important for vision
Found in Stratum corneum and fatty areas of dermis
and hypodermal layer
 Hemoglobin = oxygen carrying pigment in red
blood cells

33. SKIN RECEPTORS
 Heat
 Cold
 Light pressure
 Heavy Pressure
 Pain

34. SKIN RECEPTORS
 Mechanoreceptors. Touch, pressure, uibration,
stretch, hearing.
 Thermoreceptors. Temperature changes.
 Photoreceptors. Light; retina(rods & cones)
 Chemoreceptors. -Detect chemicals in a solution. -
taste, olfactory, ph.
 Osmoreceptors. Osmotic pressure of body fluids.
 Nociceptors. -pain.

35. Skin Markings
 friction ridges: markings on fingertips characteristic
of primates - allow us to manipulate objects more
easily-fingerprints are friction ridge skin impressions
 flexion lines: on flexor surfaces of digits, palms,
wrists, elbows etc.- skin is tightly bound to deep
fascia at these points
 freckles: flat melanized patches vary with heredity
or exposure to sun
 moles: elevated patch of melanized skin, of the
with hair mostly harmless, beauty marks

36. REFERENCES
 Clinical Anatomy by Region “Vishal”6th edition
 Clinically oriented anatomy “Keith Moore” Fourth
edition
 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
 Gray’s Anatomy for students
 http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/
skulltt.htm