The document summarizes the ultrastructure of the epidermis. It describes the four layers of the epidermis - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. It details the cell types in each layer and their characteristics. The document also discusses other cell types in the epidermis, including melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It covers the structure and function of these cells and their clinical significance.
Structure of Skin | Layers of Skin |Function of Skin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IytTVigBQrI&t=172s
Dr. Nagendra Kr Meena
PG Resident
Hindu Rao Hospital,New Delhi
Structure of Skin | Layers of Skin |Function of Skin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IytTVigBQrI&t=172s
Dr. Nagendra Kr Meena
PG Resident
Hindu Rao Hospital,New Delhi
The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the total body weight in adult humans. It exerts multiple vital protective functions against environmental aggressions, rendered possible thanks to an elaborate structure, associating various tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin, arranged in three layers, including (from top to bottom) the epidermis (and its appendages), the dermis and the hypodermis.
Management of a burn injury p 968
Types
Thermal
Chemical
Electrical
Smoke and inhalation
Radiation
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Classification 968, PCCM p 15
Extent
Depth
Partial thickness
Full thickness
Location
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Localised manifestations
Assessment and common findings
First degree
Second degree
Third and fourth degree
Rehabilitation p 978
Management (T&E Periods)
Immediate care in hospital
Outcomes box 50.1
General Nursing care plan for a burn injury p 974
Disfigurement
Immobility
Hypovolaemia
Tissue perfusion
Infection
Malnutrition
Principles of wound care
Wound care
Debridement
Complications of burns
Therapeutic positioning for prevention of contractures
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
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Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the total body weight in adult humans. It exerts multiple vital protective functions against environmental aggressions, rendered possible thanks to an elaborate structure, associating various tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin, arranged in three layers, including (from top to bottom) the epidermis (and its appendages), the dermis and the hypodermis.
Management of a burn injury p 968
Types
Thermal
Chemical
Electrical
Smoke and inhalation
Radiation
Â
Classification 968, PCCM p 15
Extent
Depth
Partial thickness
Full thickness
Location
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Localised manifestations
Assessment and common findings
First degree
Second degree
Third and fourth degree
Rehabilitation p 978
Management (T&E Periods)
Immediate care in hospital
Outcomes box 50.1
General Nursing care plan for a burn injury p 974
Disfigurement
Immobility
Hypovolaemia
Tissue perfusion
Infection
Malnutrition
Principles of wound care
Wound care
Debridement
Complications of burns
Therapeutic positioning for prevention of contractures
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
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Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Similar to Ultra structure of epidermis .pptx (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongâs Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMENâS HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHATâS NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578â16â7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowmanâs Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years â 64.8%, 20 years â 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP â more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0âN12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0âN12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. THE ULTRA STRUCTURE
OF EPIDERMIS
Dr. Rahul pratap s chouhan
( Dermatology resident 1st year)
Ananta institute of medical sciences
& research center, Rajsamand.
2. EPIDERMIS
-It is the outermost layer of the skin, and its size varies as per
the location.
-It is thinnest over the eyelid measuring less than 0.1 mm, and
thickest over the palms and soles, measuring approximately
1.5 mm.
-It is stratified squamous epithelium. Keratinocytes constitute
more than 95% of epidermal cells.
-The âbrick likeâ shape of keratinocyte is provided by
cytoskeleton made of keratin intermediate filaments.
3. SURFACE OF THE EPIDERMIS
-The surface of skin is laced with multiple network of fine
grooves called sulci cutis.
-Cristae cutis are slightly elevated areas or mounds that
surround these grooves.
-The pores of sweat glands derived from the skin, open into the
cristae cutis.
-Depending on the body location, the orientation of sulci cutis
varies, these are known as dermal ridge patterns or
dermatoglyphics. They comprises fingerprints and sole patterns
which are unique to each individual.
4.
5. On morphological grounds,
the epidermis can be divided into four distinct
layers:
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4.Stratum corneum
6.
7.
8. 1.STRATUM BASALE
-Lowermost layer that rests directly on the basement
membrane zone.
- It consist of one layer thick keratinocytes( cells that
secrete the structural protein called keratin) and
melanocytes which house melanosomes that secrete
the pigment melanin.
-The keratinocytes in this layer are columnar in shape,
nucleated, and have a dense cytoplasm.
9. -The cell cycle in this germinative layer gets completed in
18-20 days.
Clinical significance: Basel cell carcinoma initiate in the
actively mitotic cells of the basal layer.
10. 2.STRATUM SPINOSUM
-This layer comprises of keratinocytes which are
polygonal, nucleated, 8-10 layers thick and connected
by unique intercellular bridges called âdesmosomesâ.
-This desmosomes appear as âpricklesâ under the
microscope, hence called âprickle-cell-layerâ to this
spinous layer.
Clinical significance:
The autoimmune bullous disease pemphigus affects
desmosomes and cause histological cleft at this level.
11. 3.STRATUM GRANULOSUM
-When keratinocytes migrate upward from the stratum
spinosum, their cytoplasm develops keratohyaline
granules, thus the name âgranularâ cell layer.
-This layer is three to five layers thick, and contains
diamond-shaped keratinocytes.
*The bottom three layers, viz. basal, spinosus, and
sometimes granular layers are often clubbed together
and called the stratum malphighi.
12. 4.STRATUM CORNEUM
-This is the outermost cell layer.
-The keratinocytes in this layer become enucleated
and flattened and are called corneocytes.
-This layer can be 20-25 layers thick depending on
the body part involved
-Epidermis over palms and soles has an additional
translucent cell layer between the stratum corneum
and granulosum called strartum lucidum.
13. Clinical significance:
-Damage to this layer causes damage to the âskin
barrierâ, occurring in disease like atopic dermatitis and
psoriasis.
*Epidermal turnover time(Keratinization): Migration of a
keratinocyte from basal layer to the outermost layer(52-
75 days).
14. Apart from the keratinocytes, the epidermis
houses other cells like:
1. Melanocytes
2. Langerhans cells
3. Merkel cells
15. 1.MELANOCYTES
Melanin producing basal cell layers, With dendritic projections
into surrounding keratinocytes.
Epidermal-melanin unit: one melanocyte integrates with 36
keratinocytes.
Clinical significance:
1. Damage to or dysfunctional melanocytes lead to the
depigmentation disorder, vitiligo.
2. Melanocytic nests also cause various types of melanocytic
nevi(moles), which may undergo malignant transformation to
melanoma.
18. SKIN COLOR
The skin color varies with the type of melanin:
1. Brown(pheomelanin)
2. Black(eumelanin)
Skin color also depend on concentration of
melanosomes in the epidermis.
19. 2.LANGERHANS CELLS
-These are dendritic cells, akin to melanocytes, and are
specialized macrophages.
-They trap antigens and present them to T-lymphocytes,
thereby behaving as âantigen presenting cellsâ with a definitive
role in immune surveillance.
-Tennis-racquet-shaped granules present in the cytoplasm of
this cells.
-The immunohistochemical surface markers for these cells are
CD1a or CD207(langerin)
20. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In allergic dermatitis, there is a significant increase in
the number of Langerhans cells, proving their role in this
T-cell-mediated disorder.
21. 3.MERKEL CELLS
-These are fine-touch sensitive, slowly adapting
mechanoreceptors(type 1 mechanoreceptors).
-They are oval-shaped located perifollicularly, and
contain granules.
-Merkel cells interact with neuropeptides and help in
sensory perception.