The History of Bicycles
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Principle
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3. Study of effect of drugs on ciliary movement of frog's oesophagus
4. Study of effect of drugs on frog's rectus muscle preparation
5. Effect of cardiac stimulants and depressants on perfused frog's heart
6. Effect of drugs on dog's blood pressure and respiration - computer assisted learning (CAL)
method
7. Evaluation of analgesics by chemical method
8. Effect of saline purgative on frog intestine and the use of Oral Rehydration Solution.
9. Preparation of solution for test dose of penicillin
10. Study of action of antidepressants on mice
11. Study of anorectic and locomotor activity of amphetamin and fenfluramine.
molecular & cellular mechanism of action of insulin
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In- vitro and in-vivo screening of Hypoglycemics.
This document provides an overview of in-vivo and in-vitro screening methods for hypoglycemic drugs. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its classification. It then discusses various in-vivo models including streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, alloxan-induced diabetes, pancreatectomy in dogs, and others. In-vitro screening methods are also summarized, including effects on liver, muscles, pancreas and adipose tissue. Evaluation parameters discussed include blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, serum insulin level, and histopathology of pancreas and liver tissues.
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This document describes the bioassay of digitoxin, which is extracted from the plant Digitalis lanata and used to treat conditions like congestive heart failure. It discusses two common bioassay methods - the guinea pig method and pigeon method. Both methods involve injecting extracts of the test and standard digitoxin samples intravenously into guinea pigs or pigeons and determining the lethal dose that causes heart arrest. The potency of the test sample is then calculated based on its lethal dose compared to that of the standard.
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Expt. 9 Effect of atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using rat ileum
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The document summarizes the history and evolution of the bicycle from its origins in the late 18th century to modern times. It traces key developments like the addition of pedals, steering mechanisms, chain drives, and gears. It discusses how materials and manufacturing methods advanced from wood to metal. The summary also outlines how bicycles grew in popularity through the 19th-20th centuries, being adopted first by wealthy individuals and later the masses, and how they impacted society through effects on transportation, gender roles, and the environment.
Bicycle healthy driving
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the bicycle from its earliest origins in the 19th century to modern developments. It traces the key innovations from the earliest two-wheeled draisine invented by Karl von Drais in 1817-1819, the introduction of pedals and various multi-wheeled designs in the mid-19th century, leading to the safety bicycle with its chain drive and similar frame to modern bikes in the 1880s-1890s. The bicycle continued to be refined through the 20th century with new materials and technologies, while also expanding to serve the needs of different riders and purposes.
Bike
The bike was invented in the 18th century and has undergone many changes and improvements over time. The first appearance of the bike was in 1750 and resembled a "walking machine" with no pedals or handlebars. In 1817, the draisienne was created with a handlebar added. In the 1860s, pedals were added and placed on both the front and rear wheels. The bike continued to evolve throughout the late 1800s with improvements like chains, pneumatic tires, and frames made of metal instead of wood. The modern bicycle was established in 1885 with two same-sized wheels, chains, and other refinements that made it lighter and faster.
Recumbent Bicycle History 1965 to 2000
Here you will learn about the rediscovery of the recumbent bicycle after the UCI banned them in 1934 because they were too fast for the conventional upright bicycles they were racing against.
When the 1934 UCI decision turned a very conformist, top-down driven world into believing that a recumbent was not a real bicycle, recumbents disappeared from the mass consciousness for 35 years. Or in other words almost two full generations thought they knew what the bicycle under their Christmas tree was supposed to look like.
Bicycles
The first bicycle called a "safety" was designed in 1876 by English engineer Harry John. Earlier two-person bicycles had also been described as safe, such as "The Companion" built in the 1890s. These bicycles, despite their name, were popular with various trades in the early 20th century particularly in the UK. In the early 1990s, Shimano introduced dual-control braking systems with their Shimano Total Integration technology. City bikes use durable frames from mountain bikes to handle urban hazards, and some models have lower frames to accommodate skirts.
Evolution of Bicycle
The bicycle has had a significant impact on culture and society beyond its intended use as transportation. It has provided health benefits by encouraging physical activity. Using a bicycle for daily transportation has helped reduce pollution and promote a healthier environment compared to motor vehicles. Additionally, the bicycle has been economical for many people as an affordable transportation option that has no fuel or maintenance costs. The development and evolution of the bicycle over time has also influenced the growth of cycling museums, exhibitions, and sporting culture around the world.
Mountain Biking
Mountain biking began in California in the 1970s when people started riding old "klunker" bikes off-road. Pioneers like Gary Fisher and Tom Ritchey helped develop the first true mountain bikes. In 1981, Mike Sinyard founded Specialized Bicycle and produced the first mass-produced mountain bike, the Stumpjumper. Mountain biking grew into a new sport and industry, spawning new bike technologies, races, and tourism opportunities around the world. It remains a popular way for people to get exercise and enjoy scenic outdoor locations.
Reinventing the Wheel: Pushing the limits in high-performance bike design
Reinventing the Wheel: Pushing the limits in high-performance bike designSustainable Executive Academy
This document provides an overview of the evolution of bicycle design over time. Key points include:
- While the basic design of the bicycle has remained largely unchanged for over 120 years, continuous improvements to materials and components have pushed performance limits. This includes the adoption of carbon fiber and electronic shifting.
- Regulatory bodies like the UCI have slowed some innovations but also helped standardize aspects that improved safety and efficiency.
- Individual component companies have specialized different parts of the system and made gains in areas like pedaling efficiency, gear shifting, braking, and aerodynamics. The cumulative effect of these improvements has been significant.
- Iconic riders like Merckx, Obree, and MoserBlog a brief history of the electric bike
Blog a brief history of the electric bike；https://antlerslane.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-electric-bike/
History of bike Greece-Italy-Turkey
Leonardo Da Vinci drew a sketch of a bicycle in 1490, though it was lost for over 500 years. The first modern bicycle appeared in 1750 in Germany without pedals or handlebars. In 1817, Baron Karl von Drais added a handlebar to his "draisienne" but it still had to be pushed. In 1893, Kirkpatrick Macmillan connected pedals to the rear wheel. The bicycle gained its modern form in 1885 with two same-sized wheels, metal spokes, and a chain driving the rear wheel. Pneumatic tires were added in 1888, improving comfort and speed.
Aysha
The document discusses the Suzuki Hayabusa motorcycle. It describes the Hayabusa as a sports motorcycle made by Suzuki since 1999 that holds the record for the fastest production motorcycle in the world, with a top speed of 188-194 mph. The name "Hayabusa" is Japanese for "Peregrine Falcon," a bird known for its speed. The original intent of the Hayabusa was to surpass the Honda Super Blackbird CBR1100XX as the fastest production bike. It succeeded in doing so, proving to be around 10 mph faster. This gave the Hayabusa the title of fastest standard production bike of the 20th century.
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicycle
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources
of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch
over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to
extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses
battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design
of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and
was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in
contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery
discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a
maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus
and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption.
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicycle
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bicycle with a dual charging system. The new design uses a low rpm alternator connected to the front wheel to charge the battery while riding. A 0.5 hp motor powers the rear wheel through a 5:2 gear ratio. The battery can power the bike for 2 hours and be recharged through the alternator in 1 hour, allowing the bike to reach speeds of 15 km/hr. This dual charging system makes the electric bike more useful for transportation in hilly or campus areas by extending its range.
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The History of Bicycles
- 1. Bicycle History Christensen & Hymas
- 3. Draisine Baron Karl von Drais is credited with creating the first bicycle. It was made of wood and was not steerable. Having no pedals, riders were required to stand over the bike and walk or run to give it power, then rode as the bike slid forward. 1818
- 4. Pedal Bike Despite the lack of velocipede enthusiasm, the pedal problem was fixed in France. Pierre Michaux’s design had pedals and cranks attached directly to the front hub. Surprisingly, it also had springs and a leather seat to absorb shocks while riding. 1868
- 5. Rear Crank Velocipede Thomas McCall is given credit for creating 2 wheel velocipedes using inspiration from the French, except for having rear-powered wheels rather than the front. However, some argue that other Scotsmen had been using this design before the French. 1869
- 6. High Wheel While most people were losing interest in bicycles at this point, young athletic males were still looking for improvements. James Starley and William Hillman saw opportunity with the coming of the High Wheel. They created bikes with an improved steering column, hollow steel backbone, and a new wheel system that tightened the spokes simultaneously. 1870
- 7. Safety Bike As the name suggests, this bike was designed to be much safer than the popular High Wheel. John Kemp Starley created the first commercially successful design and made the bicycle a universal form of transportation. 1885
- 8. Racing Bike As America became aware of the importance of exercise, many were drawn to European racing bikes. American manufacturers started creating bikes with strong frames, thin wheels, and lowered hand- bars to help with air drag. 1960
- 9. Mountain Bike With the intent of escaping urban surroundings, the mountain bike was a complete success. Cyclists could now ride in any terrain thanks to the bike’s sturdier frames, upright seating position for better weight shifting, and wider tires to help with traction. 1970
- 10. Donhou Bike Despite the great achievements made in the past, there are always those who want to keep pushing the bike’s potential. One of these people is Tom Donhou, who’s love for bikes left heads turning at Bespoked Bristol. Along with dozens of other bikes, he revealed his 100mph bike. Thanks to all his hard work, the bike has been tested at 60 mph and will continue until it hopefully reaches it’s goal. 2013