The Importance Of A Recent Declaration Of Australia

The Importance Of A Recent Declaration Of Australia
A recent declaration has been made in June of 2015, by the G&7 nation leaders in favour of supporting the decarbonisation of the global economy by
the end of the turning century. The leaders of these top 7 industrial countries have put forward the common goal of working towards a zero–carbon
based global economy, which is said to eventually benefit the global society as a whole. The question brought up in this situation is as stands, how
will changing to a decarbonized economy affect the way the world works and more specifically how it will affect the top fossil fuel producing countries
like Australia who rely heavily on these resources to build a strong economy for their nation. Australia is one the largest fossil fuel suppliers,... Show
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There was a 17–page communiquГ©, which was issued after the initial summit at Schloss Elmau under the title of "Think Ahead, Act Together"
(Connolly 2015). This was to confirm the G7 leaders support towards the recommendations placed before them by the IPCC and the UNs' Climate
Change Panel to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 to 70 percent by the year 2050 (given that 2010 was the starting year of the
initiative) (Connolly 2015).
Decarbonising the economy will consist of reducing and further along completely removing the use of carbon and the production of carbon dioxide
from burning fossil fuel based energy sources (Jeffrey Sachs 2014). This minimizes the release of harmful greenhouse gas emissions into the
environmental biosphere. In the current time there has been three different pillars identified in the deep decarbonisation scheme (Jotzo & Skarbek
2014). The first of the three being a shift into a lower carbon based electricity production solution by using a mix of wind, solar, hydro and nuclear
energy predominantly with limited use placed on fossil fuels. The second consists of using electricity produced from a low–carbon supply to power
personal vehicles, buildings and select few industrial processes. Finally energy efficiency can be maximized through the modification and improvement
of building designs to greatly reduce the need for external energy for basic requirements such as cooling, heating
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Australia's Decarbonised Economy
Australia's economy is well established, with high greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Renewable and non–renewable energy resources are in
abundance, and the high production of coal is only set to increase. In addition to being one of the leading exporters of coal, Australia is soon to
become the world's largest export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). (Pathways to deep carbonisation). These factors can be controlled by decarbonisation
to bring Australia's economy down from its intensely high emissions. So what might a decarbonised economy mean for Australia?
There are many potential pathways to decarbonisation, but one in particular covers all the important aspects. This pathway involves having ambitious
energy efficiency, which leads to a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This goal can be reached without drastic structural changes to the economy and with a minimal impact on Australian lifestyles. One way Australia
could reduce emissions would be to switch from fossil fuel power to alternative sources, such as solar, wind and nuclear. Another could be developing
new technologies and modifying the individual behaviours of each person to produce a much smaller carbon footprint. By achieving this significant
reduction in emissions, Australia could reach zero net emissions by the mid–century.

Scholastic Excellence And The Professions
Scholastic Excellence and Business and the Professions City prides itself on its inventive way to deal with instruction. Our dedication to, and energy
for, scholastic brilliance positions us eighth out of London colleges (The Sunday Times University Guide 2011). Our courses are improved by the
exploration of our scholastic staff. Fifteen regions of scholastic action were evaluated as being of a quality tantamount with the absolute best on the
planet in the national 2008 Research Assessment Exercise. Our simultaneous spotlight on business and the callings gives our understudies with chances
to direct collaboration with future managers and makes our courses applicable, energizing and topical. Numerous have inventive methods of study
including situation opportunities and engagement with prominent going to speakers from the callings. This supplements the scholastic ability offered
inside of the University. This extraordinary spotlight on both scholarly perfection and business and the callings adds to City being situated in the main
10 in the UK for graduate employability (The Times University Guide 2011) and for beginning compensations (The Sunday Times University Guide
2011). Brilliant Learning Our methodology expects to bolster understudies in getting to be proficient, investigative and enquiring graduates who can
assume a considerable part in the C21st proficient environment. In 2009, we started a survey of undergrad instruction and this is conveying on–going
change

Global Warming Essay
Climate change is a major global issue. Canada is the ninth largest emitter of greenhouse gas that needs to enact on a climate policy [1] (Mildenberger
et al. 2016).Greenhouse gas slows down and prevents heat loss in space which increases the temperature of the Earth's surface leading to global
warming. Activities of energy industries, transportation, residential and commercial activities, manufacturing, construction, industrial processes, and
agriculture emit greenhouse gases. Human activities emit Carbon dioxide (CO2) that is responsible for an increase of 85% in global warming
(AyЕџegГјl Toptal, Bilgesu Г‡etinkaya 2017). Loss of sea ice, thawing permafrost, and coastal erosion are already increasing in speed [7–9
Mildenberger et al. 2016], ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "trade" refers to a market where companies can buy or sell "allowances," or pay others to reduce emissions on their behalf, in order to comply
with the cap in the lowest cost and most efficient way. The government sets an industry–wide limit to carbon production. Corporations that produce
more than the set carbon limit are able to buy allowances from corporations who produce below the allowed amount. By doing this , it creates a market
for carbon so that companies can actually make money by reducing their carbon output. As time progresses, the government will incrementally lower
the cap, which will reduce the number of allowances issued and increase their price. Ontario's Climate Change Mitigation and Low–carbon Economy
Act, 2016 (the "Climate Act"), creates a cap–and–trade system that covers 82 percent of Ontario's direct emissions. This system includes all fossil fuels
(e.g., gasoline, diesel and natural gas) used in Ontario by individuals, governments and businesses, and some other important Greenhouse Gases. The
first four–year compliance period began on January 1, 2017, and continues until 2020. The cap–and–trade system alone is predicted to provide only 2.8
Mt of the 18.5 Greenhouse gas reductions needed to meet Ontario's 2020 Greenhouse gas target. The government declared that the next 9.8 Mt of
reductions will come from its Climate Change Action Plan, to be funded by the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account, i.e., from selling cap–and–trade

Low Carbon Economy
New Zealand's transition to low carbon economy
Notes
Background information
Aim of the report: Identify options on how New Zealand could reduce its domestic greenhouse gas emissions through a transition toward lower future
emissions minimizing costs, while still maintaining well–being and income growth. Context:
Despite generating 80% of its power from renewable sources, New Zealand has the second–highest level of emissions per GDP unit in the OECD and
the fifth–highest emissions per capita. 49% of these GHG emissions come from the agricultural sector, which is the highest share in the OECD.
Emissions from agriculture are usually attributed to direct emissions from agriculture soils, manure management and animal grazing, and ... Show more
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Doing so, we to establish a reference scenario and can evaluate the contribution of NZ economic sectors on GHG emissions. Question:
How are GHG captured in the CGE model (Green–NZ)?
How many sources of GHG are represented in the model and which sectors do they cover? Potential scenarios to increase domestic emission reductions
Below are a list of scenarios relevant to the project: Strengthening the ETS
Such a scenario raises few questions / comments:
Are the ETS captured in the CGE model used for this report (GREEN–NZ?) and if so, does it allow for flexibility between regions and sectors?
If the ETS are not captured by the CGE model, are they modelled as a carbon tax? This can potentially overlook important features, including price
variations (i.e prices behavior probably not the same between ETS and carbon tax).
Some key features of ETS or other policies, such as free allocation in ETS (or other compensation measures), are difficult to reflect in a CGE. Increase
Ghg taxes:
Carbon tax (global or specific, by sectors, gases or emission sources)
Fuel taxes on petroleum products
Energy taxes Carbon offsets – Clean Development Mechanism Are they captured in the CGE model? Abatement technologies (CSS and improved
efficiency) Can the model capture abatement technologies and estimate their costs?
If abatement activities are not endogenously modeled, then the only way to reduce GHG emissions is to reduce

Global Warming In Australia Essay
Regardless of whether you feel that global warming is caused naturally as a result of time or because of humans being careless with their emissions,
it exists, causing a problematic question of how to fix it. Four topics will be addressed in this essay, the first being; "is the significance of a 2В°C
temperature increase relative to pre–industrial levels?" Secondly; "what it means to decarbonise the global economy." Thirdly; "how Australia could go
about achieving zero carbon emissions." and lastly; "which sectors of the Australian economy exhibits the greatest potential for greenhouse gas
emissions reductions"? To understand how to act upon the problems caused by global warming, there are some words that need to be defined in order to
fully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is believed that we, as a country, can achieve this by 2050 as long as the economy continues to grow at the rate it is at today – 2.4% gross domestic
product (GPD). To help keep Australia on track with its emissions the following could be used; Renewable energy through wind, solar and
hydro–electricity instead of the use of fossil fuels. Another technique is to make a shift from deforestation and land degradation to reforestation and
land rehabilitation. Forest managers will need to plant more trees that will help decrease the level of carbon within the atmosphere and is quick to
grow and be sure to not disturb soil–based carbon reserves too much. Although farming facilities have been modernised to be reliant on electricity to
create bigger gains, economy wise, it does not help with keeping emissions within the desired level. This is because in order to keep the machinery
going it must use a large quantity of

The Impact and Outcome of the Key Actors, Institutions and...
Outline 1.Introduction 1.1Background 2.Case study – Critical Policy Analysis 2.1The policy of Increasing The Use of Low–carbon Technologies
2.2Actions 2.3Actors 2.4Institutions 2.5Ideas 2.6Storyline 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 1. Introduction In this essay, the policy of Increasing The
Use of Low–carbon Technologies will be taken as a case–study to identify the key actors, institutions and ideas in environmental policy and how they
impact on policy processes and the outcomes. 1.1Background 'Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the
observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have... Show
– Take responsibilities of:–Department strategy and budgets –Energy market reform –Carbon price –Annual Energy Statement –Energy security
–National Security Council –Carbon Plan –Renewable Energy Strategy –2050 Pathways AMB – Aviation Management BoardHigh interests–the AMB,
AAP and FMB take responsibility for the aviation plan that focused on research for technical solutions to the issues windfarms cause. Medium power,
advisory group for government, senior level AAP– Aviation Advisory PanelMedium power, advisory group for government, technical FMB– Fund
Management BoardMedium power, advisory group for government, a group of developers who develop radar/wind mitigation solutions CCS Cost
Reduction Task ForceHigh interests–advises the government and industry on the steps needed to reduce the cost of CCS in order to make it be able
to compete with other low carbon technologies in the 2020s Low power, advisory group for government, industry–led joint task force established by
government – to publish report to advise Government and industry to

Reducing The Carbon Intensity Of Ict Services
Contents
1.Abstract2
2.Introduction3
3.Problem Statement4
4.Approaches for reducing the carbon intensity of ICT service5
4.1Cloud Computing, Virtualisation and Consolidation5
4.2Thin Clients6
4.3Product Design6
4.4Power Management6
4.5Software and Deployment Optimization6
a)Algorithm efficiency6
b)Resource allocation6
5.Approaches for recycling or reuse of out–dated products8
6.Literature review on e–waste as a problem9
7.Literature review on resolution of the problem10
8.Recommendation for green ICT equipment's.12
9.Conclusion13
10.References14
1.Abstract
The purpose of the report is create awareness and understanding of the Reduction of carbon content and recycling of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) components and to highlight the opportunities for timely action by researchers and practitioners in this field. Through examples
from a diversity of literature sources this paper defines the problems and the scope of ICT environmental sustainability.
In order to save the organization a protocol must be used to provide a framework that estimate the carbon content. The organization must prefer to
outsource some of the equipment which produces more carbon. Otherwise different infrastructure can be built to dump the out dated products. The
equipment can be reuse or sold at the lower rate instead of dumping. The advanced and best quality of equipment's is used so that they work properly

for long span of time.
Green

Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation For The Demand Of...
The increasing industrialization and modernisation of the world has resulted in a precipitous growth for the demand of petroleum–based fuels
(Agrawal, 2007). In 2014 in UK, a total of 54.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) of energy was used in transportation which is nearly 40% of
all of the energy consumed (DECC, 2015, p. 8). "Progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels with increasing energy consumption and GHG
emissions have led to a move towards alternative, renewable, sustainable, efficient and cost–effective energy sources with lesser emissions" (Nigama, P,
S., & Singhb, A., 2011). In order to reduce carbon emissions from vehicles the UK parliament enacted the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation
(RTFO) in 2007 (UK,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was then amended four times in 2009, 2011, 2013 and recently in April 2015 (Department for Transport, 2012). The RTFO's prime objective is to
promote the mandatory standards for biofuel sustainability in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from road transport across the UK.
Under the RTFO, transport fuel suppliers in the UK must be able to show that an amount of obligated percentages of the fuel they supply comes from
renewable and sustainable sources. It also requires the suppliers to report on the environmental performance of their biofuels (DfTa, 2015).
In addition, the diverse stakeholder engagement in RTFO was a key factor for its success. The low Carbon Vehicle Partnership works as "an umbrella
for a wide spectrum of associations and actors who have in common the pursuance of a future with cleaner cars and fuels" (Sandoval, I. S., & Popartan,
L, 2014). It provides the environment for energy companies, government, experts, scholars as well as consumer organizations to work together and
promote market for biofuels. With the consensus of all participants and the British government's support, the carbon and sustainability reporting
framework as well as methodology for calculating the carbon intensities of various biofuels were designed (Chalmers, J., & Archer,G., 2011). The
LowCVP helps to build shared understanding and facilities the industries benefit public interest and

British ColumbiaвЂ™s Carbon Tax and its Impact on Greenhouse...
In June of 2008, British Columbia became the first and only Canadian province to introduce a carbon tax, and has been praised and scone by
environmentalists, economists, and politicians alike, arguing whether the tax is efficient or destructive method of controlling greenhouse gas
emissions. The liberal premier Gordon Campbell introduced the carbon tax; its main purpose would be to enforce a carbon tax to increase the price of
consumption of fossil fuels within the province, the philosophy behind the tax was to make taxes higher on the deemed environmentally detrimental
purchases and lessen the tax on the others. The carbon tax promised to achieve this in a carbon neutral way, which meant that the revenue received
from the tax would be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stewart Elgie, a University of Ottawa law and economics professor and chair of the green economy think–tank Sustainable Prosperity suggests that
British Columbia's per–capita fuel usage had fallen more than 4 per cent compared with the rest of Canada and its economy (Ebner, McCarthy, 2011)
Evidently it is reducing the amount of green house gasses emitted by fossil fuel use. However this is not the concern many had with the introduction of
the tax, but the concerns were focused upon the externalities caused by this and the effects it would have on the economy. Three years since the
carbon tax introduction and the Provincial level of GDP has remained approximately the same, (Greenery in Canada: We have a winner) With the
provincial level of GDP remaining around the same, this suggests that at the very worst the carbon tax has had no negative effects to the provincial
economy. Furthermore the tax also promised to remain carbon neutral and promised to cut corporate and private income tax. British Columbia has
become the province with the lowest income tax regime and the lowest corporate tax regime (Greenery in Canada: We have a winner). Although the
carbon tax is being praised by many, it still faces concerns as many still argue the ineffectiveness of the tax and what that means for the province.
One major objection many economists have to the question of carbon tax effectiveness is whether the taxes on carbon are high enough to create any
change in

Blockchain Essay
BLOCKCHAIN IN RUSSIA
Russia is leading blockchain innovation in the world. The blockchain is an open, distributed platform that allows two or more people to enter into a
smart contract in a verifiable and permanent way. It does not require any intermediary to enter, nor can it be altered retroactively once recorded. This
cutting–edge technology may be used in areas such as payment & remittance, intellectual property, proof of right, and authentication in the sharing
economy. On July 2016, Russia's first collaboration platform across blockchain technologies has been formed through a Consortium, which brings
together many large Russian banks and private financial service companies. The members include payment companies such as QIWI, B&N ... Show
It is estimated that $25 to $50 billion investments are needed to fix worsening housing conditions and to reduce energy consumption in the residential
housing sector.
As the market for green finance has experienced rapid growth in recent years, many revolutionary technologies have been adopted to advance the
process of green projects. Blockchain is one of these technologies that has the potential to disrupt existing solutions to achieve green economy goals.
For example, Green Bonds, one of the debt instruments designed for financing green projects, are the most advanced financial instrument for investors
to engage in climate change finance3. Speaking of climate change initiatives, in March 2017, Russian Carbon Fund and Aera Group pioneered the first
worldwide carbon credit transaction using blockchain, to guarantee transparency and ensure that transactions are valid.
CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE GREEN ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
Though the benefit of green economy is evident to the public, in Russia the concept is still in its growing phase and continues to face challenges.
Below we highlight key challenges to achieve green economy in Russia, and provide potential blockchain technologies that could possibly solve the
issue.
Leverage Private Finance in Green Development
Green projects are raising capital for sustainable and resilient infrastructure and critical

Essay about The Search for Low Carbon Cities in China
Due to mass consumption and pollution, the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by Chinese cities have increased dramatically in
the last few decade. Currently half of China's cities cannot meet the air quality standards, and one–third of its land is affected by acid rain (Zhang,
2007). In order to protect its people and nature from dangerous environmental threats, sustainable development of China's growing cities must become a
top priority, and a key resolution is making them low carbon cities. Low carbon cities can be defined as urban development that minimises carbon
production, improves capacities for adaptation to climate change, minimizes the negative impacts of climate change, improves human development, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Chinese Central Government has already aware the importance to reducing the emission of CO2 by putting the development of low carbon cities
as one of the top priorities at the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. That development is based on
the recognition that the conventional Chinese path of encouraging economic growth at the expense of the environment had to be changed (Zhang
2007). As a result the concept of applying ecological principles to the planning of the cities has steadily gained momentum and start to attracted greater
attentions. While cities may vary in terms of their scales, scope, approaches and focus, typically, low carbon cities adopts the following general
planning and design approaches (Jain 2009): Strong focus on reduction in energy consumption Maximum usage of renewable energy such as wind,
solar, hydroelectricity Reduction in urban heart island effects. Adoption of passive design principles in building construction. Minimise the use of
automobiles, instead use walking, cycling and public transits as modes of transportation. What mechanisms is available in China? Markets forces play
a fundamental role in shaping the urban environment. China's industrial output has been growing at an average annual rate of over 11.4 per cent since
the start of the economic reform in 1978 (Shi & Zhang 2006). The fuel that powered this industrial

The Paris Climate Change And Investment Towards A Low...
An historic agreement was signed on 12th December 2015 by 195 nations in Paris, France to flight climate change and investment towards a low
carbon economy, sustainable cities and clean energy. The Paris climate change agreement in COP 21 for the first time brings 195 countries into a
common cause based on their future, current and past responsibilities (Adaptation of the Paris climate agreement; Dec 2015). But still we many
questions in our mind, what does it mean to us? What does it mean to Ville de Pointe–Claire? Picture– http://www.carbonbrief.org
/analysis–the–final–paris–climate–deal
Source– Carbonbrief; published on 12–12–2015
Paris agreement main goal is to keep a global temperature rise in 21st century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to make an effort to limit the
temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre–industrial level(Adaptation of the paris climate agreement; Dec 2015).
Ban Ki–moon(UN Secretary General) said after the conference in Paris : "We have entered a new era of global cooperation on one of the most
complex issues ever to confront humanity. For the first time, every country in the world has pledged to curb emissions, strengthen resilience and join in
common cause to take common climate action. This is a resounding success for multilateralism" (Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change,
December 2015).
According to the United Nation, cities are account for over 70% of energy–related CO2 emissions, and the cities around the

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment
Energy choices
The environment plays an integral part of offering and sustaining livelihoods to billions of humans around the globe. Without rain, food security is
adversely threatened, meaning that humans' most vital need could be affected. Recently, the issue of global warming has caught many nations'
attention as carbon emissions significantly cause it. Greenhouse gas emissions around the world have been somehow unavoidable, but countries have
sought methods to mitigate the inevitable outcomes. While it often seems as though this task is too daunting to overcome, this paper asserts that with
the right approach, carbon emissions could be controlled thus reducing the destructive impacts on the environment, which inevitably lead to dire ...
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The choice of fuel used by the individuals or the countries depends on regulations, awareness and availability of substitutes (Miles & Kapos, 2008).
Fuel sources and consumption for US and India
Currently, India is ranked third in terms of carbon pollution, with vehicles accounting for the higher percentage. By the same token, the US is also a
major polluter of the same, only that the pollution comes from various sources. For instance in the US, greenhouse emissions majorly come from six
sources: production of electricity, Industry, transport, commercial and residential, land use and forestry, and agriculture. In 2013, electricity production
accounted for 31% of gas emissions in the US, transport was 27%, industry 21%, agriculture 9%, forestry 13% and commercial and residential was
12% (EPA, 2015).
In terms of consumption, the two countries have had high levels with statistics showing the US to have over 90 Quadrillion Btu since 2008. In 2008,
the US recorded a 99.5 Quadrillion Btu consumption; 94.4 the following year, a result that replicated in 2010. As for India within the same period,
21.5 Quadrillion Btu was consumed in 2008 followed by 22.5, 23.4 and 23.9 in 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively (Showstack, 2015). Evidently, the
two countries' level of consumption is largely different despite India's high population.
As of 2011, the US was ranked third in the countries that emission emanating from agricultural activities

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sustainable...
Nowadays, every single country in the world care about climate change including Malaysia. All countries focus on sustainable development which
involve low carbon society concept. Did you know what is sustainable development and low carbon society? Sustainable development is eco–friendly
development whereas low carbon society is society that consumes sustainable and relatively low carbon energy as compared as with our present day
to avoid adverse climate change. Generally, a low carbon society means a society in which the people live a simple high quality life by emphasizing on
family or community tie, and in harmony with nature with minimum emission of carbon dioxide. It also can be define as an economy that has a minimal
output of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objectives of this campaign are to expose to the public about the low carbon society such as their advantages and disadvantages. Transitioning to
low carbon society requires an understanding of community practices and resultant emission, as well as the technologies, infrastructures and
institutions associated with and accessed by the society. Moreover, it also requires an understanding of the connections between these integrated system
components, its dynamics, a defined transition and potential levers involved in transitioning. This paper accepts the notion that 'levers' includes
program designed to achieve practice or behavior change in households which result in less carbon intensive lifestyles, and focuses on the factors that
shape human behavior and influence householder energy consumption. From that, the communities will understand more about the low carbon society
concept. This is because the cooperation between the engineers and the communities are important in order to achieve the mission. Basically, the
engineers will organized this campaign all over Malaysia to let all the communities in Malaysia know about this mission. So, the engineers and the
public can interact with each other and also can exchange ideas in making the mission more successful. As we know, different people have different
opinion and suggestion, so, from that we can gather all the information and create the best one in order to achieve the mission. To sum up, the
contribution of engineers in organizing the 'Low Carbon Society Campaign' and educate the public can lead in working towards the 'Low Carbon
Society 'for

Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Essay
Climate change or colloquially known as global warming, now pose a new threat to civilization as the levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) are
soaring to new levels. The most significant contributor to greenhouse gasses would be Carbon Dioxide (Co2). The levels of Carbon Dioxide (Co2)
gas have risen to levels civilization has not seen before. As such, the effects of these levels are not known to civilization as data gathered from the ice
cores drilled in the Antarctica only shows data up to 650,000 years ago. However we can conclude that present CO2 concentrations are higher
compared to any time in the last 650,000 years (IPCC 2007). Current carbon dioxide concentrations are hovering around 389 parts per million (ppm) as
of September 2011, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore based on the worrying statistics above, we have to take precautionary measure to ensure the greenhouse gases, more specifically carbon
dioxide levels do not increase further.
In Australia, there is an emerging consensus that the government should take further actions to help mitigate and combat climate change. The
current most accepted policy by government is the introduction of a carbon tax followed by an ETS in 2015. However we are focusing on the
carbon tax in this essay and not the ETS. Here is a brief explanation of the dynamics of a carbon tax. A carbon tax is a tax on energy sources, which
emit carbon dioxide (Co2). Therefore, carbon taxes address the problem of negative externality. Externalities are the subsequent effects when
individual production or consumption of a particular good or service imposes costs or benefits on others. Therefore negative externalities are effects,
which pose harm to others without their direct interaction (Basic Economics 2011). However, usual market practices and transactions do not reflect
these cost and benefits in the prices involved in the transaction, or take into account in their transaction decision. Therefore this is a form of market
failure. By imposing a cost on these negative externalities, the hidden cost can be addressed. Ultimately the purpose of a carbon tax is to reduce
emissions of carbon dioxide and therefore reduce

Why A National Carbon Cap And Trade Program Is Missing?
Kun Lou Why a National Carbon Cap–and–Trade Program is Missing? Cap–and–trade is a system designed to reduce emissions. Once a cap of certain
emissions is set, companies are allowed to sell their unused portion to ones who exceed the cap. The feature of cap–and–trade is that instead of
commanding companies how to reduce their emissions, it simply imposes a cap on emissions1. A company makes it own decision on how to use it
allowance. Companies are rewarded by selling the left quota under the cap or they have to purchase extra allowance from the market. Though the term
'cap–and–trade ' is mostly referred to efforts in reducing carbon emission, the initial idea of trading emissions was applied to SO2 emission control.
During Regan administration from 1980 to 1988, 70 bills were written to address SO2 emission and acid rain control. However, such
'command–and–control ' policy was too costly to operate. It was not until 1989 the government proposed emission trading as a means of reducing SO2
emissions2. Cap–and–trade officially became part of Clean Air Act 19903. The result from this very first cap–and–trade initiative was very
encouraging–3 million tons of acid rain emissions have been cut. With the recognition of climate change, cap–and–trade was proposed to be a solution
to dealing with carbon emission. The America 's

A Green Economic Plan For The Environment Essay
With the deterioration of numerous environments around the globe, and the increased phenomena of anthropogenic climate change, it is evident that
changes must take course and the protection of the environment become a crucial aspect embedded in social, political, and economic change. With this
understanding, many nations across the globe have adopted a green economic plan that aims to reduce the impact upon the natural environment, whilst
also ensuring economic benefit; however, establishing a strong green economic plan that targets the reduction of impact upon the environment can be a
financially difficult process, particularly for nations that do not possess the adequate funding. Considering this, many nations in this position partner up
with other nations so that the necessary funding can be fulfilled. Guyana is a sovereign state situated in South America that is known to have
exceptionally high rates of deforestation for the past several years. Considering this, Norway has taken on the initiative to provide monetary incentives
that will fuel Guyana 's green economy on the basis that deforestation rates are reduced. Exploring the GRIF project will provide a unique outlook on
specifically how economic investments can promote a green economy, and, subsequently, propose a model that presents a scenario in which the
reduction of the global impact upon the natural environment can be achieved.
The Guyana REDD+ Investment Fund
Various initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions

European Union ( Eu ) Action
2.2 European Union (EU) action
The EU was developing a particular system to mitigate CO2 and other GHG emissions. In 2005, the EU establishes an effective system, which is EU
Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (European Communities, 2013). The EU ETS considers as effective system to combat climate change and tool
to reduce CO2 and other GHG (European Communities, 2015).
The EU ETS has biggest and first main emissions trading in the world. This system includes 28 countries from the EU as well Iceland, Liechtenstein
and Norway. This trading scheme puts price on each ton of carbon emissions. As the CO2 emissions prices are high, thus encouraging to increase
investment with clean energy that reduce CO2 and GHG emissions. Beside, this system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EU ETS cap allowance gives the owner of company to emit one tone of CO2 (each allowance can used only one time). Moreover, cap gives
EU companies chance to buy or receive emissions allowance if they want to trade. In addition, from 2013, the cap will be making change by reduce
emission about 1.74% every year from power plants and installations. That means GHG emission in 2020 will be reduce around 21% compared to
2005 (European Communities, 2013).
2.3 local responses
In light to local response for UK to mitigate CO2 emission and other GHG, it has established Climate Change Act on 26 November 2008. These
act aims to several legislation that helps to manage and address climate change (GOV.UK, 2013 a). Therefore, the act works to achieve aims as the
following: First, make certain economic way to reduce emissions and reduce about 80% of GHG by 2050 compared to 1990 (HM Government, 2011
& GOV.UK, 2013 a). Second, providing clear plan for industry to work effective in reduce emission by the act (GOV.UK, 2013 a).
Third, use EU ETS policy to provide large proportion to reducing emissions in the UK between the 2013 and 2020. Fourth, use 2050 Calculator by
public and policy makers to choosing the appropriate options to reduce emission and achieve the target of 2050 (GOV.UK, 2014). The 2050 Calculator
is model that help policy–makers and public to choose the appropriate way for reducing emissions

America 's First Energy Plan
In "Goodbye to the Climate," Robert N. Stavins, expresses his worry about President Trump's "America First Energy Plan". This plan will have an
effect on United States' climate change programs, and remove the United States from the Paris agreement. This article will be used to explain content
from the public goods chapter. This discussion will cover climate change, define what a public good is, the free rider problem, and tragedy of the
commons and how it relates to this article.
If President Trump follows through his "America Free Energy Plan" promise it will undo a majority of President Obama's actions to reduce the United
States greenhouse gas emissions. Thus having a negative influence on the climate. Another problem that can occur is ... Show more content on
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A common problem with public goods is the free rider problem. The free rider problem occurs when people want to use a public good, but do not
want to pay for it. The reduction of greenhouse gasses should be a global effort. The benefits are vague and provided in the future, there is little
incentives to reduce emission. If the Trump administration disregards America's pledge to reduce carbon emission by 26 to 28 percent, the United
States can save millions of dollars on climate policies but increase the threat to the planet. This can lead to other countries not meeting their emission
quota. If a majority of the nations who signed the Paris agreement goes back on their promise, a market failure will occur, producing an inefficient
result. If too many countries become free riders, the cost of the remaining countries will increase trying to reduce emission. This will then exceed the
benefits for the counties to fix the climate problem. Eventually leading to the climate problem being too large for the few remaining countries to solve
on their own.
Another problem with public goods is the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons occurs when individual people or parties disregard the
well–being of the society in pursuing personal gains. When every country tries to gain the most benefits from abusing the climate, the demand will
rapidly consume the supply of the resource, due to the country not

Notes On Cap And Trade Essay
Cap and trade is usually the policy referred to when the literature uses the ambiguous phrase of 'carbon pricing.' While a carbon tax is functionally
a pricing mechanism, the small quantity of available cases of implementation mean that cap and trade is the default mechanism for carbon pricing
in the status quo. The primary benefit of the cap and trade approach is creating an almost infinitely scalable carbon market. Cap and trade
accomplishes this by functioning simultaneously as a disincentive and an incentive. While exceeding the cap triggers a fine, registering under the
cap allows for the difference in emissions to be auctioned off by the company. This means that companies always have an incentive not just to meet
the cap, but to emit the least amount of pollutants possible to allow for more capital to trade in the carbon market, maximizing efficient distribution
of emissions (Borghesi and Montini 2016). Cap and trade is often criticized for its lack of administrative efficiency, to the point where detractors
argue that it is impossible to implement on a broad scale. The data required to administer the effective workings of a carbon market would only be
feasible for the largest corporations, leaving the vast majority of emissions still unregulated (Dion 2013). Price volatility of carbon is also understood
as a negative impact on the health of the market. This means that companies are less likely to maximize the degree to which they are below the cap,
and that even if

Helping Our Environment with Green Politics
There are issues of the environment that exist within politics therefore it is necessary to define the terms environmentalism, ecologist and green
politics. These terms have been used in a variety of ways and of which can be fully understood, so there are in no case accepted definitions. Ecologism
refers to a movement that looks to change the nature of humankind's relationship to its physical environment. It is widely based on the science of
ecology which would then suggest it is an ideology in its full sense. Ecologists propose forming a necessary base or core of central importance to
the nature of society in order to bring about equally fundamental changes in human kinds relationship to its environment. David Cameron has
regularly stressed his green credentials since becoming leader and describes himself as passionate about our environment and how the environment
would be a top priority. He feels politicians of all parties have treated the environment as a second thought and something they need to express
support to but can safely ignore. All this has to change for it is a fact to our state of existing that both as a nation and as individuals, the quality of
life agenda is at the centre of political agenda. Last year there was a report by the association of British insurers with whom found claims that storms
and flood damage in the UK had doubled in the UK in the period 1998–2003; The figures had risen dramatically compared to five years ago.
(Cameron, D 2005)

Zero Carbon City : Zero Eco-City In China
According to the researches conducted by professors at University in China, High developed countries have aiming to build eco–city known as zero
carbon city, while growing its economy constantly. In order to achieve that purpose, They have implementing projects which mainly concerns the usage
of advanced technology. For example, China is a country which produces huge amount of carbon dioxide emissions and is listed as a first largest
emitter country. However, The usage of carbon dioxide in China is reduced moderately year by year, because China has a project focusing on
modernizing eco–technology, maintaining renewable energy resources, and adjusting industry structure. The world bank group is global agenda mainly
works on to helping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, many governments are carrying on the strategy of low carbon economy which is aiming to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and
other green gas emissions in the atmosphere and to support human contributions to global warming by employing energy efficiency and conservation;
using carbon–free or reduced carbon energy resources and capturing and storing carbon; choosing renewable power and recycling garbage in everyday
life.
For me, if u give a chance to work on projects of the world bank, I will mainly consider the possibilities of how developing and developed countries
should carry on the green eco–strategy and what kind of projects they should implement to achieve the low carbon economy strategy. Furthermore, As I
working at educational agenda, I will study and describe the methods which they have to use to achieve those strategy mentioned above. For instance,
with regards educational institutions or universities, they have building an eco–campus by using contemporary advanced

Why British Columbia Should Continue Gradually Increase...
For the last two decades, the increased use of fossil energy caused the environmental problems. The evidence of global warming, like drying rivers,
extinction of species, melting of glaciers, became more often around the planet. The climate change became a threat to healthy environment and
prosperity of humanity and wildlife, and the world community started searching for solution to combat climate change. In 2008 British Columbia
introduced carbon tax on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reduce global warming. Starting from $10 per tonne of CO2, the price was increasing
annually till it reached $30 per tonne in 2012. During that period British Columbia was reducing harmful emissions and improving economy
comparing to the rest of Canada. However, since the price rise on carbon stopped in 2012, no improving changes in cutting emissions, economy, and
overall quality of life have been noticed. In this essay I will persuade that British Columbia should continue gradually increase price on carbon tax to
the level where it will significantly cut the use of dirty energy, provide enough investments into the green projects, and support low–income families.
The main purpose of the carbon tax is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. It would be unreasonable to ignore this
environmental problem, because British Columbia is located in the region which is highly affected by the climate change impacts like flooding and
wildfires. Therefore, B.C. government

Framing Climate Change As An Issue Of Sustainable Development
Framing climate change as an issue of sustainable development also has positive impacts for the governance of adaptation measures. It has been
recognized that mitigation efforts have not sufficed to stop or even minimize the damage of global warming, with experts agreeing that the INDCs will
not reach the intended reduction target of 2 degrees (International Energy Agency 2015). This has been argued to be the result of a 'top–down' approach
that centers on nation states making international treaties concerning climate change (Harris 2012: 285). This is often unsuccessful because, not only
do states have competing interests, but this approach "divorces" the problem from important economic issues (O'Brien 2006: 3) However, the
discourse of sustainable development recognizes that the causes and effects of climate change are integral to all aspects of global society. This
entails that climate change policy is not only environmental but is also concerned with decisions concerning aid lending, energy markets, and such
decisions, are not only made by states but by corporate bodies, but also by civil society and the everyday person (Bulkely and Newell 2010: 106).
There has been a clear lack of leadership and direction within the global community prioritizing climate change. Transnational corporations, especially
those concerning the energy sector, are huge contributors to the problems associated with climate change. Yet these corporations are extremely
politically powerful, such

The Impact Of Ontario's Climate Change Mitigation And Low...
The government sets an industry–wide limit to carbon production. Corporations that produce more than the set carbon limit are able to buy allowances
from corporations who produce below the allowed amount. This creates a market for carbon so that companies can actually make money by reducing
their carbon output. As time progresses, the government will incrementally lower the cap, which will reduce the number of allowances issued and
increase their price. Ontario's Climate Change Mitigation and Low–carbon Economy Act, 2016 (the "Climate Act"), creates a cap–and–trade system
that covers 82 percent of Ontario's direct emissions. This system covers all fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel and natural gas) used in Ontario by
individuals,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the government claimed that using Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account funds to subsidize electricity prices would produce 3 Mt in
emission reductions. We found no evidence to support this claim and concluded that subsidizing electricity rates is not an acceptable use of these
funds. Fortunately, the government is no longer proposing to divert Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account funds in this way.
The EU ETS was officially launched in 2005. It was the first and largest market–based regulation mechanism to reduce GHG emissions and can be
considered the "flagship" policy of the European Commission (EC) in its fight against climate change. To date, it operates in the 28 member states of
the EU, plus Lichtenstein, Norway, and Iceland. The main principle of the EU ETS is "cap and trade", where cap refers to an EU–wide cap for GHG
emissions set by the EC that is progressively reduced each monitoring period. Companies under the cap are required to cover their emissions with EU
emission allowances (EUAs), which are handed out free of charge or auctioned. EUAs, however, can be traded among facilities or countries enabling
those that run short of allowances to purchase additional EUAs and so avoid penalization in the event of non–submission. More specifically,
installations subject to the policy have to surrender one allowance for every ton of CO2 that they emit; otherwise,

The Design Strategy For Energy Efficient Buildings
In the past few decades, climate change has been an essential topic for the global citizens due to the use of fossil fuel and other pollutions, which
contribute an estimated 70% of the world's energy–related greenhouse gases (Jiang, W., Pitts, A. and Gao, Y., 2016). The design strategy for
energy–efficient buildings is based on climate analysis, the main benchmark to define criteria design, in order to reduce the usage of non–renewable
energy (Boeri, A. & Longo, D.2010). Sustainability can be defined as: 'the physical development and institutional operating practices that meet the
needs of present users without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, particularly with regard to use and waste of
natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides, visiting different websites for experts' opinions is necessary, in order to make the research convincing. Buildings and examples in this project
will be found in European countries because of similar climate situation. Also buildings were built in the passing twenty years will be chosen, due to the
variations of revolutionary designs and inventions. This essay discusses the importance of sustainable architecture in relation to sustainable design,
pioneering technology and the relationship between them. In addition, the effect of sustainable architecture towards society and environment will be
given in order to give an all–rounded research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The SET–plan, which is adopted by European Union (EU) in 2008, is to establish an energy technology policy for Europe. According to Strategic
Energy Technologies Information System (SETIS), the SET–Plan consists of four goals, accelerating knowledge development, technology transfer and
up–take; maintaining EU industrial leadership on low–carbon energy technologies; fostering science for transforming energy technologies to achieve
the 2020 Energy and Climate Change goals; contributing to the worldwide transition to a low carbon economy by 2050. (SETIS, 2016) Especially by
the time of 2020, the EU is on track to reach its 20–20–20 goals of a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions, a 20% share of energy from low–carbon energy
sources and

Germany 's Production And Consumption Of Biodiesel
In many international countries, Europe is the prime continent that is in lead in the production and consumption of biodiesel. Because Europe is
governed by the European Union, their policy was rethought due to costs of food supply and carbon dioxide statistics. The "European Union proposed
a 5.75% cap on the fraction of fuel that is biofuel." ("Europe") The policy changed to "ensure sustainable production and environmental
responsibility, provide enhanced trade between EU member states, and support research and innovation", ("Europe") which are some of the new
parts of the biofuel strategy. These policies are also looking into new taxation directives and biomass plans. Today, Germany is the top leading
country in the production of biodiesel, producing 2,859 millions of liters per year. Germany has made a huge commitment in trying to increase the
use of renewable energy, which Is why they are leading the production of biodiesel. Before this Germany relied on oil 90% of the time, however now,
"Germany government supports biofuel production and environmental responsibility through the legislations." ("Europe") Germany supports
renewable energy directive started by the EU, and has also started tax incentives for biodiesels, as well as set obligations for various regions in
producing biomass. Since 2015, Germany's legislation "resulted in a drastic improvement of climate performance of biodiesel production." (Beckman)
"Mineral oil sellers need to now reduce greenhouse gas

Strengths And Swot Analysis: SWOT Analysis Of IKEA
SWOT Analysis StrengthsWeaknesses
Internal Origin–Attractive product design. – Low Price
– Well design
– Market Leadership
–Solid financial position
–Focus on product range
–Clear Vision –Weak presence in Asian market
–Damage reputation due to a series of incidents
–The size and scale of its global business. This could make it hard to control standards and quality.
–The need for low cost products to be balanced against producing good quality
–IKEA needs to keep good communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its environmental activities.
External OriginOpportunities Micro economy
–A growing demand for greener products
–A growing demand for low priced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strength
a.Attractive Product Design

IKEA employs more than 1,000 designers around the world who operate under democratic design culture and apply the concept in practice on a daily
basis. The company is putting in the effort to integrate this notion to all of its products. IKEA has developed the notion of democratic design which
implies achieving an attractive form, quality, functionality and sustainability at a low price. It is consistently increasing the revenues of the business.
b.Market Leadership
IKEA is the largest furniture retailer around the world. The current leadership position of the company provides considerable advantages in terms of
the economies of scale and at the same time creating an entry barrier for new competitors. It is ready to achieve the target of EUR 50 billion annual
sales by 2020.
c.Solid Financial Position
IKEA's financial position in year 2014 has increase compared to the previous period of time. Due to Ikea's solid financial position, the company is
able to commit to considerable R&D expenses to further strengthen its global marketplace. It can play an important role of cushion in times of
downturns and decrease in

Coca-Cola CSR
Mrs. Betsy Ching
The Coca–Cola Company
I
ERCBA211
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211
Contents
Executive Summary
II
Introduction
1
1. Stakeholders
2

2. Triple Bottom Line
4
2.1 Financial
4
2.2 Social
5
2.3 Environment
6
2.3.1 Energy Efficiency and Climate Protection
6
2.3.2 Sustainable Packaging
6
2.3.3 Recycling
7
3. Corporate Social Responsibility
8
3.1 Ethical CSR

8
3.2 Altruistic CSR
8
3.3 Strategic CSR
9
4. Company's Success
11
Conclusion
13
References
14
Appendices
16
I
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211
Executive Summary

The Coca–Cola Company is the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Coca–Cola
Enterprises, CRS report 13/14, 2013)
Every single stakeholder has different contributions or interests towards the company, for instance:
Shareholders: Most of the shareholders in The Coca–Cola Company are investors who interest to invest in a long term. It is caused by the company
revenue, which in the long term has always been increasing constantly. Hence, their stock price also increases accordingly to the growth of the company.
Employees: The Coca–Cola company is a major global power company where the employee
collaboration,
contribution
and
enthusiasm
is
an
essential
environmental factor that maintains and facilitates productivity, growth, and development. Each employee is responsible for maintaining a work
environment that reflects mutual respect, equality and absolutely no discrimination.
Customers: Coca–Cola distribution and target market is somewhat diverse, but mostly towards young people and emphasizing densely populated areas.
Coca–Cola appears everywhere, from bars, restaurants, from small to large retailers, from the
2
Mrs. Betsy Ching
ERCBA211

street to the alley just to mention some.
Communities: Coca–Cola implements and strategically invests in the community, by way of complement to the nonprofit environmental organizations.
For example, one of the activity's goals is to

Carbon Tax In Canada
Issue
The Government of Saskatchewan has agreed to implement a carbon tax consistent with the federal carbon tax plan. The carbon tax is a big win. It is
a new source of revenue for the government. It is important to how the $2.5 billion should be allocated in efficiency and equity.
Background
A tax on greenhouse gases, often called a carbon tax. Carbon taxes are a promising way to reduce greenhouse gas emission from a variety sources. The
predominant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, which results from burning fossil fuels produced by human. A carbon levy is charged on all fuels that
emit greenhouse gas. These include heating fuels and transportation such as propane, gasoline, diesel and natural gas. The levy does not apply to
electricity, but the carbon tax would be passed forward into the price of electricity.
A recent survey showed that "the top US economists found near unanimity on the optimality of a carbon tax as an instrument for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions." In other word, pricing carbon is one of the most sensible policy prescriptions to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
The rate of carbon tax is based on the amount of carbon pollution released by the fuel when it is combusted. Therefore, the public service, industries
and individual are as far ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Chinese proverb, "It coming from its people, should absolutely benefit the people." It means although with a high ratepayer taxes, the government
is able to use the taxes on the people. The rest of carbon revenue should spend on investment. Farms have plenty of sunlight for solar and biomass for
burning. Diesel engines can be made to run off of plant oils. It is efficiency to replacing coal with clean energy for reduce the greenhouse gas
emission. It could build wind turbines replace coal. It is more safely and reliably use the intermittent flow of electricity that comes form wind turbines.
It will reward from invested new technology, even have high cost

South Africa 's Economy Is Largely Based On Mineral...
South Africa's economy is largely based on mineral extraction and processing.
This by its very nature is energy intensive. Until January 2008, when for the first time load shedding was implemented as demand outweighed supply,
consumers had seen energy as finite. Historically low fuel and electricity costs had dis–incentivized the need to conserve energy (Government Gazette,
2009).
South Africa's challenges as a developing country is how to reconcile its inherent socio–economic issues with an economy whose industries heavily
contribute to GHG production.
Eskom generates 96.7% of power used in the country, with a current nominal capacity of 44.175MW installed. To put things into perspective, it's
estimated that South Africa will need 40.000 MW's of new generation capacity by 2025 (USEA, Modise, 2014). This provides a myriad of
sustainability issues when fossil fuel use is well established and renewable energy resource use is in its nascent stages.
Drivers and barriers to transition
Strategic implementation of low carbon strategies require the understanding of the barriers to their implementation. An obvious barrier is the state of
the country itself and the role that energy plays, with clean and affordable energy being a difficult problem to resolve. Bearing in mind the historically
low prices of energy in South Africa, it is understandable that amongst commercial and industrial organizations the extra costs of interventions with
unjustifiable payback would be questioned

Implementing Low Carbon Technologies Through Programs And...
To help industries adopt low–carbon technologies through programs and services designed to help reduce greenhouse gas pollution while also reducing
costs. Technologies will help to improve energy productivity and help industrial plants modernize so they can thrive in a competitive low–carbon
economy.
Key Point 2
The second initiative will be to help the agri–food sector adopt low–carbon technologies through the reduction of emissions and retrofitting agricultural
facilities. Both of these together will address expanding technologies and practices to reduce emissions and to support the transition to low–carbon,
indoor agricultural facilities.
Action Area 5: Collaboration with Indigenous Communities
Key Point 1
Ontario is looking to partner with First Nation communities to ensure a transition to non–fossil fuel energy that will minimize the impact on the
communities. This can potentially be done through investments in energy efficiency, micro–grids and renewable energy. Remote communities will be
connected to the provincial electricity grid through the partnership of the federal government and First Nations. Renewable energy such as biomass,
solar and waterpower will be the focus of the projects. A fund will be established for community–level greenhouse gas pollution reduction projects and
for community energy and climate action planning. Jobs will be established among post–secondary institutions that are low–carbon along with training
partnerships. This initiative

Essay On Dividend Allocation
Dividend allocation
Another key stream of the proposed carbon tax policy is to promise dividend to all individual Americans on an equal and quarterly basis. The proposal
argues that this amount is sufficient to compensate increased financial burden on consumers due to the carbon tax. However, equal distribution of
dividend may not be able to compensate appropriately because individuals are not worse off to the same extent by the carbon tax. This is because not all
individuals earn the same level of income, and more importantly, the energy consumption has a negative relationship over income level.
[Figure 3 places here]
As figure 3 shows that households have a different share of expenditure on energy depending on the income level. For ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the carbon tax dividend needs to be adjusted based on the relative carbon tax impact on different level groups to compensate different
groups' loss accordingly. In addition, the government also needs to consider a dividend in terms of different level of consumption of carbon–intensive
energy. As we have seen in figure 3, the highest income level group consumes up to 4 times more energy than the lowest income level group. Also,
there is no incentive for high–income individuals to reduce emissions because even high energy consumption is a small fraction compared to their
high–income level. Therefore, it is critically important to differentiate carbon dividend depending upon the income level in the proper compensating
perspective. In addition, there is also an alternative way for the government to take in terms of lowering the electricity consumption, which is consumed
mostly by the high–income group as we discussed above. That is adopting non–linear pricing for electricity and gasoline. When the total energy
consumption gets smaller, the total carbon emission level will decline since energy supply only exists to meet the demand. Thus, this new equilibrium
of saving energy will eventually limit electricity price from soaring up and protect the low–income group from the additional burden.
Future study
Appropriate carbon tax rate. As explained above, a carbon tax could play a pivotal role in the economy and the

Carbon Nation
Carbon Nation is a film on the solutions to the problem of climate change. The documentary shows the advantages of tackling climate change, including
a healthy and safe environment, an improved economy and enhanced state and energy defense. The film is meant for those who have over the years
lost interest in matters concerning global warming and its effects on our world. The movie highlights that climate change is an issue to be deeply
concerned about, but at the same time, people have the necessary tools to improve the situation. It has been noted by scientists and environmentalists
all over the world that the problem of climate change is causing natural disasters such as hurricanes and tsunamis. If not addressed immediately and
solved, the problem of global warming could catalyze more problems that could render life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Going green is now supported by celebrities, for example, Al Gore, and this is creating more awareness. Films such as Carbon Nation are also helping
in alleviating the effects of climate change.
Carbon Nation opens up with what can be done about climate change. It does not dwell on its causes or its existence. The main topic that has been
highlighted in the movie is the fact that it is a time that we as humans look for alternative renewable energy sources and stop depleting fossil fuels.
Alternatives proposed are such as wind power or solar panels, all of which are renewable. The movie is especially informative on what we can do to
lessen climate change. It provides hope that there is still a lot that can be done to save our environment. It is not enough to say that there are climate
change and show audiences images of melting

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Lionell C. Henderson
Northwood University
MBA 644: External Environment
Richard DeVos Graduate School of Management
Fall 2015 Evening – Cedar Hill, Texas
Professor James Latham
Acknowledge a Problem Exist
In 1973, the United States plummeted into a huge energy emergency, as a result of the Arab oil embargo. From October 1973 to March 1974, the
United States oil supply from members of the Arab's Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries became cut off in revenge for the U.S. military aid
to Israel during the Arab–Israeli war. The ban led to an unprecedented fuel scarcity nationwide, noticeable by extremely high fuel cost and lengthy rows
of vehicles sitting at gas stations. In 1975, Congress passed the Corporate Average Fuel EconomyStandards. Its motivation is to lower energy use by
improving the fuel savings of cars and light trucks, raise the opportunity to create different fuel automobiles, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
assisting to reduce climate change and raise air standards.
Define the Problem
CAFГ‰ standards are averages that all automobile manufacturers must attain yearly, for the production of their vehicles, as of 1978. The elevation of
these standards forces auto manufacturers to react by producing more fuel–efficient vehicles, which enhances the country's energy protection and
reduces refueling cost, thus retaining the consumers cash. This, in turn, lowers the greenhouse gas discharge

Carbon Emissions From Motor Vehicles For The Future
REPORT ON LOWER CARBON EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES FOR THE FUTURE
KARTIKEYA UPRETI
Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering
Loughborough University
ABSTRACT
The ever increasing carbon emissions from the automobiles all around the world has forced the incorporation of novel , more sustainable means of
non–conventional fuels for the automobiles like the hybrid cars , solar vehicles , the use of gasohol and alcohol based fuels is also considered as an
alternative for the conventional fuels and also the development of solar electric hybrid vehicle. There are a lot of possibilities and feasible solutions
for lowering the carbon emissions from vehicles.
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.THE METHODOLOGIES FOR LOW CARBON ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trap oxidizer development in Greece is one of many scientific research done to reduce vehicle emissions. The carbon dioxide capture using
nanostructured membranes is also another way to check the vehicle emissions. In this method single gas separation experiments were carried out using
silica modified membranes to study the behavior of individual gas permeation at different pressures and temperatures.
1. Working of nanostructures membranes in capturing CO2 emission.
Design and fabrication of porous membranes comprises of many layers of different materials namely: Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), Titanium Oxide
(TiO2), Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Silicon Carbide, Zeolite, or a mixture of two materials applied on an underlying porous
stainless steel. The manner in which gas molecules flow is generally influenced by three factors: The gas properties, morphology of the membrane and
the material used for membrane design. The technology is environment friendly, quite economical and efficient. It is applicable to all forms of CO2

removal from other gases. Nanotechnology is being greatly used in this method of carbon capture. Since 2003 vehicles have been built with on–board
communications network protocol called CAN (Controlled Area Network).CANbus is basically a bridge between the different modules and how they
communicate with each other via the serial data

Weaknesses Of Ikea
SWOT Analysis StrengthsWeaknesses
Internal Origin–Attractive product design. – Low Price
– Well design
– Market Leadership
–Solid financial position
–Focus on product range
–Clear Vision –Weak presence in Asian market
–Damage reputation due to a series of incidents
–The size and scale of its global business. This could make it hard to control standards and quality.
–IKEA needs to keep good communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its environmental activities.
–The need for low cost products to be balanced against producing good quality
External OriginOpportunities Micro economy
–A growing demand for greener products
–A growing demand for low priced products. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strengths
a.Attractive Product Design

Environmental Waste And Its Effects On Carbon Emissions
To get around the issue of these powerful companies being upset from the negative financial impact from the move to zero carbon, a shift must be made
in governmental policy. Perhaps the solution may not be punishing companies for producing too much pollution, but rewarding companies for
producing much less. In this way, the market for carbon emissions will eventually disappear and naturally profit–seeking companies will aim to pursue
activities, hunt for new strategies, and invest in infrastructure and equipment that result in lower carbon emissions. Beyond the simple reward
proposition, however, greener policies often result in higher long term profitability for companies nonetheless. Environmental waste is often the best
proxy for identifying and eliminating economic waste, meaning that many companies are currently increasing their profitability while simultaneously
following a strategy in pursuance of zero carbon emissions. In fact, notoriously profit–focused companies like Tesco and WalMart have announced their
intentions to pursue environmental action not out of moral motivation, but in clear quests for greater profitability. The reason for their actions is the
simple recognition that environmental and economic interests are often closely aligned. Nearly 50 separate studies from the Economist Intelligence
Unit, Goldman Sachs, AT Kearney, Deloitte, MIT Sloan, Harvard and others show that companies that commit to environmentally responsible goals,
particularly

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