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The Market System
1. The document discusses the market system and how demand, supply, and price are determined. It explains key concepts like the demand curve, which slopes downward to show that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases. 2. The supply curve slopes upward to show that as price increases, quantity supplied also increases. When demand and supply are equal, the market reaches equilibrium. 3. The equilibrium price is where the quantity demanded by consumers is equal to the quantity supplied by producers. The market equilibrium can shift due to changes in demand or supply from factors like income, tastes, costs of production, and new technologies.
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The Market System
- 1. The Market System Demand, Supply and Price Determination Adapted from www.bized.co.uk
- 2. The Market System • Market consists (is made up) of: – Consumers (people that buy a product) - create a demand for a product – Businesses (sellers and creators of products) • Inputs and Outputs (Factors of Production and Products) • Factors of Production – Land – Labor – Capital – Entrepreneurship
- 3. What is Demand? • Demand – the amount consumers desire to purchase at various prices – Not what they will buy, but what they would like to buy! • Effective demand – must be willing AND able to pay Willing and able
- 4. What does achange in price do to quantity demanded?
- 5. Individual and MarketDemand • Market demand – made up of all individual demand schedules in the market – Represented by a demand curve • Demand curve – negative slope, downward sloping from left to right – At higher prices, people purchase less than at lower prices – Note: Quantity demanded is always on the X axis and price on the Y axis
- 7. Shifters of Demand • Price of other goods • Income • Tastes • Expectations of the future • Other factors (e.g. size of population, changes in income distribution, seasonal changes, government policies
- 8. Types of Goods • Complementary goods • Substitute goods • Inferior Goods • Normal Goods
- 9. The Demand Curve Price (€) Demand Quantity Demanded (000s) €10 €5 100 150 The demand curve slopes downwards from left to right (a negative slope) indicating an inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded. Quantity demanded will be higher at lower prices than at higher prices. As price falls, quantity demanded rises. As price rises, quantity demanded falls.
- 10. The Demand Curve2 • The level of demand – – determines where on the graph it sits • Low demand – – nearer the origin (0 on the X axis) • High demand – – further from the origin (assuming same scale) • Dependent on a variety of factors – Demand curve moves in response to changing factors
- 11. The Demand Curve3 Factors influencing demand • Price (does not create a shift in the curve itself - but instead extension and contraction along the curve) • Factors that may cause a shift (left or right) in the curve itself – Prices of other goods – substitutes and complements – Incomes – the level and distribution of income – Tastes and fashions – The level and structure of the population – Advertising – Expectations of consumers
- 12. The Demand Curve4 Changes in any of the factors other than price causes the demand curve to shift either: • Left (decrease in demand) or • Right (increase in demand)
- 13. The Demand Curve5 Price (€) Demand Quantity Demanded (000s) €10 100 D1 D2 10 200 Changes in any of the factors affecting demand other than price cause the entire demand curve to shift to the left (less demanded at each price) or to the right (more demanded at each price).
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- 15. Shifters of Supply • Changes in cost of factors of production (land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship) • Technology • Government intervention • Expectations of the future
- 16. The Supply Curve • Changes in any of the factors OTHER than price cause a shift in the supply curve • A shift in supply to the left – the amount producers offer for sale at every price will be less • A shift in supply to the right – the amount producers wish to sell at every price increases • HINT: Be careful not to confuse supply going ‘up’ and ‘down’ with the direction of the shift!
- 17. The Supply Curve Shifters of supply: • Profitability of other goods in production and prices of goods in joint supply • Technology • Natural shocks • Costs of production • Expectations of producers • Social factors
- 18. The Supply Curve Price € Supply Quantity Bought and Sold (000s) €3 200 €7 800 The supply curve slopes upwards from left to right indicating a positive relationship between supply and price. As price rises, it encourages producers to offer more for sale whereas a fall in price would lead to the quantity supplied to fall.
- 19. The Supply Curve Price € Supply Quantity Bought and Sold (000s) €4 400 S1 100 S2 900 Changes in any of the factors affecting supply other than price will cause the entire supply curve to shift. A shift to the left results in a lower supply at each price; a shift to the right indicates a greater supply at each price.
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- 21. The Market Price(€) S D Quantity Bought and Sold (000s) €5 600 D1 300 Surplus €3 450 A shift in the demand curve to the left will reduce the demand to 300 from 500 at a price of €5. Suppliers do not have the information or time to adjust supply immediately and still offer 600 for sale at €5. This results in a market surplus (S > D) In an attempt to get rid of surplus stock, producers will accept lower prices. Lower prices in turn attract some consumers to buy. The process continues until the surplus disappears and equilibrium is once again reached.
- 22. The Market Price(€) S The shortage in the market would drive up prices as some consumers are prepared to pay more. The price will continue to rise until the shortage has been competed away and a new equilibrium position has been reached. D Quantity Bought and Sold (000s) €5 600 S1 100 Shortage €8 350 A shift in the supply curve to the left would lead to less products being available for sale at every price. Suppliers would only be able to offer 100 units for sale at a price of €5 but consumers still desire to purchase 600. This creates a market shortage. (S < D)
- 23. Market Equilibrium MarketEquilibrium Video