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Similar to THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS
- 1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY
- 2. WHAT CONTRIBUTED TO BRITAIN’S ROLE AS THE STARTING POINT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND NOT SOMEWHERE ELSE?
- 3. BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Why Britain? 1) Agricultural output increased 2) This led to population growth 3) Farmers found themselves out of work 4) Farmers moved to towns 5) Towns grew into cities 6) A new labor force was born Contributing Factors 1. Abundance of natural resources – ports and rivers 2. Rivers were used for water power 3. Water power led to the birth of canals 4. Goods traveled to cities faster 5. Communication traveled quicker 6. Surplus of coal led to the steam engine 7. Rich iron ore provided the material for new transportation - trains
- 4. EFFECTS OF DEMAND AND CAPITAL Bigger populations in cities demanded work for the people. This demand led to the demand for goods – especially food and transportation. However, before they could find work, businesses had to rise up. This required capital (money used to invest in enterprises, or businesses in a specific sector such as mining or transportation). Those businessmen who made such investments were called entrepreneurs because they took risks in starting their companies.
- 6. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY ADVANCES At first, Britain imported cheap cotton from India that British merchants used to produce a putting-out system (raw cotton was given to peasants who spun it into thread and wove it to make garments). This industry soon saw vast improvements to boost cotton production: 1733 -> John Kay invented the flying shuttle to speed up weavers, but the spinners couldn’t match the pace. 1764 -> James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny to spin many threads at once to match the weavers’ pace. 1769 -> Richard Arkwright patented the water frame which did what the spinning jenny did but was powered by water power. 1793 -> Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to separate cotton seeds from the plant to boost production in America These first three inventions were too large to keep in an average home so manufacturers built the first factories (mainly sheds) to store the machines. Weavers and spinners gathered together daily to operate these machines. Early on these factories were located near powerful rivers to utilize their power but the steam engine changed all that.
- 7. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Need for faster travel methods to ensure goods arrived at distant locales efficiently, especially when shipping food. The first turnpikes (private roads in which wealthy merchants charged a toll to travel) made shipping faster and the merchants richer. Canals were built along with upgraded harbors and stronger bridges also allowed more efficient overseas and domestic trade. Canals were essential to shipping raw materials, such as coal, across great distances to manufacturing centers. The first canal – the Bridgewater Canal – opened in 1763 and made its builder rich by the tolls charged and also boosted the economy of places like Manchester (a city in northern England on the west side north of Chester). This led to a rapid construction of canals, causing such a high volume of competition that many went bankrupt and fell out of use. Soon, all the canals were replaced by railroads. The first railroads appeared around the 1830’s when iron was mined in large quantities and used to convey steam engines from one location to another across land. Railroads were more efficient than canals because they could be built anywhere, unlike rivers. Goods were shipped much cheaper over land than across water. The first major rail line was the Liverpool- Manchester line, opened in 1830. Both od these cities were located north of Chester and inspired the growth of railroads, which crisscrossed the continents of Europe and North America by 1870. Due to the efficiency of railroads, goods traveled faster, resulting in lower prices, which led to more goods sold as demand rose, leading to more production as the raw materials became more affordable, causing even lower prices and higher demand for goods.
- 8. EFFECT OF RAILROADS ON SHIPPING AND PRICES Railroads Faster shipping Higher demand Lower prices Increased production
- 9. CYCLE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
- 10. WHAT CONTRIBUTED TO BRITAIN’S ROLE AS THE STARTING POINT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND NOT SOMEWHERE ELSE?
- 11. HOMEWORK Analyze the two pictures of factory life. For each: 1) What is your impression of factory life during this period? 2) How are these images similar to what Charles Dickens described in Hard Times. Handwritten or typed, Times New Roman, 12 Font, double-spaced Due Friday, December 5, 2014
Editor's Notes
- Each of the six reasons why Britain led the way at the start of the Industrial Revolution is a natural progression from the reason before. The same is true for the first five contributing factors. The fact that Britain had several different abundant resources allowed them to industrializa faster than other nations, though other nations began to close the gap with Britain as the 1800’s passed.
- Due to the Industrial Revolution, the physical system, or the interaction between humans to the physical environment (trees, animals, rivers, etc.), was altered due to mining and pollution. The human systems, or those activities that humans perform, affected the surface of the planet through mining and dredging of rivers, the birth of cities began to eliminate farms which led to overcrowding and spread of disease, and the environment and society of Britain was radically altered. Humans utilized natural resources at a fast rate due to the demand created by larger populations for work and industry. This rate led to huge amounts of pollution that affected the environment around the cities as well as a disruption in Earth’s processes – faster erosion and weathering, acid rain, increased flooding in mines, etc.
- The population was centered mainly in southern Britain – England proper – in 1800. This was the area of manufacturing mainly, with exceptions scattered throughout Wales to the west of England. In England, Wales, and Scotland, manufacturing co-existed with agriculture while the earliest coal mines were in western Wales. Canals crisscrossed throughout Britain at this time.
- The textile industry was a perfect example of needs and wants in action. Needs were essential to survival – food, clothing, shelter – while wants were goods that were desired to improve daily life. The conflict between the two led to: first, the utilization of factors of production (those resources, manpower, and capital needed to produce goods) and, second, to scarcity (unlimited wants and needs with a limited supply of resources available). These factors saw the birth of the first true economic system – the determination of what goods/services were to be produced and how much of each, the creativity of how to utilize various resources to produce said goods/services, and to whom to sell the goods/services.
- Since most of these early factories produced textiles, and since these factories were first located near water, it became essential to develop a faster mode of land transportation so that the population who did not live near water could purchase the goods. Such modes as canals, turnpikes (roads), and railroads served this need and challenged water shipping for business.