The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
"The real benefit to the patient [of echocardiography] is not the technical skill, but rather the application of intellectual input... information, communication and teamwork are essential" Jos Roelandt, 1993
Of all the imaging techniques used in intensive care, echocardiography has come to the fore, in particular due to its accessibility, immediate availability and applicability as a point-of-care technique, thereby removing the risks of transportation of the critically ill. Over the preceding 20 years evidence has continued to emerge for its extended use in the acute/emergency setting, to the extent that it is now included in national and international guidelines relating to the universal definition of myocardial infarction, as well as in shock pathways, and as an adjunctive technique in advanced life support. Its potential scope is huge, with applications relating to monitoring, cardiac pathophysiology and coronary perfusion as well as its more evident use to define cardiac anatomy.
The three main uses of ultrasound to interrogate the heart relate to the way in which the technique is used: first, as an extension to the clinical examination using binary questions and 2D imaging only (focused cardiac ultrasound, FoCUS) which forms the basis of 'basic' techniques. Second, incorporating the full range of echocardiographic techniques for diagnostic capability (echocardiography), and third, selective application of the full range of techniques in order to answer specific questions raised in the critical care/emergency arena (targeted echocardiography). This includes speckle strain/strain-rate to determine abnormalities of myocardial function suggestive of myocarditis, calculation of myocardial electromechanical efficiency in order to maximise cardiac output, recognition of parameters that suggest restrictive right ventricular physiology, with the requirement for modification of ventilatory techniques and parameters, detection of myocardial ischaemia, estimation of LVEDP and LAP, and its application in the institution, monitoring and weaning of mechanical circulatory support.
Percutaneous Endovascular Retrieval of Intravascular foreign body in pediatri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Global Hospitals’ Advanced Heart, Lung & Vascular Institute provides all kinds of endovascular procedures including coronary intervention and peripheral intervention, heart surgery, heart bypass surgery as well as heart transplantation surgery in Hyderabad, Chennai, and Bangalore
An Overview of Filter-Protected Carotid Artery Stentinggailms
These slides give an overview of cerebral protection devices used today in carotid artery stenting, with special emphasis on distal protection filters. Previous work in the field, results from our laboratory, and future directions of device development are covered.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
"The real benefit to the patient [of echocardiography] is not the technical skill, but rather the application of intellectual input... information, communication and teamwork are essential" Jos Roelandt, 1993
Of all the imaging techniques used in intensive care, echocardiography has come to the fore, in particular due to its accessibility, immediate availability and applicability as a point-of-care technique, thereby removing the risks of transportation of the critically ill. Over the preceding 20 years evidence has continued to emerge for its extended use in the acute/emergency setting, to the extent that it is now included in national and international guidelines relating to the universal definition of myocardial infarction, as well as in shock pathways, and as an adjunctive technique in advanced life support. Its potential scope is huge, with applications relating to monitoring, cardiac pathophysiology and coronary perfusion as well as its more evident use to define cardiac anatomy.
The three main uses of ultrasound to interrogate the heart relate to the way in which the technique is used: first, as an extension to the clinical examination using binary questions and 2D imaging only (focused cardiac ultrasound, FoCUS) which forms the basis of 'basic' techniques. Second, incorporating the full range of echocardiographic techniques for diagnostic capability (echocardiography), and third, selective application of the full range of techniques in order to answer specific questions raised in the critical care/emergency arena (targeted echocardiography). This includes speckle strain/strain-rate to determine abnormalities of myocardial function suggestive of myocarditis, calculation of myocardial electromechanical efficiency in order to maximise cardiac output, recognition of parameters that suggest restrictive right ventricular physiology, with the requirement for modification of ventilatory techniques and parameters, detection of myocardial ischaemia, estimation of LVEDP and LAP, and its application in the institution, monitoring and weaning of mechanical circulatory support.
Percutaneous Endovascular Retrieval of Intravascular foreign body in pediatri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Global Hospitals’ Advanced Heart, Lung & Vascular Institute provides all kinds of endovascular procedures including coronary intervention and peripheral intervention, heart surgery, heart bypass surgery as well as heart transplantation surgery in Hyderabad, Chennai, and Bangalore
An Overview of Filter-Protected Carotid Artery Stentinggailms
These slides give an overview of cerebral protection devices used today in carotid artery stenting, with special emphasis on distal protection filters. Previous work in the field, results from our laboratory, and future directions of device development are covered.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
CT angiography based Study of Variations in Coeliac Trunk and its surgical im...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Bilateral Secondary Femorocele in a Case of Ascites Due to Cardiac Cirrhosis ...KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Background: Fluid collection in a femoral hernia sac designated as a femorocele is an
extremely uncommon surgical condition. Till date 9 cases of unilateral femorocele and
one case of bilateral femorocele have been reported in English literature. Objective: Thus
making the case presented the second case of bilateral femorocele in English literature.
Case report: A case of bilateral femorocele in a patient suffering from rheumatic heat disease
who had undergone dual valvular replacement with ascites due to cardiac cirrhosis
is presented to highlight the surgical challenges in management of such a rare case. Discussion:
Pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations and managemeny of femorocele
are discussed. Conclusion: Contrast enhanced CT scan of the abdomen and scrotum is
diagnostic. Open surgery in the form of dissection of sac with high ligation followed by
obliteration of femoral ring is therapeutic. There is no scope of laparoscopy in such a case.
Omental torsion: a rare cause of acute abdomenKETAN VAGHOLKAR
Torsion of the greater omentum is one of the rare causes of acute abdomen. However with an increase in the incidence of obesity in urban population there is a steady increase in the incidence of this rare and deceptive abdominal condition. The attending surgeon needs to be aware of this condition especially when confronted with an obese patient presenting as an acute abdomen. The paper reviews the etiopathogenesis and management of this rare condition.
Mean Expiratory Diameter of the Inferior Vena Cava among Males and Females wi...semualkaira
Dilatation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is
used as the ultrasonic diagnostic feature in patients suspected of
congestive heart failure. The IVC diameter has being reported to
vary among the various body surface Area (BSA) Knowledge of
these variations is useful in precision diagnoses of CHF by imaging scientists.
Ascending aortic aneurysm and its clinical significance: A case reportApollo Hospitals
Aorta, the major conductance vessel of the body, can be affected by a variety of pathologic processes leading to aneurysm, dissection, or ischemic syndromes. There has been a drastic increase in the incidence of aortic aneurysm making it the 18th most common cause for death.
When ignored, the patients’ condition might worsen leading to death due to rupture and hemorrhage. Here we report a case of ascending aortic aneurysm affecting the aortic root and proximal part of ascending aorta. Conscious awareness of this pathological process augments a great deal to radiologists and sonographers during various imaging techniques and rescues the patient from aneurysm-related deaths.
A beautiful paper published by Eugene Braunwald
European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 24, 21 June 2021, Pages 2327–2328, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab264
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Situs Inversus Totalis Patient: Our Experienc...CrimsonPublishersAICS
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Situs Inversus
Totalis Patient: Our Experience by Gulzar Ahmad Bhat* and Deepak Ghulliani in Advancements in Case Studies
Isolated traumatic rupture of the duodenum: Case report - Perforations, prefe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Total Situs Inversus and D- Transposition of Great Arteries Managed in 2 Surg...semualkaira
A case report of a pediatric patient in whom multiple congenital
cardiac malformations coexist is presented below. The presentation of D-transposition of the great arteries (TGA) associated with
total situs inversus and pulmonary artery atresia presented a challenge in surgical management, however, it could be carried out
successfully using the Rastelli technique.
Total Situs Inversus and D- Transposition of Great Arteries Managed in 2 Surg...semualkaira
A case report of a pediatric patient in whom multiple congenital
cardiac malformations coexist is presented below. The presentation of D-transposition of the great arteries (TGA) associated with
total situs inversus and pulmonary artery atresia presented a challenge in surgical management, however, it could be carried out
successfully using the Rastelli technique.
—VACTERL / VATER association is defined by the presence of at least three of the following congenital malformations: vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, trachea-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies and limb abnormalities. It is diagnosed clinically by the above features with presence of core component features like trachea-esophageal fistula or ano-rectal malformations. Etiology is largely unknown. Management centers on surgical correction of the specific congenital malformations in the immediate postnatal period followed by long term treatment of the sequelae. Prognosis is good if surgical correction is achieved but majority continue to be affected by their malformations throughout life.
Absent Internal Carotid Artery in Circle of Willisiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
Absent Internal Carotid Artery in Circle of Willis
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 26-29||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 26
Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus in a Nigerian Cadaver: A Case
Report
1,
Ezejindu D.N., 2,
Ukoha Ukoha, 3,
Asomugha A.L, 4,
Udemezue O.O.
1,2,3,4,
Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi.
.
----------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------
This report describes an adult male cadaver with dextrocardia and situs solitus in a Nigerian cadaver. The
photographic illustrations revealed a flattened heart that was flipped to the right thus, transposing the great
vessels. The report showed that dextrocardia exists amongst Nigerians and possibly Africans and therefore wish
to recommend early medical examination since patients with this condition are unaware of their unusual
anatomy until they seek medical attention for an unrelated condition. Early detection may lead to a successful
surgical management and consequently offer a safer chance of survival since individuals with this unique
variation are more prone to congenital cardiac abnormalities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 11July. 2013 Date of Publication: 22.July 2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Dextrocardia is an abnormal congenital positioningof the heart. Instead of the heart forming in the fetus
on the left side, it flips over and forms on the right side[1]. Dextrocardia is frequently diagnosed in a routine
prenatal sonogram, although not every radiologist will catch it, particularly if there are no cardiac structural
abnormalities. There are several types of dextrocardia, also called looping defects. It is pertinent to note that
people with this anomaly have higher chances of suffering from other problems of the heart especially if other
organs are affected also.[2],as seen in a case study by Nawaz et al in their case report which they discovered that
the stomach and spleen were located on the right side, while the liver was on the left side, the gallbladder was
located in the epigastric area toward the left side. Diagnostic modalities like a chest radiograph and an
electrocardiogram are sufficient to make a diagnosis of dextrocardia while more recent imaging modalities like
echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging puts the diagnosis beyond doubt.[4].We will discuss a case
of dextrocardia without accompanying alteration of the abdominal visceral organs.
1.1.CASE REPORT
During a routine supervision of dissection offormalin-fixed adult cadavers by 200 level medical
students at College Of Health Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria, dextrocardia was observed
in one of the male cadavers. A total of 20(18 males and 2females) cadavers were dissected (during the thorax
class) as part ofthe medical training in Human Anatomy. Our observation became interesting as it provided an
avenue for the students to better understand and appreciate the lecture on anatomy of the thorax well. The
students were so lucky to have come across such anomaly during their medical training bearing it in mind that
the condition is a very rare one and most medical students often time do not get to see it throughout their
medical training.In our case report; the stomach and spleen were seen in their normal position on the left and the
liver on the right. The heart is somewhat flattened and flipped towards the right with its cardiac apex facing the
right. This type of dextrocardia is known as Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus or Isolated Dextrocardia where there
is transposition of the heart without accompanying alteration of the abdominal viscera unlike that seen in mirror-
image dextrocardia with situs inversus where the abdominal visceral organs are altered
in position.
2. Dextrocardia With Situs Solitus In...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
Fig. 1. Superior view of the thoracic cavity in situ. Note the transposition of the heart.
Fig. 2. Supereior view of the thracic cavity in situ. Note the superior aspect of the right lobe of the liver.
3. Dextrocardia With Situs Solitus In...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
Fig. 3. Lateral view of the thoracic cavity in situ. Showing the heart and part of the liver.
II. DISCUSSION
The term ‘dextrocardia’ has generated a lot of debate. Dextrocardia occurs in about 0.01% of live
births[5].Though the exact cause is unknown, dextrocardia has been linked with a number of factors including
autosomal recessive gene with incomplete penetrance, maternal diabetes, cocaine use and conjoined
twinning[6,7].The arrangements of the position of the abdominal viscera in dextrocardia may be normal
(situssolitus), reversed (situsinversus), and indeterminate (situs ambiguous or isomerism) in 32-35%, 35-39%
and 26-28% of cases respectively[8]. Incidence of Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus is less common and occurs in
1 per 20,000 live births and the incidence of heart disease is extremely high among this group-about 90% or
even greater[9].Dextrocardia with a normal abdominal situs has a high incidence of associated congenital
cardiac anomalies including among others, transposition of the great vessels and atrial[10]and ventricular septal
defects[11] in 90-95% of cases. Many people with situs solitus dextrocardia are unaware of their unusual
anatomy until they seek medical attention for an unrelated condition. Calvin et al in his work discovered
dextrocardia with situs solitus in a 3-year-old boy presented with a chest infection. The computed tomography
with 3-dimensional reconstruction also showed aortic coarctation just distal to the origin of the left subclavian
artery, left-sided superior vena cava and intralobar sequestration of the right lower lobe.In our case report,we
observed a male cadaver with situs solitus dextrocardia.It is important to note that there are higher probability of
individuals in this group to suffer congenital cardiac anomalies than the other types of dextrocardia.Often it is
diagnosed during a medical examination or during a routine visit to hospital when cardiac function is examined
or even during surgery involving other organs other than heart. Surgery in such cases is rendered difficult by the
unfamiliarity of the surgeon with such an orientation of the heart.It is very dangerous if this condition is not
diagnosed prior to surgery.
III. CONCLUSION
Surgeons, radiologists and radiographers should look out for this anomaly during preoperative and
surgical management of their patients. Doctors should encourage routine medical examination for their patients
which could help identify this anomaly, thereby preventing wrong diagnosis.For instance,when a patient is
having a cardiac pain on the right part of the thorax,it might be waved off as a non-cardiac problem since the
heart is thought to be on the left.
4. Dextrocardia With Situs Solitus In...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors appreciate the academic and technical staff of the Department Of Anatomy,College Of
Heath Sciences,Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Nnewi headed by Dr Ukoha Ukoha
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Tayah, M.; Khalidy, L. &Yaghi, M;2001. Case Report: Off-Pump Total Myocardial Revascularization for Dextrocardia and Situs
Inversus. Heart Surg. Forum,4(3):251-3.
[2] Ofusori DA, Okwuonu CU, Ude RA, Adesanya OA;2009.Dextrocardia and situs inversus totalis in a Nigerian cadaver: A case
report of rare anomaly. Int J Morphol ; 27(3): 837-840.
[3] Nawaz, H.; Matta, M.; Hamchou, A. &Jacobez, A. H. A.Salem;2005.Situs inversus abdominus in association with congenital
duodenal obstruction: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr. Surg. Int., 21:589-92..
[4] Uchenna DI, Jesuorobo DE, Anyalechi JI;2012.Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus Totalis in an Adult Nigerian:a case
report,department of Internal Medicine,University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital,PortHarcourt,Nigeria.
[5] Evans WN,Acherman RJ,Collazos JC,Castillo WJ,Rollins RC,Kip KT et al;2010.Dextrocardia:practical clinical points and
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[6] Agirbashi M, Hamid R, Jennings HS, Tiller GE;2000.Situs inversus and hypertrophic cardio myopathy in identical twins;Am J
Genetics;91:327-330.
[7] Distefano G, Romeo MG, Grasso S, Mazonne D, Sciacca P, Mollica F;1987.Dextrocardia with and without situs viscerum in 2
siblings.Am J. Med.27:929-934
[8] Isezuo SA, Ma’aji SM, Isah U, Makusidi A;2010.Dextrocardia with situs viscerum inversus totalis in a 65 year old man: A case
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[9] Roodpeyma SH,Abrarashi M;1999.Dextrocardia in children of pediatrics;9(1):41-47.
[10] Iino K, Watanabe G, Ishikawa N, Tomita S;2011.Total endoscopic robotic atrial septal defect repair in a patient with
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[11] Piryani RM, Shukla A, Prasad DN, Kohli SC, Shrestha G, Singh D;2007.Situs inversus with dextrocardia with multiple cardiac
lesions in adult. Kathmandu University Medical Journal;5(2):247-249.
[12] Ng Calvin SH;Wong,RandolphHL;Wan,InnesYP;Underwood,Malcolm J;2011.Situs Solitus Dextrocardia,Coarctation,Left
Superior Vena Cava,Sequestration.Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals,Vol9(3-4):287.