Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment Essay

Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment Essay
The majority of people across all academics accept global warming as a phenomenon. Furthermore,
greenhouse gases, including carbon emissions, are established to be one of the main drivers of
global warming. If allowed to continue, global warming will damage our natural environment as
well as our wellbeing. Decreasing carbon emissions is a necessity in order to continue the growth
and development of our society. In the past few years, different methods have been studied in order
to prevent carbon emissions from increasing. The first method is a carbon tax, a tax proportionate to
the impact of emissions on the environment and the economy (Lagerquist). Its goal is to incentivize
producers and consumers to seek business models and lifestyles which produce less carbon. The
second method is an emissions trading system, or simply, a cap and trade system. In this system,
there is a limit on how much pollution a government is allowing "and the right to emit becomes a
tradable commodity (Baumert)." This is also known as an allowance and enables emissions
reductions to take place where they are least costly. Governments would be able to decrease
allowances in order to decrease emissions. Both systems put a price on carbon, generate revenue,
hold polluters responsible, and require monitoring, reporting and verification with the intent of
reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Cap and Trade. Vs. Taxes). But, there are arguments against
such systems due to claims of them being ineffective,
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Fuel for Thought Essay
Fuel for Thought
Should our government regulate the fuel economies of our automobiles or should this be left up to
the market? The Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) standards that were implemented in the
1970s contributed to great improvements in vehicle fuel economies. While we have environmental
and political reasons to want cars with better fuel efficiency, there are also costs involved. The
declining fuel economies of the last fifteen years seem to reveal that many Americans are not willing
to bear these costs. Still, the vehicles that we drive today may be a misrepresentation of our true
values. We may value environmental quality and/or independence from foreign oil, but sometimes
our individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The huge number of SUV drivers probably influenced Congress's decisionto reject a proposal for
new CAFE standards, in 2003. The plan "wouldhave required the auto industry to produce a fleet of
cars, trucks and sportutility vehicles that averaged 36 miles per gallon by2015"(Mateja, F8).
There are three main reasons for the desire to increase vehicle fuel efficiency. First, the United
States does not want to be dependent on foreign oil in case of wars or other conflicts. Furthermore,
oil is a limited resource. As Steven Plotkin points out, "Light–duty vehicles...account for about 40
percent of U.S. oil consumption" (25). While estimates vary on how long oil will last, no on argues
that it can last forever. Whatever cuts we make in energy use today can help ensure a better future.
Finally, a car that consumes more fuel per mile will produce morepollution than another, assuming
they both travel the same distance and arein similar mechanical conditions. U.S. citizens have
become increasinglyconcerned about smog and the possibility of global warming. As majorusers
ofenergy and producers of pollution, our vehicles are good candidatesfor reform.
The CAFÉ standards helped to promote technological change, specifically improved engines and
computerized controls ("Another Cup...", 1), but there are also other ideas for reducing gasoline
consumption. One idea is to increase fuel taxes. Increasing fuel prices would decrease driving and

How The End Of Cheap Energy Affects Greenhouse Gas...
On the first day of my Political Economy class, I was introduced to the concept of limited resources.
Conventionally–extracted fossil–fuels (oil and natural gas) are likely to have supply shortages in the
near future. Although coal and unconventional resources are possible alternatives, reliance on
emission–intensive resources can be problematic to our low carbon budget. The Fifth Assessment
Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) presented four emissions
pathways. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) is aimed to achieve the
low emission pathway, which would limit the global temperature increase to 2 °C above pre–
industrial levels. This paper examines how the end of cheap energy affects greenhouse gas
emissions. I focus my attention on China and India because of their shared identities, shared norms,
and increasing significance in the discourse of climate change. I propose that by 2050, the end of
cheap energy will bring China and India closer together, and as a result China and India will lower
their emissions and the planet will be on a low–emission pathway.
China and India share many identities. They are two of the oldest civilizations. Both countries have
a complicated relationship with the West because of imperialism. Currently, China has the largest
population at around 1.4 billion people. India's population is likely to succeed China in the coming
future. The enormous labor force of China and India has allowed them to

Analysis Of Greenhouse Gas Emission
2.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Thailand's recorded greenhouse gas emissions from the year 2011 were calculated to be 306 MtCO2
(Global Carbon Atlas, 2017). This amounted to just 0.84% of the global emissions for 2011, which
ranked 23rd among all nations (Thailand, 2015). Broken down Thailand's emissions were as
follows, Energy 222.94 MtCO2, Industrial Processes 18.23 MtCO2, Agriculture 52.92 MtCO2,
Land Use, Land–Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) 43.19 MtCO2 and Waste 11.43 MtCO2
(Figure 3).
3 Mitigation Strategies
There are numerous options available for Thailand to consider in an effort to meet its targets for
greenhouse gas emission reductions and climate change mitigation. All sectors have avenues
available to help Thailand play its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methane is the primary greenhouse gas produced during rice cultivation. Methane, contributes only
a fraction of total greenhouse gases, but stores far more heat than CO2, as a result it is considered to
be far more damaging over a 100–year period. In agriculture it is produced as a result of fields being
flooded, resulting in the decomposition of organic material, depleting oxygen in the soil and water,
causing anaerobic conditions (Dickie et al. 2014). Water management is one of the most important
factors affecting and causing GHG emissions. In 2010, worldwide methane emissions from rice
cultivation accounted for 11 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector and
a third of emissions from crops, making it the crop with the highest GHG footprint (FAOSTAT,
2013).
Numerous strategies exist for reducing the emissions from rice cultivation, the majority involve
management of water and organic inputs (Yagi et al. 1997). Cycling wetting and drying periods
during rice cultivation has been identified as one of the most effective practices for reducing
methane emissions, often referred to as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) (Arunrat &
Pumijumnong, 2017). The process of AWD involves the draining of rice fields between two and
three weeks before the rice

Transportation as a Source of Air Pollution
STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN NIGERIA: ROLE OF
FLEET OPERATORS.
BEING A LECTURE PRESENTED BY ENGR. BG IBRAHIM fwc ACM (SED) AT SAFETY
MANAGERS TRAINING PROGRAMME AT FRSC ACADEMY, JOS ON THE 28TH
AUGUST,2009.
INTRODUCTION
1. In developed and developing countries, the history of air pollution problem has typically been
high levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising from the combustion of sulphur–containing fossil
fuels such as coal for domestic and industrial purpose.[i] Industrial development and the use of
fossil fuels have affected the world climate adversely. In Nigeria epileptic power supply has brought
about the use of diesel and petrol powered generators virtually in all homes
2. The transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also revealed that in 1998, a single car in Nigeria emitted 29,600kg of hydrocarbons,
34,000kg of Nitrogen Oxides and 4,029 kg of different carbonate gasses over its average lifespan.
[iii]
CAUSES OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLE
5. Motor vehicle use is now generally recognised as the source of more air pollution than any other
single activity in cities around the world. The internal combustion engine of a vehicle produces
power by burning fuel and changing the chemical energy of fuel into heat energy. The heat energy is
then converted into mechanical power. Cars and trucks do not burn all of the fuel that goes into the
combustion chamber. In fact, most vehicles only burn about 85% of the fuel and as the vehicle gets
older less and less fuel is burned. It is this unburned fuel that produces some harmful products which
are discharged from the engine and become air pollutants.[iv] Therefore, an engine's fuel system,
and its emission controls are closely interrelated. That is why attention is given to the requirements
of emission control in the design and operation of all parts of the fuel system in a vehicle.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES
6. Adverse effects to human health include; a. Reduction in the amount of oxygen that can be

delivered to our body's organs and tissues, which can be life threatening caused by particles of
carbon monoxide. A mild

Micro Economics : Energy Industry
MICRO ECONOMICS: ENERGY INDUSTRY
By (Student's Name)
Professor's Name
College
Course
Date
MICRO ECONOMICS: ENERGY INDUSTRY
Introduction
The topic chosen for this discussion is the micro economic especially Australian Energy Industry. It
is acknowledged that this industry needs urgent policy reformation in regards to climate and energy.
To achieve the reformation, four areas have been earmarked: supply reliability, price control and
adequate demand and fixing COAG Energy Council (Pears 2017).
Article Discussion
Industry Discussion The main focus on the article relates to how long–festering energy policy
challenges can be addressed in 2017. The article recognizes the Australia Energy Industry operates
on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2017). The body that makes decision (COAG Energy Council) of state and federal energy as well as
minister for resources, have officially acknowledged the essential linkage amid climate and energy
policy. The world's governments have as well as brokered the Paris climate agreements with the
Australia whereby it was promised that emissions would be cut to 26–and 28% beneath 2005 by the
year 2030.
Nevertheless, such a need for transformation wholesomely evolved at a time where the policy
structures of Australia are already battling to uphold the affordable along with reliable electricity
delivery, following the lost momentum of 1990s reforms in 2000s. It has well evolved at the lapse of
a 3–year duration whereby the Coalition government's undertakings to speak to such challenges
triggered unassertive advancement at best. The carbon price has been repealed, Renewable Energy
Target has been wound and Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) has been established by the
administration of Tony Abbott. The above reforms have contracted for over 100 million tonnes of
Carbon (IV) Oxide emissions reductions below than ASD$14 a tonne.
Nevertheless, such reforms sidestepped greatly the reforms required to speak to the evolving energy
patterns/trends like low growth demand, increased distributed wind power productions, domestic

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Environment
CHAPTER–4
POLLUTION DUE TO EMISSIONS
IC engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process. The emissions exhausted
into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes following problems.
Global warming
Acid rain
Smog
Odors
Respiratory and other health hazards.
The major causes of these emissions are non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen,
and impurities in the fuel and air. The emissions of concern are unburnt hydro carbons (HC), oxides
of carbon (COX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulphur (SOX) and solid carbon particulates.
It is the dream of engineers and scientists to develop engines and fuels such that very few quantity
of harmful emissions are generated, and these could be let into the surroundings without a major
impact on the environment. However with the present technology this is not possible, and after
treatment of the exhaust gases as well as in cylinder reduction of emissions is important.
4.1 AIR POLLUTION DUE TO IC ENGINES
Until the middle of the 20th century the number of IC engines in the world was so small that the
pollution they caused was tolerable. During that period the environment, with the help of sunlight,
stayed relatively clean. As world population grew, power plants, factories, and an ever–increasing
number of automobiles began to pollute the air to the extent that it is no longer acceptable. During
the late 1940s, air pollution as a problem was first recognized in the Los – Angeles basin

Air Quality Monitoring Of Memphis And Surrounding Areas
Air Quality Monitoring in Memphis and Surrounding Areas in 2014, Analyzed by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) By Ebtsam Seteh Abstract Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere have been determined to be a human risk factor in urban,
suburban, and industrial environments. This study aims to characterize the distribution and
concentrations of ambient air toxics in Memphis and identify major sources of VOCs. During four
seasons in 2014, about 530 ambient air samples have been collected in various locations in Memphis
and surrounding areas for the analysis of VOCs with the TO–15 method. GC–MS was used with a
preconcentrator outfitted with a glass bead trap and a Tenax trap in cryogenic mode to analyze the ...
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Ambient air in urban, rural, and industrial areas contains an array of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They spread in the air as gases from some solids or liquid
materials. Society and environment are directly healthy affected in short– and long–term by VOCs
at trace level concentrations (2). Air pollutants toxic are class of chemicals that may consider health
problems in a significant way. There are many chemical pollutants released into the ambient air
from various sources, such as power plants, and spraying pesticides. There are two types of air
pollutants that are primary pollutants, which are emitted directly into the air from pollution sources,
and secondary pollutants, which are from primary pollutants, but after they passing from many of
the chemical changes in the atmosphere (12). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
compiled a list of 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). There are 30 HAPs threaten health
dramatically in metropolitan areas, such as benzene, 1,3–dichloropropene, 1,3–butadiene, and
chloroform that are classified as toxins (3). In accordance with the 2007 Environmental Pollution,
VOCs affect adversely on health and cause many diseases, such as immune and neurological
damage, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive and endocrine disorders (8). Several methods
have developed for the

United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change
From melting glaciers to devastating storms and stranded polar bears, the mascots of climate change
show how rapidly the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are changing the planet. Such examples, in
addition with the rising price of energy, drive people to want to reduce consumption and lower their
personal shares of global emissions. In the 1990s, almost every member state of the United Nations
resolved to confront global warming and manage its consequences. Thus the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) international treaty recognized a unified
resolve to curb global warming. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol strengthened the convention. The
process of cutting the carbon is a complex business and not all hybrid design would be a success in
regard to uncertainties and political lobbying involved. The regulation of the government,
participation of the industry and other participants can make the system effective over a certain time
span.
Carbon trading, often called emissions trading (ET), is a market–based tool to limit GHG. The
carbon market trades emissions under cap–and–trade schemes (CTS) or with credits that pay for or
offset GHG reductions. The scheme 's governing body begins by setting a cap on allowable
emissions. It then distributes or auctions off emissions allowances that total the cap. Member firms
that do not have enough allowances to cover their emissions must either make reductions or buy
another firm 's spare credits. Members with extra

British Columbia’s Carbon Tax and its Impact on Greenhouse...
In June of 2008, British Columbia became the first and only Canadian province to introduce a
carbon tax, and has been praised and scone by environmentalists, economists, and politicians alike,
arguing whether the tax is efficient or destructive method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
The liberal premier Gordon Campbell introduced the carbon tax; its main purpose would be to
enforce a carbon tax to increase the price of consumption of fossil fuels within the province, the
philosophy behind the tax was to make taxes higher on the deemed environmentally detrimental
purchases and lessen the tax on the others. The carbon tax promised to achieve this in a carbon
neutral way, which meant that the revenue received from the tax would be ... Show more content on
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Stewart Elgie, a University of Ottawa law and economics professor and chair of the green economy
think–tank Sustainable Prosperity suggests that British Columbia's per–capita fuel usage had fallen
more than 4 per cent compared with the rest of Canada and its economy (Ebner, McCarthy, 2011)
Evidently it is reducing the amount of green house gasses emitted by fossil fuel use. However this is
not the concern many had with the introduction of the tax, but the concerns were focused upon the
externalities caused by this and the effects it would have on the economy. Three years since the
carbon tax introduction and the Provincial level of GDP has remained approximately the same,
(Greenery in Canada: We have a winner) With the provincial level of GDP remaining around the
same, this suggests that at the very worst the carbon tax has had no negative effects to the provincial
economy. Furthermore the tax also promised to remain carbon neutral and promised to cut corporate
and private income tax. British Columbia has become the province with the lowest income tax
regime and the lowest corporate tax regime (Greenery in Canada: We have a winner). Although the
carbon tax is being praised by many, it still faces concerns as many still argue the ineffectiveness of
the tax and what that means for the province.
One major objection many economists have to the question of carbon tax effectiveness is whether
the taxes on carbon are high enough to create any change in

How Electric Vehicles Can Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Electric cars are vehicles, which, instead of internal combustion engines, are driven by electric
motors and controllers. They have proved to be a good substitute for conventional vehicles and are
considered as a revolutionary innovation designed to protect the earth from the damaging effects of
global warming, as they work on the electricity supplying the integrated rechargeable battery that
can be easily recharged. Compared to traditional means of transport, electric vehicles seem to be
more viable and environmentally friendly because they do not need oil or other fossil fuels as an
energy source but the high cost of such a car and other important issues of exploitation discussed in
this paper make their use very doubtful comparing to the usual cars. The studies have shown that
electric vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to "6.12 billion tons annually" (Westbrook,
2001). Even though they need mainly coal as a supply of electricity, they produce less harmful
emissions than oil, which is the main source of energy for transport modes, driven by gasoline
(Westbrook, 2001). With the development of renewable energy technologies that use the power of
wind or solar energy, people can get a clean source of electricity, which will make the electric car
more friendly to nature. In addition, the introduction of "regenerative braking system" will allow
cars to convert the force of inertia into electricity, thus, adding, extra batteries, which, in return,
increase its

The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas...
The rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels
for energy services–notably transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity–is known to be
one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one–fourth of the
world's total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it
becomes the world's single largest emitter of atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since
1970, the U.S. share of net import of crude oil and consumption had been increased significantly
and the majority of the imported liquid–based petroleum fuels were used for U.S. transportation
sector (EIA, 2010). Today, the transportation is the second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), the U.S. work towards an
economy–wide CO2 cap–and–trade reduction program to reduce CO2 emissions to 17% below 2005
levels by 2020 (Morrow, Gallagher, Collantes, & Lee, 2010).
As part of the United States planned greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategy, it is necessary for
U.S. to consider the effect of new electricity services coming to the transportation sector. One such
service that is gaining widespread interest is the electrification of personal transportation (also
referred to as "passenger cars") using Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEV's). The advantage of
electrification of personal transportation leads to improved air quality and to reduce the U.S's GHG
contribution to global climate change.
In 2007, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC) made a collaborated study on penetration of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and
published it as "Environmental Assessment of Plug–In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Volume 1:
Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The EPRI "well–to–wheels" study is based on the data
which is primarily collected from the 48 states of U.S.A. This study compared the well–to–wheels
GHG emissions per mile for three distinct vehicle types: Conventional gasoline

A Brief Note On The Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions...
ABSTRACT
Diesel engine exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters have been a serious environmental
problem for a long time. Many research have been made in order to reduce these emissions since the
usage of diesel engines came into large. Major emissions from the diesel exhaust are NOx, SOx, CO
and Particulate Matters. Amongst these SOx, CO and Particulate matters can be reduced by using
after treatment methods like Catalytic Reduction, etc. Unlike these NOx reduction is a challenging
issue. In this project various types of technologies which are used till now to reduce NOx ¬has been
discussed and the advantages and dis–advantages of each technology is mentioned. Critical analysis
is made of emerging and new technologies is made and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also extend my thanks to my friends and family for their support and co–operation without which
this task could have been very difficult to achieve.
PRASANNA SEETHARAMAN (M.Sc Automotive Engineering)
OBJECTIVES
Study about combustion in diesel engine.
Investigate production of NOx in CI engines.
Analyse current technologies used in reduction of NOx with respect to combustion process.
Critical analysis of emergent technologies for NOx reduction.
Write a report which explains all the above process.
GANTT CHART
INTRODUCTION
Usage of diesel engine in automobiles is increasing worldwide because of its high fuel efficiency. As
the usage increases, the emissions from the exhaust gases also increases which affects the
atmosphere, thereby causing environmental issues such as global warming, smog and even acid rain.
These emissions are mainly due to non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of Nitrogen and
impurities in the fuel and air mixture. Major emissions include Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of
Sulphur, unburnt Hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon and other carbon particles or soot. Significant
measures are taken by the automotive industries for several years to reduces the intensity of these
exhaust gases. There are two ways of reducing these exhaust gases are
i) Primary methods in which the exhaust gases are reducing within the combustion chamber. ii)
Secondary methods or after

The Big Baddy Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Leading To...
Issue one: climate change
Environmental agencies focus on fossil fuels as the big bad baddy of greenhouse gas emissions
leading to global warming, suggesting alternative energy, carpooling, hybrid cars, and biking, but
animal agriculture accounts for more carbon dioxide per year than all transportation methods
combined.
A conservative 2006 study by the United Nations food and agricultural study placed animal
agriculture at 7,516 million tons per year or 18% of annual global green house gas emissions with a
far more thorough 2009 WorldWatch Institute study taking into account overlooked livestock
respiration, land use, methane and other oversights of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations with the ultimate outcome of at least 32,564 million tons of carbon dioxide per year
coming from animal agriculture. That's 51 percent of all global emissions compared to the 13
percent of all combined transportation.
And what do the environmental agencies point to? Reducing fossil fuel usage.
If we completely stopped all use of gas, oil, fuel, electricity et cetera, and never used them ever
again, we would still exceed our carbon equivalent greenhouse gas emissions of 565 gigatons by the
year 2030 just with the impact of livestock alone. [10][11]
So not using fossil fuels at all, which would be the wet dream of every environmental agency, we're
still gassing out the planet with the one contributor–the main contributor–which they refuse to even
address.
In a similar

Car Pollution Essay
The words pollution and automobile are synonymous, and as long as vehicles still use fossil fuels to
run, that won't change. Consumers, communities, and the environment are key stakeholders the auto
industry has to consider when it comes to pollution. More energy–efficient, hybrid or electric
vehicles can increase customer satisfaction and add to the company's business performance. For
instance, fuel consumption is an assumption of performance and is very important for consumers.
Thus, automotive companies have to come up with great designs with minimal consumption of
resources and raw materials; engines that give more mileage and less fuel consumption. Given that
consumers are the most important stakeholders, communities of these consumers also want vehicles
with the lowest emissions possible with hopes of keeping the air around them clean and healthy.
Once again, these informal bands and communities of consumers have large amounts of power
based on buying power alone, and can significantly impact an automobile company's business.
A vehicle's environmental impact can be easily measured through miles per gallon and measures of
emissions. In 2011, President Barrack Obama and automobile companies agreed to raise fuel
efficiency standards to meet an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. This will lead to more
fuel–efficient vehicles that will consume less gas, thus burning less fuel and emitting fewer
emissions into the air. Also, according to the Obama administration, this

The Quality Of Air Pollution
Statistics indicate that more than four people in five who live in urban areas are negatively affected
regarding the standard of the quality of air that the World Health Organization recommends as safe
for breathing by human beings (WHO, 2016). These means that roughly all urban regions of the
world are affected. However, there are those that suffer the most and these include the low income
cities especially found in the developing countries. WHO analytics covers more than 3000 cities in
103 countries spread across the world (WHO, 2016). The figures how that while 56% of cities in
high income cities do not meet the standards set by World Health Organization, the percentage
shoots to 98% when looking at the medium and low income cities that do not meet the standards
(WHO, 2016). From the map produced to indicate the implication of their statistics, it confirms that
92% of the people's population in the world is breathing polluted air.
The damage that results from air pollution can never be overstated. There are health problems like
the risks of cardiac diseases, acute and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma, lung cancer and so
forth (Aryes, Maynard, & Richards, 2006). Corrosion dud to formation of acid rain, global warming
and poor visibility reduces are but some of other issues mentioned randomly. More than two million
deaths are linked to air quality. The worrying observation from analyst has been that there have been
frequent alerts on the state of the atmospheric

The Obligation For Educate And Reduce Greenhouse Gas...
Alexander Quach
Word Count: 2509
The Obligation to Educate and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
I. Introduction Many people, particularly of the United States, do not know about climate change
(CC), nor do they know about how they are personally contributing to it. When discussed, most
strategies created to combat climate change discount the power of education in reducing greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions (a contributor to CC). In this paper, I argue that climate change causes
immense damage by borrowing from John Nolt's The Individual's Obligation to Relinquish
Unnecessary Greenhouse–Gas–Emitting Devices (2013). The potential is so high that we, as
individuals and institutions, have a moral obligation to educate our populace in an effort to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. As an aside, I shall also attempt to quantify how much education could
reduce emissions.
This paper remainder of this paper will be split into three parts. Part II will lay out my argument and
all of its claims clearly and defends each of the argument's premises. Part III will be where I attempt
to respond to some objections that could arise. Part IV will conclude the paper and provide a
summary.
II. Premises, Claims, and Defenses As stated before, this portion of the paper aims to explain/defend
the argument and its premises.
Premise 1: "The harms of greenhouse gas emissions are so great and continue over such a long time
that even the emissions of single individuals contribute significantly

Essay on International Trade and The Kyoto Protocol
International Trade and The Kyoto Protocol
Pollution, specifically global warming, is of growing concern to people and governments. It is a
controversial issue whose validity is still being debated by scientists. The Kyoto Protocol is an
international attempt to address global warming through emissions controls. Traditional neoclassical
economic models do not incorporate pollution in rudimentary theories of supply, demand, or pricing,
as a result, firms do not consider pollution as a cost of production, which leaves government
regulation as the primary method for controlling these externalities. The goal of emissions trading is
to allow one business, which can make greenhouse gas emission reductions for a relatively low cost,
to sell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annex I countries are industrialized nations with large carbon emissions, such as the US, Australia,
EU, and Russia. The agreement has four implementation mechanisms designed to achieve the
desired reductions in emissions, but only asks that countries comply with the reductions rather than
suggesting a methodology. The primary method for countries to reduce emissions is through
domestic policies, traditionally taking the form of governmental controls, which each nation would
be responsible for creating and enforcing. Domestic policy is "...likely to become a 'hook' to ensure
that the industrialized countries implement the policies necessary to spur real changes towards less
carbon–intensive production and consumption patterns (Depledge 11)." The domestic policy article
in the Kyoto Protocol is intended to provide governments, not an international body, with direct
control over domestic emissions.
"For the time being, however, it is still the flexibility mechanisms that have attracted the most
attention... (11)." The "flexibility mechanisms" are the offshore policies of joint implementation,
clean development, and emissions trading. As the primary focus of the protocol and creating the
biggest impact on international trade, these provisions in the agreement concern international
trading of emissions credits.
Joint implementation allows Annex I governments to invest

Fossil Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission Essay
Fuel cells powered by hydrogen represent the latest technology in the push to reduce fossil fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emission. The internal combustion engine's design limitations have
been pushed to their limits and fuel economy has been maxed out. While a shift in consumer
preference to smaller and more fuel efficient automobiles would decrease consumption and
emissions, the economic model alone will not prompt such a change. The hydrogen fuel cell's new
technology calls for a radical change in design approaches that will test the automakers that choose
to mass–produce this technology. The hydrogen harvesting methods required to power the fuel cells
have environmental challenges. Regardless of the challenges, the ... Show more content on
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The push to design and develop different methods of propulsion for motor vehicles came only after
petroleum solutions became exhausted. Emissions reduction policies and the rising price of oil
forced automakers to pursue more fuel efficient vehicles and eventually alternatively fueled
vehicles. While the hybrid electric vehicle and the plug–in electric car have proven to be more
viable solutions in the near term, the need for hydrogen fuel cells will only increase.
The technology behind hydrogen fuel cells is rather unremarkable, however, the difficulties and
dangers created by the fuel cells will require extraordinary engineering. Today's fuel cells use the
same reverse electrolysis phenomena that Grove's battery did over a century ago (Lampton).
Hydrogen is ionized and passed through a membrane that separates the electrons from the hydrogen
ions. The electrons are formed into an electrical current while the hydrogen ions react with the
oxygen in the air to form water vapor, the heat generated by the reaction typically boils the water
(Lampton). The catalyst and membrane can be tweaked and optimized by engineers to improve the
technology but the basic principle will remain the same.
Hydrogen fuel cells make up for the simplicity with a number of operational challenges facing
applications in automobiles or other vehicles. A fuel cell costs between $50,000 and $100,000 and
relies on a platinum catalyst

Kyoto Protocol Is The Emission Of Green House Gas ( Ghg )...
In this essay, I will elaborate on analyzing the 2005 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC from several
aspects, to achieve a holistic understanding to this protocol. The environmental problem involved in
2005 Kyoto Protocol is the emission of Green House Gas (GHG) over the world. The global
warming due to GHG had been a big threat to human's future, and this protocol was designed to
control the emission of GHG in each country. The harm of GHG to human beings is obvious and
people have to take actions. With the industrialization and development of more and more countries,
almost every country in this world need to emit GHG to reach the wellbeing of its citizens. The
emission of GHG is not the obligation of any particular country, but the whole world. Thus only by
global cooperation can we save our future. This protocol started to work in 2005 for developed
countries, and 2012 for developing countries. Specific figures were given in this protocol. Compared
to the amount of emission in 1990, the amount during 2008 to 2012 should be reduced by 5%, and
every country has been assigned a particular standard in GHG emission. For example, Japan should
reduce its emission by 6%, while Australia could increase its emission by 8%. This is a quantifiable
target. When measuring the emission, we take the part of GHG that is absorbed by forests off from
the total. The biggest challenge,or we can say dilemma in addressing this problem is that, most
countries want both development and environment.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Climate Change
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Resulting in Climate Change
The Sun is responsible for all of the energy that enters the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth 's energy is
in balance when Earth emits the same amount of energy as it absorbs (Schneider, 1987). But today,
the Earth is absorbing more energy than is what is being released due to increases in greenhouse
gases in the Earth's atmosphere (Herbert, 2007). Out of the total energy entering the Earth's
atmosphere, as seen in Figure 1, only 30% is being reflected back into space due the Earth's albedo
(Schneider, 1987). The other 70% of this energy is being absorbed by the Earth's surface and
atmosphere (Schneider, 1987). Here we are going to discuss how increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations leads to climate change, some consequences that come with climate change and what
can be done about it.
The Earth has been known to go through various natural warming and cooling periods throughout
history. During warmer interglacial periods, CO2 levels are higher and during cooler glacial periods,
CO2 levels are lower (Monnin, 2004). This is because the heating and cooling of Earth's surface can
cause significant changes in greenhouse gas concentrations (Monnin, 2004). These changes often act
as a positive feedback, intensifying the existing temperature changes (Monnin, 2004). For example,
it was slightly warmer during the Holocene Climatic Optimum about 5,000–6,000 years ago and
was slightly cooler during the Little Ice Age from about 1600 AD

Essay on Fuel Economy in American Automobiles
Fuel efficiency in automobiles has become a topic of much discussion in recent years in the United
States. This is due largely to the environmental devastation that fuel emissions cause, but it is also
sparked by the rising fuel costs. Making cars with high fuel efficiency not only saves consumers
money, but also will drastically reduce the pollution that is caused by emissions. Today automakers
are putting a tremendous amount of effort into making their cars more fuel efficient, both to meet
government regulations and to make their car more appealing to the consumer. During the late
1900's, fuel efficiency was given very little thought by automakers. Instead, they competed with
each other by coming out with larger and more powerful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first law that was passed to enforce this was the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, which
was passed by Congress in 1975. This law established a Corporate Average Fuel Economy program,
commonly known as the CAFE program, and it required automakers to drastically increase the fuel
efficiency of their vehicles. Consequently, by 1985, the average fuel efficiency of automobiles had
risen to 27.5 miles per gallon, which is very close to what it is today (Bezdek 132,133). Because
CAFE did not change the fuel efficiency standard until years later, by the early 1980's most
automakers had met the fuel efficiency that was required for their automobiles, so they started to pay
more attention to the size and power of their vehicles. Instead of building cars with better gas
mileage each year, they built their cars bigger and with more power, while keeping the fuel
efficiency just high enough so that it met CAFE standards. Accordingly, the gas mileage of vehicles
has not increased significantly since the 1980's (Bezdek 133). In fact, the average fuel efficiency of
new passenger vehicles steadily declined from the 1980's until 2004. This was due to the loopholes
which car manufacturers found in the CAFE standards. CAFE treated "light trucks" much more
leniently than cars, and allowed them to have considerably less fuel efficiency than cars. This caught
the attention of car manufacturers, who then looked at how CAFE defined a light truck. They

Emissioning Model Case Study
VSP based operating mode identification binning approach. Many studies showed the ability of
VSP–based emission models to reflect the transient emission rates under different operating modes
as well as the better estimation of vehicle emissions than speed–based emission models (Song et al.,
2013). Scora et al. (2011) combined real–time traffic data along with the comprehensive modal
emission models (CMEM and MOVES) to estimate the environmental measures in real time. The
estimation methodology based on OpMode bin provided far more dynamic and accurate
environmental information compared to static emission inventory estimation models. The OpMode
bin emission rates for each vehicle technology in the MOVES default database represent a base ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Song et al. (2013) developed a practical model evaluate the environmental effectiveness of ITS
strategies by using data from PEMS. The models are developed through considering the influence of
the vehicle's operating mode (VSP distribution) on vehicle emissions, which not only guarantees the
accuracy of emissions and fuel consumption models, but also makes it possible to accumulate
current traffic information systems in Beijing. Wang et al. (2008) established a model based on VSP
and speed, which provided insight that how different levels of cruise speed and acceleration affect
vehicle fuel consumption. The model prediction shows that vehicle fuel consumption per unit
distance is optimum at speeds between 50 and 70 km/h which is similar to the observed data from
PEMS. This is evident in the literature that in order to improve both the applicability and accuracy
of the existing emission models instantaneous vehicle activity data are needed which can be
collected from the on–board emission system like PEMS to consider all real conditions which might
induce the modeling errors and improve the model precisions.
In summary, the microscopic simulation modeling has provided an accurate and reliable
representation of vehicular operations in roadway networks so far in the literature. From the
literature we also found that, most of the vehicle emissions data used in modeling are collected in a
controlled laboratory environment or simulation based. With

Climate Action Plan For The Uk Greenhouse Gas Emissions
B.C. Climate Action Plan
The B.C. Climate Action Plan is a comprehensive strategy implemented by the Canadian
government with the objective to diminish provincial greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In 2007, a
Throne Speech was given remarking that climate leadership in B.C was illusory and commitment to
climate leadership was an imperative component in the future of the province. As such, in 2008, the
Climate Action Plan was released with the intent to serve as a guide in helping British Columbia
attain a prosperous, green economy. Within the Action Plan, initiatives and approaches are outlined
to make B.C carbon neutral by 2010 and move the province closer towards reducing GHG emissions
to the target 33 percent in 2020. By 2050, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chronology
2007 – A speech from the Throne is given outlining the need for climate leadership. In response, 180
municipalities in B.C sign the Charter.
2008– The Climate Action Plan is released along with the enactment of the greenhouse gas
legislation.
2009–Federal standards are created for vehicle emissions.
2010– The first progress report is submitted showing all Climate Action commitments are underway
or complete. Additionally, B.C becomes the first carbon neutral government in North America.
2011 to 2012– The first interim GHG target reaches 6 percent below 2007 levels.
Objectives and Design
The B.C. Climate Action Plan has one main objective: to reduce provincial greenhouse gas
emissions. This objective takes the form of legislative targets that commit B.C to reduce their
emissions and become a carbon neutral province. The Climate Action Plan is comprised of pillars
that characterize key tactics that make reaching these goals plausible and realistic.
Key Pillars
The B.C Climate Action plan has 5 main pillars:
1. Legislated Targets: Entrenched in law, by 2020, B.C is committed to reduce their GHG emissions
by 33 percent compared to 2007 levels. Additionally, by 2050, the province has committed to reduce
emissions by 80 percent compared to 2007 levels.
2. Key Partnerships: The development of partnerships among nations surface opportunities to
capitalize on complementary strengths. As such, B.C has partnered with states

Eco Fiscal Policies And Carbon Pricing Policies
In the second evening lecture, Elizabeth Beale spoke about eco–fiscal policies with a focus on
carbon pricing. According to Beale, increasing carbon emissions are not only harmful to the
environment but also create several negative externalities such as damaging crops and higher health
costs. For this reason, carbon pricing would help to shift these costs back to those who are
responsible. Beale proposes two options for carbon pricing,, a carbon tax or a cap–and–trade system.
A carbon tax is simpler as the government sets a price for greenhouse gas emissions. A cap–and–
trade system is more complex as allowable emissions are capped, and then the government
distributes emissions permits, which are tradable. Beale claimed that no one system is more superior
than the other, especially as the differences between the two get blurred as more jurisdictions are
adopting more blended systems. Beale concluded her lecture by looking at the current carbon
pricing policies implemented throughout Canada. In British Columbia, a carbon tax of $30/tonne
was implemented in 2008, which caused fuel use to drop by 16% from 2008 to 2013. In Quebec a
cap–and–trade system was implemented in 2012 that covered 85% of emissions with the goal to
reduce emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020. However, despite the action on carbon pricing
in these provinces, the Atlantic Canadian provinces have yet to implement any type of policy. As a
neoliberalist, I would have to strongly disagree with Beale's

Diesel Engines And Vehicle Performance Metrics Essay
In the automotive world, efficiency and power are two elements of vehicle performance metrics that
while important to many consumers and critics alike, appear to be elusive when in convolution with
one another. In automotive history, good fuel efficiency equaled compromises in power and
performance and vehicles with large displacements and torque usually had worse gas mileage. The
exception to this rule were diesel engines, which managed to combine better efficiency than many
four–cylinder gas engines while providing very high torque number for better performance. The
main drawback that diesel's faced was due to their stigma of being dirty, as they emitted more
greenhouse gases including nitrous and sulfur oxides. Coupled with the stricter emissions that many
states began to implement, primarily overseen by the EPA, it became harder for car manufactures to
certify diesel engines for emissions while maintaining high fuel economy and power output figures.
The emission control hardware and software in diesel vehicles also came at a high price and with
increased complexity, both unwelcoming additions for any car company wanting to mainstream
diesel's. Volkswagen Automotive Group (VAG) pledged to change these preconceived notions
concerning power and efficiency with the debut of the clean diesel technology in 2008 within select
models. These vehicles had miraculously managed to decrease emissions out of vehicles with diesel
motors while not compromising on the power and

The Emissions Of The MHE ( Kg / Pallet )
EMHE emissions of the MHE (kg/pallet)
For VNA, the pallets are removed from the vehicle and placed on the warehouse floor for receiving
activities. Then pallets are shipped to the storage station at the end of the rack and stored on the
rack. The goods are lifted up to the mezzanine through the pallet gate and then manually stacked on
the shelf. All the goods are picked up on pallets in the picking area. The pallets are taken from the
picking area to the outbouding area.. However, compared to the WA, VNA is retrieved from the
storage area and not from a rack (Fichtinger et al. 2015). For AS / RS operations, it is similar with
VNA operations, the pallets are picked up from the vehicles and moved to the end of the rack, then
the pallets is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The order picker then starts walking through the aisles in the warehouse and retrieves items picking
them directly onto a pallet placed on the low–level order picking truck. After all items have been
retrieved, he/she returns to the pick station and starts the next order.
For VNA it is assumed that storage and retrieval operations are performed using VNA trucks (so
called turret trucks). After pallets have been transported to the picking area, order picking is
performed manually there
Apart from the assumptions already stated, we assume the following hereafter in terms of energy
parameters for the simulation study, as summarised in Table 3. Building characteristics are
considered in conformance with the literature literature (Rai et al., 2011), assuming a medium
envelope insulation level in all warehouses. Lighting parameters are set per Marchant and Baker
(2010), UKWA (2010) and CIBSE (2002), assuming the use of T128ft fluorescent lamps in all types
of warehouses.
It is assumed for the parameter "operating time" that all types of warehouses work 5 days per week
and 16 h per day (as indicated as common timings in Baker and Perotti, 2008).
Finally, to calculate GHG emissions of warehousing operations based on the integrated inventory
and warehouse model, the emission intensity has to be determined. This is usually done by using
appropriate conversion factors, which convert various types of fuels into kWh as a standard
measure. Based on the kWh value,

The Differences Between Carbon Market And Subprime
History has seen the commercialization of food, forests, water as well as genes. The carbon market
is just following the footsteps of that legacy and further undermines the stability and capacity of the
Earth to maintain a climate that favours life and human societies, what in the end we all come out
losers (While et al: 2010). 4.5. The similarities between carbon market and subprime Some analysts
and NGOs (Friends of the Earth, ATTAC or even Al Gore) showed similarities between carbon
market and derivatives subprime (Philips et al, 2009; While et al: 2010):  The determination of
project risk and liquidity to the permit market can be difficult for buyers of offsets.  The market is
very regulated and opaque.  Financial transactions that hide risk: project developers (companies
that specialize in financing offset projects) as Eco Securities, who team up with investment banks
with more capital to provide guarantees, which include future offsets of several project types and
different locations, thus spreading the risk.  It is estimated that a large volume of allowances will
be postponed Phase III of EU ETS largely because of the allocation of Phase I and II and economic
decline since 2008, companies could accumulate up to 700 million surplus permits Phase II – the
equivalent of 14 times the reduction of greenhouse gas demanded by the EU in 2008.  The
evaluation problem associated with any carbon compensation: how can we make a credible
assessment of "imaginary product"

Climate Change: The Role of Oil and Gas Companies in...
Climate change role oil & gas companies combating CO2 emission Introduction These days one of
the most important of debates is related to the climate change. It has been realized that the climate
change has been there since years and there is a need that changes are made for the better rather only
discussing the changes taking place in the environment. A number of changes that can combat
against the much debated climate change have been proposed but one of the main facts on which
many would agree is that there is a need to make policies that can effectively help in combating and
reversing climate changes (Kessel 2000). The debate of climate change highlights the main reasons,
causes, as well as the consequences of the climate change. These reasons can then be used to design
policies that can help in the reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions that play one of the most
important roles in increased climate change. Associated factors along with greenhouse gas emissions
include population growth, energy usage and economic growth. One of the main facts that need to
be highlighted here is that greater human influence can be found related to the negative changes
seen in the climate. However, one main question that is asked by the climatologists is the measure of
the human influence on the climate. In these cases, it is important to analyze the percentage of
human influence that has taken important part in the climate change. An important fact that has been
highlighted by

Cap And Trade: Negative Damage To The Environment
Cap and trade is a regulated program to offset any negative damage to the environment by private
business activity. This market system has the potential to make efficient product cost, and is a sure
way to guarantee lower emissions. Emitters are limited a set amount of pollution to be distributed
and operating without a permit is illegal. Europe uses a cap and trade program to keep its carbon
dioxide pollution within levels required by International agreements. (Upton 2015) Texas and Ohio
is some of the biggest polluters who are required to make big reduction under the new policy. As for
the smaller states they will be allowed in the near future to increase their amount produced
pollution. The cap and trade program covers industrial sectors

Resource Depletion And Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Lifecycle Analysis
Background
The content of analysis will examine paper. It will look at the harvesting of the materials,
production, distribution, and finally the waste. This lifecycle analysis is to explain a consumer
product's life from production to waste. This is to show the environmental effects that the products
has during its life time. A few of the environmental impacts that will be focused on is resource
depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. These were chosen because of the chain reaction they can
cause. Greenhouse gases are known to be linked to climate change, which is a global problem so the
impacts of these emissions are on a very large scale. Resource depletion is another problem because
more than one species rely on forest. Therefore, the depletion of it is not only bad to humans but the
other organisms that use it for their survival. If this resource was to be completely used up, then it
could lead to a loss of biodiversity which could be bad for the local ecosystem. In addition, since
some ecosystems are linked together the loss of one could have a huge effect on another causing a
domino effect. LCA Inventory Trees are a good source of paper; there are other materials that can
work but for the scope of this paper I'll only focus on trees. As described in figure 1, the first step is
to harvest the trees. To do this, usually heavy machinery or chainsaws are employed to do the
cutting. But this process

What Is The Sources Of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Sources of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Out of the top ten GHG producing countries
in the world, China, by far, produces the most GHG emissions yearly, with production reaching
approximately 10,684 MMT CO2 Eq. (Figure 3) (World Resources Institute, 2015). Although the
United States produces 5,823 MMT CO2 Eq. per year, it ranks second for total GHG emission
production, followed by the European Union (4,123 MMT CO2 Eq.), India (2,887 MMT CO2 Eq.),
the Russian Federation (2,254 MMT CO2 Eq.), Indonesia (1,981 MMT CO2 Eq.), Brazil (1,823
MMT CO2 Eq.), Japan (1,207 MMT CO2 Eq.), Canada (856 MMT CO2 Eq.), and Mexico (749
MMT CO2 Eq.) (World Resources Institute, 2015). The majority of GHG emissions that were
produced in the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and representing 7.73% of the total GHG emissions (IPCC, 2013; EPA, 2015). Agricultural GHG
emissions sources include agricultural soil management (263.70 MMT CO2 Eq.), enteric
fermentation (164.50 MMT CO2 Eq.), manure management (78.70 MMT CO2 Eq.), rice cultivation
(8.30 MMT CO2 Eq.), and field burning of agricultural residues (0.04 MMT CO2 Eq.), representing
51.14%, 31.90%, 15.26%, 1.61%, and 0.08% of total agricultural GHG emissions, respectively
(Figure 6) (IPCC, 2013; EPA, 2015). The two GHGs emitted from the Agriculture sector in 2013
were N2O and CH4, comprising 54.52% and 45.48% of the total, respectively (Table 1) (IPCC,
2013; EPA, 2015). Nitrous oxide emissions were mainly from agricultural soil management (263.70
MMT CO2 Eq.) with minor emissions from manure management (17.30 MMT CO2 Eq.) and field
burning of agricultural residues (0.10 MMT CO2 Eq.) (IPCC, 2013; EPA, 2015). On the country, the
most prominent CH4 source from agriculture was enteric fermentation (164.50 MMT CO2 Eq.) with
lesser contributions from manure management (61.40 MMT CO2 Eq.), rice cultivation (8.30 MMT
CO2 Eq.), and field burning of agricultural residues (0.30 MMT CO2 Eq.) (IPCC, 2013; EPA,
2015). Methane production from enteric fermentation made up 25.85% of CH4 emissions and was
the single largest contributor to total CH4 production in the United States in 2013 (IPCC, 2013;
EPA, 2015). Ruminant animals,

Man 's Mass Animal Farming Habits Are Responsible For 18 %...
Man's mass animal farming habits are also responsible for 18% of all global greenhouse gas
emissions (Anderson and Kuhn). The primary contributor to these emissions is methane– one of the
most harmful toxic human–caused gases that absorbs infrared radiation and becomes trapped in the
Earth's atmosphere causing a rise in temperature (EPA). The Environmental Protection Agency
states that, "Domestic livestock . . . produce large amounts of methane as part of their normal
digestive process. Also, when animals ' manure is stored or managed in lagoons or holding tanks,
methane is produced . . . Globally, the agriculture sector is the primary source of methane
emissions" (EPA). On a smaller scale, animal waste actually produces a very small amount of
methane on its own. However, the one billion animals that are raised in confinement on diets of
abnormally high protein from corn and soybeans produce mass amounts of toxic waste every year
that poison the Earth's atmosphere. Andersen and Kuhn's recent study shows that, "Every minute, 7
million pounds of excrement are produced by animals raised for food in the U.S." This is 130 times
the amount of waste that is created by humans annually. (Andersen and Kuhn). CAFOs in the U.S.
alone produce about 500 million tons of waste every year (Koneswaran and Nierenberg 579).
Results from a Steinfeld study in 2006 state that: Globally, emissions from pig manure alone
account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions from farm animal

Objectives Of Implementing The Vision
3 Strategy to implement the vision 3.1 Strategic Goals and Objectives to be achieved to implement
the vision Normally, for each concrete objective that help progress the organisation (or involved
organisations) towards the attainment of a goal, it would be expected to also specify how we shall
measure success that the expected benefit has been realised (e.g., using performance indicators), as
well as we would have to define critical success factors (those things that must go right during the
change or the outcome is in jeopardy). You do not need to create an exhaustive list for this
assignment, but you should give good examples for each! Goals: To gradually progress to a low or
zero carbon economy to mitigate the effects of drastic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Achieve worldwide emission target as agreed during the Paris agreement. How to measure that the
benefit has been realized? The measures will collected from the entities and audited by third parties
to minimize fraud and setup enforce disciplinary action. Work closely with the industries and
entities, provide guidance to enhance compliance and the desired outcome is achieved. 3.2
Principles underlying the planning, design and implementation of the vision This includes
management mandated– and regulatory / legal aspects. Policies and principles are guiding the
planning, design and implementation activities / projects, and are also expected to be used in the
governance of the change. You do not need to create an exhaustive list for this assignment, but you
should give good examples for each! Stakeholder relationship management policies and / or
principles When devising the short term action plan, the leaders should consult subject matter
experts and involve key stakeholders who have a deep involvement in the transition initiative.
Before preparing the project discuss with the stakeholders to identify directives to cater of the
problems with practical solutions that can be achieved within the timeframe and budget. Technology
policies and / or principles Acquire technology and expertise to build or implementing the
technology involved. Ensure that technology will be able to meet the specified goals and objectives,
by

European Union 's Emission Trading Scheme
Despite the efficiency of the European Union's emission trading scheme (or EU ETS) with its
economic and environmental policy designed to reduce the greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide
emissions within the earth's atmosphere, further research have revealed the strengths and weakness
that EU ETS experience while determining how much greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide a country
can emit. One of the main strengths of EU ETS is its cost–effectiveness. Limiting the amount of
greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emitted requires a market–based policy instrument such as a
trading market (European Commission, 2005) to ensure that the emitted gases are restricted in the
most economical way. Canadian economist John Dales (1968) suggests that a market of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The success of its cost–effectiveness resulted in a few mistakes that occurred during phase 1 that
caused a weak point in the scheme.
The EU ETS has been known exist with a typical weakness. On April 16th the European Parliament
voted to reject an attempt to bolster Europe's flagship environmental programme, the Emissions
Trading System (The economist, 2013), mainly because of the exceeded limit of emission. Carbon
has been known to harm the globe, and no wonder there is a price to it. During Phase 1 (2005–2007)
of the EU ETS, there had been a massive overcapacity in the carbon market (The economist, 2013).
Companies were being allocated allowances based on previous emissions and not being auctioned;
while auction remains a more efficient way to allocate emission allowances creating a carbon
market. (Mak, 2011). The surplus was 1.5 billion – 2 billion tones or about a year's emissions (The
economist, 2013). This shows how the newborn phase 1 were victims of the first mistakes made by
the EU ETS. Countries such as Germany, France and Poland were furthermore assigned additional
allowances thus not respecting the restrictions of the ETS (Mak, 2011), also, not complying with the
Harmonisation Law; which aims to create a consistency of laws and regulations in the business so
that one country does not obtain an economic advantage as a result of difference rules
(Harmonisation of

Nebulae: The Sagittarius Triplet
A Sagittarius Triplet
A nebulae as described in Fraknoi's Voyages to the Stars and Galaxies is "all objects that were not
sharp points of light" (Fraknoi, page 384). The Sagittarius Triplet is a group of three nebulae's
famous for their bright red and blue hues, which is a main reason I choose this picture. There are
three nebulae in this picture and each is spectacular on its own but together the Sagittarius Triplet
creates a visual buffet for the eyes. The dark reds in particular are beautiful to behold and take up
the majority of the visual landscape. These red colors are created by the emission nebulae by
hydrogen gas that is heated by the intense temperatures of present stars. The image made me feel the
vastness of space and the endlessness of time. The interesting layout of the nebulae creates a long
stardust highway across the image, connecting the NGC 6559 and M8 nebulae. These three nebulae
are so bright they are routinely featured in telescopic tours of the Sagittarius constellation and the
central Milky Way galaxy. M8 or the Lagoon Nebula and M20 or Trifid were first cataloged in 1764
by Charles Messier (Kronberg).
The Trifid Nebula, M20, (at the upper right in the image) is a "rare combination of an emission and
reflection nebula" (Koprolin). This colorful contrasting nebulae is 5,000 light–years from Earth and
40 light–years across. A star forming region in the plane of our galaxy, the Trifid illustrates three
different types of astronomical nebulae; red

The Climate Change And Reduce The Greenhouse Gas Emission
Some scientists and engineers figure out that a better way to fight against the climate change and
reduce the greenhouse gas emission is supporting "nuclear energy" ("Climate Change"). Nuclear
generation is also one of the energy that is able to supply the world's electricity. Additionally, the
nuclear generation currently avoids the emission "over two billion tons of carbon dioxide each year"
("Climate Change"). It is an economic development and greenhouse gas emission reductions.
Currently, many countries are planning to use nuclear generation because it is helpful to meet their
emission reduction. Many researchers find that the best way to get energy for daily use is by
converting the "coal into electricity" (Cohen and Winkler 1). There is a lot of energy that stored in
the coal, so people are capable to get electricity from it. Furthermore, coal generated electricity is
really helpful for farming, industry, heating, transportation, etc. The cost of the coal fired electricity
is pretty low because the environmental costs are not included in the price. When we are combusting
the fossil fuel, the greenhouse gas emission "associated with the production of electricity using gas"
will be releasing less than those "associated with electricity produced from coal" (Cohen and
Winkler 1). According to the researchers, carbon dioxide is the "major greenhouse gas in terms of
overall contribution" despite its lower "global warming potentially relative to methane" which will
give

Essay On Greenhouse Gas Emissions
As emitter–in–chief Donald Trump pulls out of the Paris Climate Accord, the time has come for a
top–down approach to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Jack Close explains.
Environmentalists are quick to sing out about New Zealand's excessive greenhouse gas emissions –
and rightly so. In the large part, we are a gas–guzzling, river–polluting, plastic–bag–wasting
country. But the rules of international trade means cutting back on production in our worst–emitting
industry probably won't work, or at least not yet.
New Zealand is the world's largest dairy exporter, making up about 35 percent of international trade
and sells nearly half of the world's traded lamb. Agriculture accounts for 5.1 percent of our GDP,
and directly employs 7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And we keep getting better at it – in the last two decades, we've reduced the amount of emissions
per unit of lamb, milk solids and beef by up to 33 percent.
If anyone should be producing dairy products, lamb, and beef, it should be us, right?
The NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre uses the term 'leakage' to describe what
would happen if we cut back on agriculture. If we reduce the amount of milk solids we export, for
example, people across the world will still want milk.
Instead, another country will seize the opportunity to fill the hole in the market, and feed the alley
cat that is global greenhouse gas emissions.
Not only will New Zealand be missing out on the revenue from those exports, but the countries that
attempt to capitalise on New Zealand's newfound environmental stewardship may not have
anywhere near the emission productivity that we do. Parts of Africa and South East Asia produce
seven times more methane per kilogram of edible protein than us.
In theory, we'd be leaving the world in a worse environmental state than it was beforehand, and we'd
be out of pocket.
Unless the whole world goes vegan, the demand for animal protein will only increase as exponential
population growth continues, with the United Nations expecting an extra 2.4 billion mouths to feed
by 2050.

No country wants to lose out if they over–commit to reducing climate change. There's a very good
reason the Government conveniently left off

Description Of Microsoft Energy Policy
Description of Microsoft Energy Policy
Microsoft in May 2012 made a commitment to go carbon neutral. The goal is to achieve zero
emissions for their data centres, software development labs, offices, and employee business air
travel in over 100 countries around the world. To achieve this goal, they have implemented an
internal carbon fee policy that places a price on carbon used by the business. This is to drive energy
efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, thus meeting their goal of reducing their
environmental impact.
Reducing air travel
Key metric: They evaluate a target based on air travel miles per employee.
They are increasing their use of Microsoft collaboration technology as an alternative to travelling for
meetings. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employees are encouraged to examine low–cost alternatives, such as using Lync.
For a richer and more lifelike virtual meeting experience, Microsoft has also invested in
Telepresence rooms in major business hubs such as Seattle, Reading, Beijing, and Hyderabad. These
rooms can provide the feel of a face–to–face meeting without the cost and time lost due to travel.
There is no cost to the business user to use Telepresence rooms.
Since 2007, increased use of their collaboration products and operational control measures has
helped reduce their carbon footprint from air travel by more than 30,000 metric tons.
Strategic Goal 2
Being green
Microsoft is committed to increasing their purchase of renewable energy and reducing waste and
water use.
Investing in renewable energy and offset projects
Emissions associated with electricity consumption represent a significant portion of their
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Their cloud services will reduce the net energy used as they
absorb computational workloads from less efficient sources. As Microsoft becomes an increasingly
more energy intensive company it is essential that they take measures to reduce the emissions
impact of this energy intensity. They recognise that they will need to look to industry expertise and
research to ensure that they are using the best technology and strategies available.
While the first step is to reduce their consumption through energy conservation and efficiency

Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment Essay

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Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment Essay