The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Inhibition action of Neem leaves (Azadirachta Indica) extract on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel in 1.0M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated. The investigations were carried out using weight loss method and Scanning Election Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration of Neem leaves extract while it decreases with increase of temperature. SEM images indicated that the metal surface was in a better condition in the presence of inhibitor than the specimen exposed in the absence of the inhibitor. Results confirmed that Neem leaves extract acts as an efficient green corrosion inhibitor for 304 stainless steel in 1.0M sulphuric acid solution.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Improvement of tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy by nitrogen ion impla...irjes
Ion implantation is the most versatile and superior surface modification method. It has several
advantages compared with other modification methods. In this study, the nitrogen was implanted by a process of
ion implantation at 60 keV with different fluences of 1 x 1016, 5 x 1016, 1x1017 and 5 x 1017 ions/cm2
. Corrosion
resistance of Ti6Al4V and ion implanted Ti6Al4V were investigated by an electrochemical test, at 370C in
normal saline solution. ICP-AES studies were carried out to determine amount of ions leached out from samples
when kept immersed in normal saline solution. The implanted samples showed variation in the corrosion
resistance and microhardness with varying fluences. The sample implanted at 1 X 1017 ions/cm2
showed an
optimum corrosion resistance.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOSPHATE GLASSES CONTAINING ...ijac123
In order to prepare a high quality glass with high water resistance, we investigated chromium iron phosphate glass because of its improved chemical durability. The introduction of chromium in sodiumiron-phosphate glasses is used to compare its effect with iron in inhibition of corrosion. The sodiumchromium-iron phosphate glass of composition 30Fe2O3-xCr2O3-(15-x)Na2O-55P2O5 (mol %),with (0≤x≤4) was produced by melting batches of (99,98% pure) Cr2O3, Fe2O3, Na2CO3, and (NH4)2HPO4 at 1080°C for one hour and pouring the liquid into the bench. The sample was annealed at 650°C for 48h. We have performed the measurement of X-Ray diffraction, and Infra Red spectroscopy. The chemical durability was evaluated by weight losses of glass samples after immersion in hot distilled water (90°C) for 30 days. Weight loss measurements showed a good chemical durability unlike borosilicate glass.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
It is known that one of the major negative impacts of the corrosion of steel
structures is the reduction in geometry. The calculations of the load-bearing capacity
of the steel elements depend on the geometric characteristics. The theory confirms that
if the geometric characteristics decrease, the load-bearing capacity of the steel
elements will also decrease. We conducted an experiment using the S355JR
construction steel to determine how the geometry changes. We used electro-chemical
accelerated corrosion on which our steel test samples were subjected. We interrupted
the electrochemical corrosion process at some point in order to make the necessary
measurements regarding the change in geometric characteristics of the test samples.
Once we received the experimental data, we processed them using the stochastic
method. We also performed theoretical calculations using classical theory and
determined the theoretical load-ability (force, bending moment) of our test samples.
We have come to the conclusion that the change in geometric characteristics is nonlinear
and results in a slight decrease in the corrosion of the steel elements, but
significantly reduces the theoretical ultimate load-capacity due to corrosion and the
corresponding decrease in geometric characteristics
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (ss 409 m)eSAT Journals
Abstract The wear and corrosion behavior of SS 409M have been evaluated and compared with Mild steel ferritic stainless steel SS 430, and austenitic stainless steel SS 304. The SS 409M is a utility grade ferritic stainless steel, and has a very low Ni percentage less than 0.30%. Annealed SS 409M contains ferrite and low percentage of tempered martensite whereas normalized SS 409M has low ferrite and higher percentage of tempered martensite. The manufacturing cost for this steel is low as compared to other grades of stainless steel but it has high strength with excellent corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and can be easily fabricated. Thus SS 409M has been found to be a suitable material for replacing mild steel in structural applications. SS 409M has also got good wear resistance and this can be considered as an alternate material for mild steel in the railway wagons, track armor, and chemical tanks. The dry wear test has been carried out using the pin on disc machine for all the specimens. The results show that 409M has higher wear resistance as compared to mild steel and SS 430. The corrosion test has been carried out using the potentiostat for SS 409M both in annealed and in the normalized condition and the results are compared with SS 430 and SS 304. SS 304 and SS 430 stainless steels show excellent corrosion resistance while SS 409M both in annealed and in normalized condition reveal higher corrosion resistance than mild steel. Results are discussed with published work on these steels. Keywords: SS 409M, SS 409M, SS 430, SS 304
WQD2011 – INNOVATION – SILVER WINNER – The Kanoo Group - Corrosion Protection...Dubai Quality Group
Innovation case study – Silver Prize winning submission by The Kanoo Group during 3rd Continual Improvement & Innovation Symposium organized by Dubai Quality Group's Continual Improvement Subgroup to celebrate World Quality Day 2011.
Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Al-SiC Composites in KOH MediumEditor IJCATR
The present research work deals with the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. The addition of the
reinforcement like SiC to Aluminium has been reported to decrease the corrosion resistance of the matrix due to several reasons, one
of them being galvanic action between the reinforcement and the matrix. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-15%
(vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C)
was determined by Tafel extrapolation technique. The inhibition action of 8-Hydroxyquinoline on corrosion behaviour of 6061 Al-
15% (vol) SiC(P) composites in KOH at different concentration of inhibitor (200ppm, 400ppm); different concentration of medium
(0.5M, 1M,1.5M) and different temperature (300C, 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C) was investigated. The results indicate that corrosion rate
of Al-SiC composite in KOH increases as the concentration of medium increases and also as temperature of medium increases. The
results indicate that the inhibitor is moderately effective in inhibiting the corrosion of 6061 Al-15% (vol) SiC(P) composites. As the
inhibitor concentration increases, the corrosion rate decreases. The surface morphology of the metal surface was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activation energy was evaluated using Arrhenius equation, and enthalpy of activation and
entropy of activation values were calculated using transition state equation
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Inhibition action of Neem leaves (Azadirachta Indica) extract on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel in 1.0M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated. The investigations were carried out using weight loss method and Scanning Election Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration of Neem leaves extract while it decreases with increase of temperature. SEM images indicated that the metal surface was in a better condition in the presence of inhibitor than the specimen exposed in the absence of the inhibitor. Results confirmed that Neem leaves extract acts as an efficient green corrosion inhibitor for 304 stainless steel in 1.0M sulphuric acid solution.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Improvement of tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy by nitrogen ion impla...irjes
Ion implantation is the most versatile and superior surface modification method. It has several
advantages compared with other modification methods. In this study, the nitrogen was implanted by a process of
ion implantation at 60 keV with different fluences of 1 x 1016, 5 x 1016, 1x1017 and 5 x 1017 ions/cm2
. Corrosion
resistance of Ti6Al4V and ion implanted Ti6Al4V were investigated by an electrochemical test, at 370C in
normal saline solution. ICP-AES studies were carried out to determine amount of ions leached out from samples
when kept immersed in normal saline solution. The implanted samples showed variation in the corrosion
resistance and microhardness with varying fluences. The sample implanted at 1 X 1017 ions/cm2
showed an
optimum corrosion resistance.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOSPHATE GLASSES CONTAINING ...ijac123
In order to prepare a high quality glass with high water resistance, we investigated chromium iron phosphate glass because of its improved chemical durability. The introduction of chromium in sodiumiron-phosphate glasses is used to compare its effect with iron in inhibition of corrosion. The sodiumchromium-iron phosphate glass of composition 30Fe2O3-xCr2O3-(15-x)Na2O-55P2O5 (mol %),with (0≤x≤4) was produced by melting batches of (99,98% pure) Cr2O3, Fe2O3, Na2CO3, and (NH4)2HPO4 at 1080°C for one hour and pouring the liquid into the bench. The sample was annealed at 650°C for 48h. We have performed the measurement of X-Ray diffraction, and Infra Red spectroscopy. The chemical durability was evaluated by weight losses of glass samples after immersion in hot distilled water (90°C) for 30 days. Weight loss measurements showed a good chemical durability unlike borosilicate glass.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
It is known that one of the major negative impacts of the corrosion of steel
structures is the reduction in geometry. The calculations of the load-bearing capacity
of the steel elements depend on the geometric characteristics. The theory confirms that
if the geometric characteristics decrease, the load-bearing capacity of the steel
elements will also decrease. We conducted an experiment using the S355JR
construction steel to determine how the geometry changes. We used electro-chemical
accelerated corrosion on which our steel test samples were subjected. We interrupted
the electrochemical corrosion process at some point in order to make the necessary
measurements regarding the change in geometric characteristics of the test samples.
Once we received the experimental data, we processed them using the stochastic
method. We also performed theoretical calculations using classical theory and
determined the theoretical load-ability (force, bending moment) of our test samples.
We have come to the conclusion that the change in geometric characteristics is nonlinear
and results in a slight decrease in the corrosion of the steel elements, but
significantly reduces the theoretical ultimate load-capacity due to corrosion and the
corresponding decrease in geometric characteristics
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (ss 409 m)eSAT Journals
Abstract The wear and corrosion behavior of SS 409M have been evaluated and compared with Mild steel ferritic stainless steel SS 430, and austenitic stainless steel SS 304. The SS 409M is a utility grade ferritic stainless steel, and has a very low Ni percentage less than 0.30%. Annealed SS 409M contains ferrite and low percentage of tempered martensite whereas normalized SS 409M has low ferrite and higher percentage of tempered martensite. The manufacturing cost for this steel is low as compared to other grades of stainless steel but it has high strength with excellent corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and can be easily fabricated. Thus SS 409M has been found to be a suitable material for replacing mild steel in structural applications. SS 409M has also got good wear resistance and this can be considered as an alternate material for mild steel in the railway wagons, track armor, and chemical tanks. The dry wear test has been carried out using the pin on disc machine for all the specimens. The results show that 409M has higher wear resistance as compared to mild steel and SS 430. The corrosion test has been carried out using the potentiostat for SS 409M both in annealed and in the normalized condition and the results are compared with SS 430 and SS 304. SS 304 and SS 430 stainless steels show excellent corrosion resistance while SS 409M both in annealed and in normalized condition reveal higher corrosion resistance than mild steel. Results are discussed with published work on these steels. Keywords: SS 409M, SS 409M, SS 430, SS 304
WQD2011 – INNOVATION – SILVER WINNER – The Kanoo Group - Corrosion Protection...Dubai Quality Group
Innovation case study – Silver Prize winning submission by The Kanoo Group during 3rd Continual Improvement & Innovation Symposium organized by Dubai Quality Group's Continual Improvement Subgroup to celebrate World Quality Day 2011.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Modelling of Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by Crush...theijes
The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.7M, 1.2M and 2.2M HCl by thoroughly pounded fresh leaves of Sida Acuta has been investigated using the weight-loss method. Corrosion rate curves progressively decreased with time. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 71.16% was attained when the crushed leaves of Sida Acuta were added at 15g per litre of 0.7M HCl whilst the corrosion rate reduced from 1.0485 to 0.3006mgcm-2 h -1 . The predictive corrosion rate model was developed using multiple regression and artificial neural network. Predictions of the experimental corrosion rate values by the artificial neural network revealed the importance of independent variables: (time (h), concentration of acid (M) and quantity of extract (g)) in the prediction of the dependent variable (Corrosion rate, CR (mgcm-2 h -1 ). The time of exposure immensely contributed to the prediction of the experimental corrosion rate by 48.9%, followed by the quantity of crushed leaves, 26.2% and finally the concentration of acid, 25.0%. Predictions by the artificial neural network gave minimal errors and were closer to the experimental corrosion rate values in comparison with predictions by multiple regression. The protective film formed on the mild steel surface was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and surface electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR analysis revealed that the adsorbed constituents of the pounded fresh leaves of Sida Acuta on the surface of mild steel were associated with the stretching vibrations of C≡C, C=C, C=O and O–H bonds. The SEM image shows that the degradation of the surface of mild steel in an uninhibited solution of 0.7M HCl is localized but the addition of the inhibitor remarkably prevented the surface of mild steel from corrosion. Four adsorption isotherm models were tested and the results show that the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by the crushed fresh leaves of Sida Acuta in hydrochloric acid obeys all the isotherm models with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm maintaining the best fit of R2 = 0.996; El-Awady, R2 = 0.961; Temkin, R2 = 0.952 and Freundlich, R2 = 0.942. The phytochemical analysis of Sida Acuta’s leaves disclosed the presence of alkanoid, tannin, saponin, phytate, flavonoid and phenol.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in seawater solution (3.5%NaCl and DMSO) by pure
curcumin has been studied at temperature range (298-328K) and different concentrations (2.7*10-6
,1.3*10-5
,2.7*10-
5
,3.2*10-5M) using potentiostatic techniques. The results showed that the best corrosion inhibition efficiency was
obtained with2.7*10-5Mpure curcumin concentration which reach to 77.5% at 298K.The corrosionrate increase
with increase temperature at all purecurcuminconcentrations.Thecorrosion rate decreasewith
purecurcuminconcentration increaseup to 2.7*10-5Mthen with increasing pure curcumin concentration than 2.7*10-
5M the corrosion ratewill be increase. Apparent activation energy, Arrhenius factor, free energyΔG*
, enthalpy ΔH*
and entropy ΔS*
for corrosion processeswere calculated. The inhibition mechanism according to adsorption of pure
curcumin molecules in the interface metal/solution and Langmuir adsorption isotherm type were applied.
Inhibition of Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel by Surfactant and Its Ad...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect of surfactant, N,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-Phenoxyethyl)dodecan-1- aminiumbromide(DPDAB) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M Sulphuric acid was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. DPDAB is an excellent inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and maximum inhibition efficiency was observed above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The polarization curves reveal that DPDAB acts as mixed type inhibitor with predominantly of anodic type. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of DPDAB increases with increase in concentration and decreases with increase in temperature from 298K to 308K and then increases and shows maxima at 318K and then decreases at 328K.. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 was found to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the metal surface. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed.
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...Premier Publishers
The inhibition effect of the Hydralazine hydrochloride for mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl has been investigated. Polarization measurement indicates that the Hydralazine hydrochloride act as mixed-type inhibitor, which gives a maximum inhibition efficiency around 72 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition gives around 76 % due to the formation of electrical double layer. Thermodynamic parameter such as ΔG0 ads value was obtained as -30.22 KJ/mol indications that inhibitor shows its inhibition effect due to the chemisorptions process. Scanning electron microscopic images gives a visual idea about the formation of the protective film on the mild steel surface to reduce the corrosion rate. So that the Hydralazine hydrochloride acts as an efficient mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid media.
Comparison of corrosion behaviour of commercial aluminium engine block and pi...msejjournal
The corrosion behavior of commercial aluminium alloy engine block and piston was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. The study was done by conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the alloys suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloys increases and the normal corrosion rate profile of an initial steep rise followed by subsequent fall were observed for both alloys. The rate of corrosion of piston was found to be lower than that of engine block due to presence of Ni and lower percentages of Fe in aluminium piston alloy.
Performance Characteristics of various Corrugated Roofing Sheets in Nigeriaijceronline
This Paper is based on an experiment carried out on different roofing sheets namely aluminum, galvanized steel, plastic and asbestos of various grades. The aluminum samples were obtained from two different companies in Nigeria namely First Aluminum and Tower Aluminum; the Asbestos was obtained from Emenite while the Steel and Plastic samples were bought from the market. The samples were cut into a particular size (8cm by 5cm) and immersed in various media namely acidic (H2SO4), alkaline (NaOH), Sea water and Rain water in 2litres plastic beakers. The Rain water was used as the control medium for the experiment. The experiment was carried out for 70days and each grade was cut into 14 pieces of the same dimension. The samples were washed, weighed and tagged before immersion in the media. Each sample was removed every 5 days, washed thoroughly, dried and re-weighed. Some of the samples corroded while some resisted corrosion. The differences in the weights of the samples, and hence their respective rates of corrosion were obtained depending on the reacting media. The values that were obtained, the weight loss and weight gain were used to determine the corrosion rates per unit area per unit time. Graphs of specific weight loss/gain against time were plotted for each medium and each sample. Based on our graphs and observations, we can say that the coated samples are more resistant to corrosion, and therefore more durable.
Anticorrosive Activity of Rosemarinus officinalis L. Leaves Extract Against M...AM Publications
The rosemary (Rosemarinus officialis L) leaves extract was evaluated for inhibitive action towards the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 N HCl at ambient temperature by gravimetric and potential monitoring techniques. There was a drastic reduction in weight loss of test samples. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of extract varied with concentration of extract and duration of immersion of mild steel in corrosive medium. The 100% leaves extract of Rosemarinus officinalis L gave 98.33% corrosion inhibition efficiency as compared to control. The corrosion rate was significantly reduced and curtailed to 0.27 mm/year at 100% leaves extract concentration. The corrosion inhibition of leaves extract of Rosemarinus officialis L is attributed to protective film formed by the complex organic compounds of the extract.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
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Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering
And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 1 ||Pages||346-352 ||2013||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
Corrosion Inhibition of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
1,
A.C.Iyasara, 2,J.E.O.Ovri
-----------------------------------------------------------Abstract---------------------------------------------------
The inhibition effect of molasses of varying concentrations (0.2g/L, 0.3g/L, 0.4g/L, 0.5g/L) on the corrosion of
austenitic stainless steel (type 316L) in 0.5M tetraoxosulphate(vi )acid (H2SO4), Brine (6% NaCl), seawater
(3% NaCl) and freshwater media was studied at room temperature. The corrosion rates of the steel were
determined using the weight loss method for a period of fifty six days. The solution of the molasses inhibited the
corrosion of the stainless steel samples to an extent depending on the concentration of the molasses and the type
of medium. The results obtained showed that the higher the concentration of the molasses, the higher the
inhibition efficiency (the lower the corrosion rate). The lowest corrosion rates were observed in freshwater
medium while H2SO4 acid medium showed the highest corrosion rates. The inhibition is attributed to the
physical adsorption of the inhibitor (molasses) on the surface of the stainless steel.
Keywords: Inhibition, Molasses, Weight loss, Corrosion rate, Austenitic stainless steel,physical adsorption.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
Date of Submission: 14,December, 2012 Date of Publication: 05, February 2013
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I Introduction
Corrosion of engineering materials especially metals as a major industrial problem ha posed a serious
concern to engineers, scientists and other researchers who are committed to the study of corrosion and its
control.Metals are exposed to the action of acids, bases and brine solutions in different ways and for many
reasons. Therefore, the corrosion rates can be controlled or minimized by means of corrosion inhibitors1.
1.1 Molasses as a corrosion Inhibitor
Inhibitors are known for their specificity of action when added or present in any given corrosive
environment. An inhibitor is a substance which when added in small concentrations to an environment decreases
the corrosion rate2. They are commonly added in small amounts either continuously or intermittently to acids,
cooling waters and other environments to minimize or control serious corrosion menace.Most of the well known
inhibitors are natural products of plant origin e.g. molasses, alkaloids, tannins, pigments and amino acids. These
inhibitors are known for their efficient characteristics which include non-expensive, ecologically friendly and
non-toxic to the environment(3-7). Molasses is a black viscous by-product of the processing of sugar ( 4). Molasses
contains sucrose, reduced sugars, salts (organic and inorganic), colloidal materials, vitamins, amino acids and
waxes. The corrosion inhibition action of molasses and other natural plant inhibitors include the following
mechanism:
Adsorbing themselves on the metallic surfaces hence protecting the metallic surfaces by forming a thin film
(passivation).
Increasing the anodic or cathodic polarization behaviours (Tafel slopes).
Increasing the electrical resistance of the metallic surface
Reducing the movement or diffusion of ions to the metallic surface.
1.2 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Stainless steel generally denotes a large family of steel containing at least 11.5% chromium(8). This
amount of chromium prevents the formation of rust in unpolluted atmospheres, and it is from this characteristic
that the popular designation “stainless” is derived. Stainless steel is corrosion resistant but not resistant to all
corroding media (corrodants). Being corrosion resistant is due to a thin transparent film of chromium oxide that
forms on the surface(9). It will withstand oxidizing agents such as nitric acids but is attacked by reducing agents,
e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl), halogen salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl).According to metallurgical structure,
stainless steel is divided into three groups namely; austenitic (FCC) stainless steel, ferritic (BCC) stainless steel
and martensitic (FCC or tetragonal) stainless steel6. The austenitic stainless steel contains 18% chromium and
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2. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
8% Nickel, hence is known as 18-8 stainless steel. As a group, austenitic stainless steel is non-magnetic,
resistant to atmospheric corrosion, more ductile than the ferritic and martensitic stainless steels and can only be
hardened by cold working.
1.3 Objectives of the work
To determine the inhibition efficiency of molasses on the corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in acidic,
salty (brine and seawater) and freshwater environments
To show that stainless steel is not always corrosion resistant in all environments but can corrode when
subjected to severe environments.
II Materials And Methods
2.1 Samples preparation
The austenitic stainless steel sample (type 316L) used for this investigation was obtained from Nigerian
Foundry, Lagos. It was obtained in sheet of thickness, 0.5cm and cut into coupons of dimension, 5cm X 1.5cm.
a hole of 0.35cm was drilled on each coupon through which a twine was passed to aid suspension and total
immersion in the media.
The chemical composition of the steel sample is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Chemical Composition of the Austenitic Stainless Steel (Type 316L)
Element C Cr Ni Mn Si P S
Wt.(%) 0.08 18.04 8.34 2.00 1.00 0.05 0.03
2.2 Environmental and Inhibitor preparations
Four different environments were used for the investigation. They are standard solutions of
Brine (6% NaCl solution)
0.5M H2SO4 acid
Seawater (3% NaCl solution)
Freshwater
The brine and H2SO4 acid solutions were prepared in the chemistry laboratory of chemistry department, Federal
University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. The seawater used in this study was obtained from Abonema high
sea creek, Port-Harcourt while the freshwater was collected from the local otamiri river in Owerri, Imo State.
The chemical analyses of the water samples were performed at SAAT laboratory, Federal university of
technology, Owerri.
Table 2: Chemical Analyses of Water samples
Ions Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+ Na+ CO2 Cl- O2 - SO42- HCO3 NO3-
Seawater 7.10 3.12 0.29 4.70 0.31 54.36 0.55 2.99 5.23 0.001
Freshwater 1.38 3.34 0.01 1.50 4.25 14.47 5.50 0.40 42.12 0.006
2.3 Experimental Set up and Monitoring
The initial weights of the coupons were taken to the nearest 0.001g on a digital electronic weighing
machine (OHAUS Adventurer), degreased and dried in acetone (analar grade).In each of the environment, five
different experiments were setup using the varying concentrations of the molasses including a control (without
molasses). The sample coupons were totally immersed in a plastic bowls containing each of the prepared
corrosive medium.The weight loss of each coupon was determined at intervals of seven days for a total of fifty-
six days. Thus, the weight loss within the immersion period was determined as the difference between the initial
weight prior to immersion and the final weight after immersion, and the corresponding corrosion rate calculated.
III Experimental Results
3.1 Determination of Corrosion Rates
The corrosion rates were calculated using weight loss measurement obtained over the period of the
investigation. The following relationship was used for the calculation(10):.
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3. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
Cr = 534
D.A.T
Where; Cr = Corrosion rate in mils penetration per year (mpy)
W = Weight loss (g)
D = Density of the metal = 8.4g/cm3
A = Area of the specimen = 6.68 cm2
T = Time of exposure (days)
3.2 Calculation of Inhibition Efficiency
The percentage inhibitor efficiency was determined for all the environments at the 56 th day (last day) of
the experiment. It was calculated by(5):
I% = [W0-W1] 100
Wo
Where; I% = percentage Inhibitor efficiency
Wo= Weight loss without inhibitor
W1 = Weight loss with inhibitor
The results obtained are shown in Tables 3 -6 and presented in Figures 1 –5 with the corresponding
variables.
Table 3: Weight loss, Corrosion rate (Cr) and % Inhibitor efficiency (%I) of Austenitic stainless steel
exposed to 0.5M H2SO4
Legend:
S1 = 0.5M H2SO4 without molasses (Control)
S2 = 0.5M H2SO4 with 0.2g/L concentration of molasses
S3 = 0.5M H2SO4 with 0.3g/L concentration of molasses
S4 = 0.5M H2SO4 with 0.4g/L concentration of molasses
S5 = 0.5M H2SO4 with 0.5g/L concentration of molasses
Table 4: Weight loss, Corrosion rate (Cr) and % Inhibitor efficiency (%I) of Austenitic stainless
steel exposed to Brine
Legend:
B1 = Brine without molasses (Control)
B2 = Brine with 0.2g/L concentration of molasses
B3 = Brine with 0.3g/L concentration of molasses
B4 = Brine with 0.4g/L concentration of molasses
B5 = Brine with 0.5g/L concentration of molasses
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4. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
Table 5: Weight loss, Corrosion rate (Cr) and % Inhibitor efficiency (%I) of Austenitic stainless
steel exposed to seawater
Legend:
W1 = Seawater without molasses (Control)
W2 = Seawater with 0.2g/L concentration of molasses
W3 = Seawater with 0.3g/L concentration of molasses
W4 = Seawater with 0.4g/L concentration of molasses
W5 = Seawater with 0.5g/L concentration of molasses
Table 6: Weight loss, Corrosion rate (Cr) and % Inhibitor efficiency (%I) of Austenitic stainless
steel exposed to Freshwater
Legend:
F1 = Freshwater without molasses (Control)
F2 = Freshwater with 0.2g/L concentration of molasses
F3 = Freshwater with 0.3g/L concentration of molasses
F4 = Freshwater with 0.4g/L concentration of molasses
F5 = Freshwater with 0.5g/L concentration of molasses
Fig 1. CORROSION RATE (CR) × 10-3(mpy) Vs EXPOSURE TIME (DAYS) OF STEEL EXPOSED TO
H2SO4
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5. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
Fig 2. CORROSION RATE (CR) × 10-3(mpy) Vs EXPOSURE TIME (DAYS) OF STEEL EXPOSED TO
BRINE
Fig 3. CORROSION RATE (CR) × 10-3(mpy) Vs EXPOSURE TIME (DAYS) OF STEEL EXPOSED TO
SEAWATER
Fig 4. CORROSION RATE (CR) × 10-3(mpy) Vs EXPOSURE TIME (DAYS) OF STEEL EXPOSED TO
FRESHWATER
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6. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
Fig 5. % INHIBITION EFFICIENCY Vs CONCENTRATION (g/L)
IV Discussion Of Results
4.1 Weight Loss
Tables 3 -6 show the values of weight loss of the steel sample with time for all the media. From the
results obtained and presented in the tables, it was observed that the weight loss increases with the time of
exposure.H2SO4 acid medium exhibited the highest weight losses (as shown in Table 3), while the lowest weight
loss was observed in the freshwater environment (Table 6). The weight loss observed in the steel samples was
due to the presence of the aggressive molecular species (ions) contained in the test media (10,11,12,13). These ions
are SO42- (from H2SO4), Cl- (from brine and seawater) and OH- (from freshwater). The SO42- ion is the most
aggressive and therefore attacks the stainless steel strongly.Generally, the control experiments ( i.e.those media
without molasses) recorded higher weight losses more than those media with different concentrations of the
inhibitor (molasses).
4.2 Corrosion Rate
The corrosion rates of the steel samples were shown in Tables 3 – 6 and presented in Figures 1 -4.
From the plots, corrosion rates decrease sharply with increase in exposure time in all the media. The highest
corrosion rate was observed in H2SO4 medium due to the presence of the aggressive SO 42- ions followed by
brine and seawater media containing Cl- ions while the freshwater medium which contains OH - ions recorded
the least corrosion rates.The higher the concentration of the molasses, the lower the corrosion rate of the steel
sample. Molasses is an organic inhibitor, hence adsorption type inhibitor. It adsorbs on the metal surface and
depresses both metal dissolution and reduction reactions(14). Therefore, this blocking effect is due to the
blanketing of the metal surface which in turn reduces the active sites on the metal surface upon which anodic
and cathodic reactions could occur.
4.3 Inhibition Efficiency
Figure 5 shows the variation of inhibition efficiency (I %) with concentration of molasses (g/L). It was
observed from the graph that the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in the concentration of the
molasses. Thus, the higher the concentration of the molasses, the lower the corrosion rates.The inhibition
(decrease in corrosion rate) is attributed to the physical adsorption of the molasses.Consequently,adsorption of
the molasses was proposed as the reaction mechanism for the inhibition.However,further work is on-going on
the investigation of this reaction mechanism.
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7. Corrosion Inhibition Of Stainless Steel(314l) Using Molasses
V Conclusion
Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions can be made:
(1) Molasses could best serve as a corrosion inhibitor in freshwater, seawater, brine and H 2SO4 solutions
and performing optimally at 0.5g/L concentration.
(2) Molasses inhibited the corrosion reaction through the mechanism of physical adsorption on the metal
(steel) surface.
(3) The inhibition efficiency (I %) of molasses increases with increase in the concentration of the inhibitor.
(4) Austenitic stainless steel is naturally resistant to corrosion to a measurable extent due to its nickel and
chromium contents.
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