French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
The French Revolution was sparked by growing economic and social inequality between the three estates. The Third Estate, which represented the common people, bore the tax burden but had little political power. They rebelled in 1789, storming the Bastille and forcing King Louis XVI to accept a constitutional monarchy. However, tensions remained and radical factions grew more powerful. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed in 1793, marking the onset of the Reign of Terror by the Jacobins to consolidate the Revolution.
Helmuth's father, a Nazi supporter, killed himself out of fear of retaliation by the Allies for Nazi war crimes. The document then provides background on Nazi Germany and Hitler's rise to power, including how the harsh Treaty of Versailles led to instability in Germany and economic crises enabled Hitler and the Nazis to gain support. It describes Nazi war crimes like the Holocaust and the Nuremberg trials that held Nazis accountable. In summary, it connects Helmuth's story to the aftermath of WWII and establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany after WWI.
The document provides information about the causes and events of the French Revolution. It discusses the social, economic, political, and intellectual factors that contributed to the revolution. Key events discussed include King Louis XVI calling the Estate General in 1789, the formation of the National Assembly, the storming of the Bastille, and the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. The document also summarizes the reign of terror under Robespierre and the overthrow of his dictatorship, as well as the later rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.
The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 when protesters stormed the Bastille prison in Paris. This marked the start of widespread civil unrest against the absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI. Inequality, high taxes on the poor, and a financial crisis contributed to growing discontent with the existing social and political system. The Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and a declaration of rights that embraced principles of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. However, internal divisions and war with other European nations led to increased radicalization and the rise of Maximilien Robespierre's Jacobin dictatorship during the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794. The Revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a
The French Revolution - Grade 9 CBSE (July 2020)Pallavi Jha
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution which began in 1789 and ended in 1799. It discusses the social inequalities and economic troubles that led to the outbreak of the revolution. Key events included the storming of the Bastille prison, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, as war broke out and economic difficulties increased, radical Jacobins rose to power and the Reign of Terror began under Robespierre, characterized by mass executions. Eventually the Jacobin government fell and the Directory established a new constitution with a bicameral legislature. The revolution established the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in France.
The French Revolution was sparked by growing economic and social inequality between the three estates. The Third Estate, which represented the common people, bore the tax burden but had little political power. They rebelled in 1789, storming the Bastille and forcing King Louis XVI to accept a constitutional monarchy. However, tensions remained and radical factions grew more powerful. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed in 1793, marking the onset of the Reign of Terror by the Jacobins to consolidate the Revolution.
Helmuth's father, a Nazi supporter, killed himself out of fear of retaliation by the Allies for Nazi war crimes. The document then provides background on Nazi Germany and Hitler's rise to power, including how the harsh Treaty of Versailles led to instability in Germany and economic crises enabled Hitler and the Nazis to gain support. It describes Nazi war crimes like the Holocaust and the Nuremberg trials that held Nazis accountable. In summary, it connects Helmuth's story to the aftermath of WWII and establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany after WWI.
The document provides information about the causes and events of the French Revolution. It discusses the social, economic, political, and intellectual factors that contributed to the revolution. Key events discussed include King Louis XVI calling the Estate General in 1789, the formation of the National Assembly, the storming of the Bastille, and the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. The document also summarizes the reign of terror under Robespierre and the overthrow of his dictatorship, as well as the later rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.
The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 when protesters stormed the Bastille prison in Paris. This marked the start of widespread civil unrest against the absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI. Inequality, high taxes on the poor, and a financial crisis contributed to growing discontent with the existing social and political system. The Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and a declaration of rights that embraced principles of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. However, internal divisions and war with other European nations led to increased radicalization and the rise of Maximilien Robespierre's Jacobin dictatorship during the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794. The Revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a
The French Revolution - Grade 9 CBSE (July 2020)Pallavi Jha
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution which began in 1789 and ended in 1799. It discusses the social inequalities and economic troubles that led to the outbreak of the revolution. Key events included the storming of the Bastille prison, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, as war broke out and economic difficulties increased, radical Jacobins rose to power and the Reign of Terror began under Robespierre, characterized by mass executions. Eventually the Jacobin government fell and the Directory established a new constitution with a bicameral legislature. The revolution established the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in France.
1. Napoleon became a general at age 24 and later took over the French government in a coup, naming himself first consul.
2. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of France.
3. After being defeated by an allied European force, Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena where he died in 1821.
1. 18th century French society was deeply divided along lines of social class, with the clergy and nobility making up the privileged first and second estates paying no taxes, while the commoners of the third estate faced heavy taxation to support the extravagant lifestyles of the upper classes.
2. Growing economic troubles, poor harvests, and the influence of Enlightenment philosophers challenging the status quo led to unrest among the third estate and middle class.
3. When King Louis XVI called the Estates General in 1789 to deal with a financial crisis, the third estate took the opportunity to demand sweeping reforms, declaring itself a national assembly intent on drafting a constitution and ending absolute monarchy. This triggered the
The document discusses the growth of indigo cultivation in Bengal under British rule. It summarizes that indigo production expanded rapidly in Bengal in the late 18th century to meet growing demand from Britain's textile industry. Planters used the nij and ryoti systems of cultivation, with ryoti forcing peasants to dedicate a portion of their lands to indigo through exploitative contracts. This led to major peasant unrest and the "Blue Rebellion" of 1859, as peasants refused to grow indigo under oppressive conditions.
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution including its key causes, events, outcomes, and legacy. It discusses the social, economic, and political causes of the revolution including the division of French society into estates, the country's growing debt, and the influence of Enlightenment philosophers. Major events covered include the storming of the Bastille, the Tennis Court Oath, and France becoming a constitutional monarchy with limits placed on the monarchy's power. The document also mentions the introduction of rights like equality before the law and the revolutionary wars that further strained France's economy.
Cavour played a key role in the unification of Italy. He was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont and helped engineer military alliance and diplomatic agreements that helped defeat the Austrian Empire and unite Italian states. Prussia's military strength and Bismarck's diplomacy were instrumental in defeating Denmark, Austria and France, allowing Germany's various states to unite into a new German empire by 1871. The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century, from the French Revolution inspiring nationalist ideas, to the revolutions of 1848, to eventual unification of Germany and Italy led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively. Key figures discussed include Napoleon, B
This document discusses the social and political changes in Europe leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative ideologies in response to the French Revolution. It also discusses the growth of socialist ideas and labor movements in response to industrialization. In Russia, it outlines the autocratic rule of the tsars, the emergence of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and the unrest caused by World War I that led to the overthrow of the tsar and establishment of a provisional government in early 1917.
This document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe. It discusses how the French Revolution spread ideas of national identity and citizenship. In the 1800s, liberal nationalism grew among the educated middle class who advocated for national unity and independence. The document also examines how romanticism, language, and folk culture helped develop nationalist sentiment. It describes the wave of revolutions across Europe in 1830-1848 as liberals and nationalists sought independent nation-states. Key events discussed include the unification of Germany and Italy.
The French Revolution led to the end of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in France. Prior to the revolution, French society was divided into estates with the clergy and nobility making up the first and second estates. The third estate comprised mostly poor peasants and laborers who faced economic hardship and subsistence crisis. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the middle class and third estate demanded greater political rights and representation. This led to the storming of the Bastille and abolition of feudalism. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791 but eventually gave way to a republic after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 during the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the French Revolution. It describes the societal structure under the Old Regime in France, with the population divided into estates. The king, Louis XVI, faced an empty treasury and called the Estates General to approve new taxes. However, the Third Estate demanded equal representation, and when rejected, formed the National Assembly on June 20th, 1789 by taking the Tennis Court Oath, vowing not to disperse until a new constitution was drafted. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
The document provides background on the French Revolution. It describes the economic troubles facing King Louis XVI that led to tax increases, sparking unrest. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of the king's power. Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu influenced calls for democratic reforms. In 1791, the National Assembly established a constitutional monarchy with limited powers for Louis XVI. However, war with neighboring countries and unrest grew, leading to the abolition of the monarchy in 1792 and the establishment of the violent Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre from 1793-1794.
Social Science History Chap1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10Tutalege
Nationalism emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and transformed the political landscape. Key developments included:
1) The French Revolution established the idea of the nation-state with citizens as sovereign rather than monarchs. This inspired nationalist movements across Europe.
2) Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s spread liberal and nationalist ideals but were ultimately repressed by conservative rulers.
3) German and Italian unification was achieved through warfare led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively in the late 1800s, establishing the first truly modern nation-states.
4) Romanticist notions of shared culture, language and heritage were important in fostering nationalist sentiment among the people.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by revolutionaries. French society was highly unequal, with the majority of the population (the third estate) facing heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. This, combined with Enlightenment ideas of equality and natural rights, led to growing unrest among commoners and the middle class. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and feudal system of France, establishing a constitutional monarchy then a republic, with the execution of King Louis XVI. A period of violence known as the Reign of Terror followed, led by Robespierre, before a Directory government was established under Napoleon Bonaparte.
Socialism in europe and the russian revolutionUshaJoy
The document provides background information on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative political factions in Europe in response to the French Revolution. It also describes the growth of socialist ideology and parties in Europe in the late 19th century, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. Finally, it outlines the economic, social, and political conditions in the Russian Empire prior to the revolutions of 1917, including unrest during World War I that ultimately led to the fall of the monarchy and rise of socialist rule.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris stormed the Bastille prison, freeing the prisoners and beginning the revolution. The revolution established France as a constitutional monarchy but divisions and unrest continued that led to the rise of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror in 1793-94 where thousands were executed. The revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic with the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It describes how sepoys in the East India Company's army first mutinied in Meerut in May 1857 over new equipment and policies that violated religious beliefs. The mutiny then spread to other regions as many civilians and rulers joined the rebellion. Major cities like Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow became rebel strongholds. It took the British until 1859 to suppress the widespread rebellion across northern India.
The French Revolution began in 1788 when King Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address France's financial troubles. This led to tensions between the three estates, and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille prison by Parisians marked the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and declared basic rights and liberties in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. However, the Revolution grew increasingly radical as outside powers invaded France and the Reign of Terror began, with Robespierre sending thousands to the guillotine until his own execution in 1794. The Revolution transformed France from a monarchy to a democratic republic and
Power sharing involves distributing power among different government bodies and groups to prevent any single entity from wielding power exclusively. This document discusses power sharing in Belgium as a positive example and Sri Lanka as a negative example. Belgium amended its constitution four times to respect the interests of its Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities by giving powers to state governments and establishing a community government. In contrast, Sri Lanka's majoritarian system that dominated the Tamil minority led to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflicts between groups and ensure political stability.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Nationalism In Europe'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
On July 14, 1789, rumors spread in Paris that the king planned to open fire on citizens. Over 7,000 people gathered and formed a militia, breaking into buildings to find arms. They then stormed the Bastille prison, hoping to find ammunition. In the ensuing fight, the commander was killed and prisoners released. Though a symbolic victory, it marked the beginning of a revolutionary period that ultimately led to the execution of the king in France.
The document summarizes key events of the French Revolution including the "Great Fear" peasant uprising, the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris, nobles fleeing the country, a women's march on Versailles, government reforms establishing departments and elections, the Declaration of Rights of Man, the limited constitutional monarchy established in 1791, foreign countries calling for war with France, and the monarchy being ended.
1. Napoleon became a general at age 24 and later took over the French government in a coup, naming himself first consul.
2. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of France.
3. After being defeated by an allied European force, Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena where he died in 1821.
1. 18th century French society was deeply divided along lines of social class, with the clergy and nobility making up the privileged first and second estates paying no taxes, while the commoners of the third estate faced heavy taxation to support the extravagant lifestyles of the upper classes.
2. Growing economic troubles, poor harvests, and the influence of Enlightenment philosophers challenging the status quo led to unrest among the third estate and middle class.
3. When King Louis XVI called the Estates General in 1789 to deal with a financial crisis, the third estate took the opportunity to demand sweeping reforms, declaring itself a national assembly intent on drafting a constitution and ending absolute monarchy. This triggered the
The document discusses the growth of indigo cultivation in Bengal under British rule. It summarizes that indigo production expanded rapidly in Bengal in the late 18th century to meet growing demand from Britain's textile industry. Planters used the nij and ryoti systems of cultivation, with ryoti forcing peasants to dedicate a portion of their lands to indigo through exploitative contracts. This led to major peasant unrest and the "Blue Rebellion" of 1859, as peasants refused to grow indigo under oppressive conditions.
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution including its key causes, events, outcomes, and legacy. It discusses the social, economic, and political causes of the revolution including the division of French society into estates, the country's growing debt, and the influence of Enlightenment philosophers. Major events covered include the storming of the Bastille, the Tennis Court Oath, and France becoming a constitutional monarchy with limits placed on the monarchy's power. The document also mentions the introduction of rights like equality before the law and the revolutionary wars that further strained France's economy.
Cavour played a key role in the unification of Italy. He was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont and helped engineer military alliance and diplomatic agreements that helped defeat the Austrian Empire and unite Italian states. Prussia's military strength and Bismarck's diplomacy were instrumental in defeating Denmark, Austria and France, allowing Germany's various states to unite into a new German empire by 1871. The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century, from the French Revolution inspiring nationalist ideas, to the revolutions of 1848, to eventual unification of Germany and Italy led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively. Key figures discussed include Napoleon, B
This document discusses the social and political changes in Europe leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative ideologies in response to the French Revolution. It also discusses the growth of socialist ideas and labor movements in response to industrialization. In Russia, it outlines the autocratic rule of the tsars, the emergence of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and the unrest caused by World War I that led to the overthrow of the tsar and establishment of a provisional government in early 1917.
This document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe. It discusses how the French Revolution spread ideas of national identity and citizenship. In the 1800s, liberal nationalism grew among the educated middle class who advocated for national unity and independence. The document also examines how romanticism, language, and folk culture helped develop nationalist sentiment. It describes the wave of revolutions across Europe in 1830-1848 as liberals and nationalists sought independent nation-states. Key events discussed include the unification of Germany and Italy.
The French Revolution led to the end of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in France. Prior to the revolution, French society was divided into estates with the clergy and nobility making up the first and second estates. The third estate comprised mostly poor peasants and laborers who faced economic hardship and subsistence crisis. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the middle class and third estate demanded greater political rights and representation. This led to the storming of the Bastille and abolition of feudalism. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791 but eventually gave way to a republic after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 during the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the French Revolution. It describes the societal structure under the Old Regime in France, with the population divided into estates. The king, Louis XVI, faced an empty treasury and called the Estates General to approve new taxes. However, the Third Estate demanded equal representation, and when rejected, formed the National Assembly on June 20th, 1789 by taking the Tennis Court Oath, vowing not to disperse until a new constitution was drafted. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
The document provides background on the French Revolution. It describes the economic troubles facing King Louis XVI that led to tax increases, sparking unrest. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of the king's power. Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu influenced calls for democratic reforms. In 1791, the National Assembly established a constitutional monarchy with limited powers for Louis XVI. However, war with neighboring countries and unrest grew, leading to the abolition of the monarchy in 1792 and the establishment of the violent Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre from 1793-1794.
Social Science History Chap1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10Tutalege
Nationalism emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and transformed the political landscape. Key developments included:
1) The French Revolution established the idea of the nation-state with citizens as sovereign rather than monarchs. This inspired nationalist movements across Europe.
2) Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s spread liberal and nationalist ideals but were ultimately repressed by conservative rulers.
3) German and Italian unification was achieved through warfare led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively in the late 1800s, establishing the first truly modern nation-states.
4) Romanticist notions of shared culture, language and heritage were important in fostering nationalist sentiment among the people.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by revolutionaries. French society was highly unequal, with the majority of the population (the third estate) facing heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. This, combined with Enlightenment ideas of equality and natural rights, led to growing unrest among commoners and the middle class. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and feudal system of France, establishing a constitutional monarchy then a republic, with the execution of King Louis XVI. A period of violence known as the Reign of Terror followed, led by Robespierre, before a Directory government was established under Napoleon Bonaparte.
Socialism in europe and the russian revolutionUshaJoy
The document provides background information on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative political factions in Europe in response to the French Revolution. It also describes the growth of socialist ideology and parties in Europe in the late 19th century, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. Finally, it outlines the economic, social, and political conditions in the Russian Empire prior to the revolutions of 1917, including unrest during World War I that ultimately led to the fall of the monarchy and rise of socialist rule.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris stormed the Bastille prison, freeing the prisoners and beginning the revolution. The revolution established France as a constitutional monarchy but divisions and unrest continued that led to the rise of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror in 1793-94 where thousands were executed. The revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic with the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It describes how sepoys in the East India Company's army first mutinied in Meerut in May 1857 over new equipment and policies that violated religious beliefs. The mutiny then spread to other regions as many civilians and rulers joined the rebellion. Major cities like Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow became rebel strongholds. It took the British until 1859 to suppress the widespread rebellion across northern India.
The French Revolution began in 1788 when King Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address France's financial troubles. This led to tensions between the three estates, and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille prison by Parisians marked the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and declared basic rights and liberties in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. However, the Revolution grew increasingly radical as outside powers invaded France and the Reign of Terror began, with Robespierre sending thousands to the guillotine until his own execution in 1794. The Revolution transformed France from a monarchy to a democratic republic and
Power sharing involves distributing power among different government bodies and groups to prevent any single entity from wielding power exclusively. This document discusses power sharing in Belgium as a positive example and Sri Lanka as a negative example. Belgium amended its constitution four times to respect the interests of its Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities by giving powers to state governments and establishing a community government. In contrast, Sri Lanka's majoritarian system that dominated the Tamil minority led to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflicts between groups and ensure political stability.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Nationalism In Europe'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
On July 14, 1789, rumors spread in Paris that the king planned to open fire on citizens. Over 7,000 people gathered and formed a militia, breaking into buildings to find arms. They then stormed the Bastille prison, hoping to find ammunition. In the ensuing fight, the commander was killed and prisoners released. Though a symbolic victory, it marked the beginning of a revolutionary period that ultimately led to the execution of the king in France.
The document summarizes key events of the French Revolution including the "Great Fear" peasant uprising, the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris, nobles fleeing the country, a women's march on Versailles, government reforms establishing departments and elections, the Declaration of Rights of Man, the limited constitutional monarchy established in 1791, foreign countries calling for war with France, and the monarchy being ended.
A subsistence crisis occurs when economic factors like high food prices threaten food supplies due to natural or man-made causes. In 1789 France, a subsistence crisis emerged from a rising population that increased demand for grains as production could not keep pace, causing grain prices and inequality to rise. Additionally, natural disasters sometimes reduced crop yields, further straining supplies and prices, while increased taxes by King Louis XVI exacerbated public anger.
The French Revolution presentation for high school World History class.
France, King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, taxes, economic depression, Enlightenment, the 3 Estates, the Estates General, Palace at Versailles, Château de Versailles, the Bastille, Tennis Court Oath, National Assembly,Voltaire, Jacobins, Maximilian Robespierre, guillotine, Great Fear, Reign of Terror
The document defines the bourgeoisie as the ruling class that owns the means of production privately in bourgeois society. It originated in 16th century France and has complete power and control over everything, owning all property and the means of production, while the proletariat works for the bourgeoisie and owns nothing. The bourgeoisie concentrates wealth and population in cities, makes other countries dependent on them, and creates a centralized government to maintain their power. They are distinguished by elaborate clothing, graceful behavior, and leisure activities like theaters, restaurants, and gardens to portray an aristocratic lifestyle, though the petite bourgeoisie have smaller control over production. Modern industry has converted workshops into factories, reduced skill requirements, and replaced male with female labor to oppress
1. The French Revolution began in 1789 due to financial problems under King Louis XVI, issues faced by peasants, and the refusal of clergy and nobles to pay more taxes.
2. The National Assembly was formed and introduced reforms like ending privileges of the nobility, declaring equal rights, and creating a constitutional monarchy.
3. However, opposition remained and the revolution became more radical as commoners grew more discontent and inflation increased.
The document summarizes the social and political conditions in France prior to the French Revolution. It describes the stratified society divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility making up the first two estates and enjoying privileges like tax exemptions. The third estate, comprising peasants, artisans, and the middle class, bore the burden of taxation. Rising population and food prices led to hardship for the poor. Philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau influenced ideas of equality and separation of powers. When King Louis XVI called the Estates General in 1789 to approve new taxes, tensions erupted between the privileged estates and the third estate seeking greater political representation and reforms.
Best French revolution Power Point Presentation made Ever!!!!!!!!!! vaibhavchhabra80
The document provides details about a PowerPoint presentation on the French Revolution from 1789-1799. It lists the contents covered, including causes of the revolution such as social, economic, and political causes. It describes key events like the formation of the National Assembly, the storming of the Bastille, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in France. It also discusses figures like Robespierre and the Jacobins, and the eventual fall of the Jacobin government. In 3 sentences or less: This document outlines the contents of a PowerPoint presentation about the causes and major events of the French Revolution from 1789-1799, including the formation of the National Assembly, storming of the Bastille, and establishment
The document provides background information on the causes of the French Revolution. It identifies several key causes:
1) The social cause was the unbalanced social structure under the Old Regime, with society divided into the privileged First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility) and the unprivileged Third Estate (everyone else).
2) The economic cause was that the treasury was depleted due to wars and spending, forcing the king to raise taxes.
3) The political cause was that King Louis XVI was of mediocre intelligence and mismanaged funds.
4) The immediate cause was the convening of the Estates General in 1789, where the Third Estate demanded more representation which the
The document provides background information on the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It describes the social structure under the Old Regime, divided into three estates - clergy, nobility, and commoners. The clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes while the commoners faced heavy taxation and economic hardship. Leading causes of the revolution included the depleted treasury due to wars and spending by the king and queen, as well as growing intellectual support for ideas of equality, liberty and popular sovereignty. Key events included the formation of the National Assembly by the third estate, the storming of the Bastille prison, and the abolition of feudalism and establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The revolution eventually led to the establishment of a republic and
Louis XVI became King of France in 1774 after the death of his father, Louis XV. However, he lacked self-confidence and intelligence. Upon taking the throne, Louis XVI found the treasury empty due to France's support of the American colonies in their war for independence from Britain. To pay off war debts and expenses of running the government, Louis XVI was forced to increase taxes, but only on the Third Estate as the clergy and nobility were exempt. Rising food prices and stagnant wages also increased discontent among the Third Estate, who made up the majority of the population.
Louis XVI became King of France in 1774 after the death of his father, Louis XV. However, he lacked self-confidence and intelligence. Upon taking the throne, Louis XVI found the treasury empty due to France's support of the American colonies in their war for independence from Britain. To pay off war debts and expenses of running the government, Louis XVI was forced to increase taxes, which angered the third estate as they were the only ones required to pay most taxes. Rising bread prices and a widening wealth gap further exacerbated public discontent with the French monarchy and feudal system during the late 18th century.
French Revolution done in 2007 (IX Class) By Prabhat GauravSahil Gaurav
I hope that this ppt will help you a lot. This presentation consist of the facts about French Revolution in 2007....This would be helpful for the students in 9 class.
Wynberg girls high-lynne martin-history-grade8-french revolution quest for li...Wynberg Girls High
By 1789, France was in crisis due to political, social, and economic issues under the Old Order system. Society was divided into estates with the first and second estates (clergy and nobility) holding privileges without paying taxes. The third estate (commoners) bore the tax burden without political representation. King Louis XVI faced a bankrupt treasury due to wars, taxation, and a poor harvest. Ordinary people grew discontented with the lavish lifestyle at Versailles while they struggled. This led to the convening of the Estates General and eventual formation of the National Assembly, marking the start of the French Revolution.
The French Revolution from 1789 to 1799 led to widespread political, social, and economic changes in France. It abolished the monarchy, established a republic, and was inspired by Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. However, the revolution became increasingly radical and violent under Maximilien Robespierre's Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794, with thousands executed by guillotine. The revolution eventually gave way to Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power as dictator in 1799.
The document provides background on the causes and key events of the French Revolution:
1. Political, social, and economic causes like financial troubles, unequal privileges for the clergy and nobility, and a subsistence crisis led to discontent among the common people and emerging middle class.
2. The Revolution began in 1789 as the Third Estate declared the National Assembly and drafted a constitution, while unrest grew among the common people of France.
3. Over the subsequent years of the Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though periods of violence and terror occurred under the Jacobins before a new Directory government system was introduced.
1) The document summarizes key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789-1791, including the storming of the Bastille, establishment of the National Assembly, and creation of a constitutional monarchy.
2) French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy, nobility, and bourgeoisie in the first two estates enjoying privileges over the third estate of peasants and laborers. Economic troubles and Enlightenment ideas led the third estate to revolt.
3) Women played an active role in the Revolution and fought for equal political and legal rights, though full equality was not achieved until the 20th century. The Revolution also eventually led to the abolition of slavery in French colonies.
His 102 chapter 18 the french revolution part i fall 2013dcyw1112
The document summarizes the key events and developments in France between 1788-1799:
1. Increasing discontent among the nobility and bourgeoisie in the late 1780s led to the convening of the Estates-General in 1789 and the formation of the National Assembly.
2. The storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear in 1789 marked the start of the Revolution. Peasant revolts broke out across the countryside.
3. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and declared France a constitutional monarchy in 1791, but war with Austria and Prussia radicalized the Revolution.
4. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI executed in 17
The document summarizes the key causes and events of the French Revolution:
1. Political, social, and economic causes like debt, unequal taxation, and poverty led to discontent among the common people against the monarchy. 2. The Revolution began in 1789 when the commoners formed the National Assembly and declared a constitutional monarchy. 3. However unrest continued and the monarchy was abolished in 1792, forming a republic dominated by the radical Jacobins led by Robespierre.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of government. France was facing a financial crisis due to debt from wars and spending by the king and queen. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the Third Estate revolted and common people took to the streets due to high bread prices. The National Assembly was formed and abolished privileges of the clergy and nobility. However, internal conflicts led to the establishment of a republic and Reign of Terror under Robespierre. The revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and later a republic while also spreading ideas of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty.
This presentation is about the French revolution which took place in the recent past and had been successful in shaping the country through such grave conditions.
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
The French Revolution was a period of fundamental political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the monarchy, establishing a republic. The revolution was caused by heavy taxation on the Third Estate to pay off war debts and maintain the lavish lifestyle of the nobility. It led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism. The revolution established a constitutional monarchy but growing radicalism led to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre and the establishment of a republic. The revolution had wide-ranging effects including the expansion of rights through the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the temporary abolition of the French monarchy.
The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 when protesters stormed the Bastille prison in Paris looking for arms. This marked the start of the revolution against the absolute monarchy and old feudal system of France. The National Assembly was formed and declared France a constitutional monarchy, limiting the King's power. However, as the revolution radicalized, the monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic was declared. Maximillian Robespierre rose to power and instituted the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, where those seen as enemies of the revolution were executed by guillotine without trial.
AP Causes of the French Revolution GLASS 2020.pptNamitaPatra3
The document provides background information on the causes of the French Revolution through several sections:
1. It describes the socio-political system of pre-revolutionary France known as the Old Regime, which divided society into three estates and imposed heavy taxes on the Third Estate.
2. It identifies economic difficulties, Enlightenment ideas questioning absolute monarchy, and influence from the American Revolution as contributing factors.
3. It outlines the calling of the Estates General in 1789 by King Louis XVI to address financial problems, but the three estates could not agree on procedures, leading the Third Estate to declare itself the National Assembly.
4. Describing rising tensions, it concludes with the storming of
Power Point Presentation on Nationalist Movement In Indo Chinassh09
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Democratic Politics Chapter I for grade 10 i hope it is going to be more interesting and easier for the students to learn and revise. I hope students of CBSE schools will benefit across the globe.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family ofIn 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of
kings ascended the throne of France.kings ascended the throne of France.
He was 20 years old and married to theHe was 20 years old and married to the
Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
The royal family lived in luxury at the Palace ofThe royal family lived in luxury at the Palace of
Versailles.Versailles.
French Society During the LateFrench Society During the Late
Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century
3. The Old RegimeThe Old Regime
The term Old Regime is usually used toThe term Old Regime is usually used to
describe the society and institutions of ofdescribe the society and institutions of of
France before 1789.France before 1789.
The society of estates was part of theThe society of estates was part of the
feudal system that dated back to thefeudal system that dated back to the
middle ages.middle ages.
4.
5. The French RoyaltyThe French Royalty
The royal familyThe royal family
lived in luxury atlived in luxury at
the Palace ofthe Palace of
Versailles.Versailles.
Hall of Mirrors
6. The Palace of VersaillesThe Palace of Versailles
The King and Queen of France lived in luxury andThe King and Queen of France lived in luxury and
splendor at the magnificent Palace of Versaillessplendor at the magnificent Palace of Versailles
outside of Paris.outside of Paris.
7. The Three EstatesThe Three Estates
Before the revolution the French people wereBefore the revolution the French people were
divided into three Estates:divided into three Estates:
The first estate: The ClergyThe first estate: The Clergy
The second estate: The NobilityThe second estate: The Nobility
The third estate:The third estate: Big businessmen, merchants,Big businessmen, merchants,
court officials, lawyers Peasants and artisanscourt officials, lawyers Peasants and artisans
Small peasants, landless labour, servantsSmall peasants, landless labour, servants
Legally the first two estates enjoyed manyLegally the first two estates enjoyed many
privileges, particularly exemption from taxes.privileges, particularly exemption from taxes.
8. The Clergy and NobilityThe Clergy and Nobility
The members of the first two estates, that is,The members of the first two estates, that is,
thethe clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain
privileges by birth.
The most important of these was exemptionThe most important of these was exemption
from paying taxes to the state.from paying taxes to the state.
The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.
These included feudal dues, which theyThese included feudal dues, which they
extracted from the peasants.extracted from the peasants.
9. The ChurchThe Church
The Church too extracted its share of taxesThe Church too extracted its share of taxes
calledcalled tithes from the peasants. All membersAll members
of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state.of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state.
These included a direct tax, calledThese included a direct tax, called tailletaille, and a, and a
number of indirect taxes which were levied onwhich were levied on
articles of everyday consumption like salt orarticles of everyday consumption like salt or
tobacco.tobacco.
The burden of financing activities of the stateThe burden of financing activities of the state
through taxes was borne by the third estatethrough taxes was borne by the third estate
alone.alone.
10. The Third EstateThe Third Estate
The third estate, the common people, was by
far the largest group in France.
Big businessmen, merchants, court officials,Big businessmen, merchants, court officials,
lawyers etclawyers etc
Peasants and artisansPeasants and artisans
Small peasants, landless labour, servants.Small peasants, landless labour, servants.
Peasants were obliged to render services toPeasants were obliged to render services to
the lord – to work in his house and fields – tothe lord – to work in his house and fields – to
serve in the army or to participate in buildingserve in the army or to participate in building
roads.roads.
11. The Spider and the Fly.The Spider and the Fly.
AnAn anonymous etching.anonymous etching.
‘This poor fellow
brings everything,
grain, fruits, money,
salad. The fat lord
sits there, ready to
accept it all. He
does
not even care to
grace him with a
look.’
12. The Financial CrisisThe Financial Crisis
Long years of war had drained the financial
resources of France. Added to this was the cost
of maintaining an extravagant court at the
immense palace of Versailles.
Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen
American colonies to gain their independence
from the common enemy, Britain. The war
added more than a billion livres to a debt that
had already risen to more than 2 billion livres.
13. Lenders who gave the state credit, now began
to charge 10 per cent interest on loans.
So the French government was obliged to
spend an increasing percentage of its budget
on interest payments alone.
To meet its regular expenses, such as the costTo meet its regular expenses, such as the cost
of maintaining an army, the court, runningof maintaining an army, the court, running
government offices or universities, the stategovernment offices or universities, the state
was forced to increase taxes.was forced to increase taxes.
15. The Struggle to Survive
The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715
to 28million in 1789.This led to a rapid increase in the
demand for foodgrains. Production of grains could not keep
pace with the demand. So the price of bread which was the
staple diet of the majority rose rapidly.
Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops
whose owner fixed their wages.But wages did not keep pace
with the rise in prices. So the gap between the poor and the
rich widened.
Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the
harvest.
This led to a subsistence crisis, something that occurred
frequently in France during the Old Regime..
17. A Growing Middle Class EnvisagesA Growing Middle Class Envisages
an End to Privilegesan End to Privileges
The eighteenth century witnessed theThe eighteenth century witnessed the
emergence of social groups, termed the middleemergence of social groups, termed the middle
class.class.
They earned their wealth through anThey earned their wealth through an
expanding overseas trade and from theexpanding overseas trade and from the
manufacture of goods such as woollen and silkmanufacture of goods such as woollen and silk
textiles that were either exported or bought bytextiles that were either exported or bought by
the richer members of society.the richer members of society.
18. In addition to merchants and manufacturers,In addition to merchants and manufacturers,
the third estate included professions such asthe third estate included professions such as
lawyers or administrative officials.lawyers or administrative officials.
All of these were educated and believed thatAll of these were educated and believed that
no group in society should be privileged byno group in society should be privileged by
birth. Rather, a person’s social position mustbirth. Rather, a person’s social position must
depend on his merit.depend on his merit.
19. The Ideas Of Philisphors
The ideas envisaging a society based on freedom
and equal laws and opportunities for all, were put
forward by philosophers such as John Locke and
Jean Jacques Rousseau.
In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke sought
to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute
rightof the monarchof the monarch..
Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form
of government based on a social contract between
people and their representatives
20. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu
proposed a division of power within the
government between the legislative, the
executive and the judiciary.
This model of government was put into forceThis model of government was put into force
in the USA, after the thirteen colonies declaredin the USA, after the thirteen colonies declared
their independence from Britain.their independence from Britain.
The American constitution and its guarantee ofThe American constitution and its guarantee of
individual rights was an important example forindividual rights was an important example for
political thinkers in France.political thinkers in France.
21. The ideas of these philosophers were
discussed intensively in salons and coffee-
houses and spread among people through
books and newspapers.
These were frequently read aloud in groups for
thebenefit of those who could not read and
write.
The news that Louis XVI planned to impose
further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of
the state generated anger and protest against
the system of privileges.privileges.
23. Calling the Estates GeneralCalling the Estates General
In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not
have the power to impose taxes according to his will
alone. Rather he had to call a meeting of the Estates
General which would then pass his proposals for
new taxes. The Estates General was a political body
to which the three estates sent their representatives.
However, the monarch alone could decide when to
call a meeting of this body. The last time it was
done was in 1614.
On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an
assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals
for new taxes.
25. The Estates General
A resplendent hall in Versailles was prepared to
host the delegates.
The first and secondestates sent 300 representatives
each, who were seated in rows facing each other on
two sides, while the 600 members of the third
estate had to stand at the back.
The third estate was represented by its more
prosperous and educated members.
Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to
the assembly. However, their grievances and
demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which
the representatives had brought with them.
26. Voting in the Estates GeneralVoting in the Estates General
Voting in the Estates General in the past hadVoting in the Estates General in the past had
been conducted according to the principle thatbeen conducted according to the principle that
each estate had one vote.each estate had one vote.
This time too Louis XVI was determined toThis time too Louis XVI was determined to
continue the same practice.continue the same practice.
But members of the third estate demanded thatBut members of the third estate demanded that
voting now be conducted by the assembly as avoting now be conducted by the assembly as a
whole, where each member would have onewhole, where each member would have one
vote.vote.
27. When the king rejected this proposal, members
of the third estate walked out of the assembly
in protest.
The representatives of the third estate viewed
themselves as spokesmen for the whole French
nation.
28. National Assembly
On 20 June they assembled in the hall of an indoor
tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
They declared themselves a National Assembly and
swore not to disperse till they had drafted a
constitution for France that would limit the powers
ofthe monarch.
They were led by Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyès.
Mirabeau was born in a noble family but was
convinced of the need to do away with a society of
feudal privilege.
29. Mirabeau brought out a journal and delivered
powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at
Versailles.
Abbé Sieyès, originally a priest, wrote an influential
pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate?
31. France Seethed with Turmoil
While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles
drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed
with turmoil.
A severe winter had meant a bad harvest; the price
of bread rose, often bakers exploited the situation
and hoarded supplies.
After spending hours in long queues at the bakery,
crowds of angry women stormed into the shops.
At the same time, the king ordered troops to move
into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed
and destroyed the Bastille.
33. A group of several hundred people marched towards
the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-
prison, the Bastille.
They hoped to find hoarded ammunition.
In the armed fight that followed,the commander of
the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released –
though there were only seven of them.
Yet the Bastille was hated by all, because it stood
for the despotic power of the king.
The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments
were sold in the markets to all those who wished to
keep a souvenir of its destruction.
35. In the countryside rumours spread from village to villageIn the countryside rumours spread from village to village
that the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands whothat the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands who
were on their way to destroy the ripe crops.were on their way to destroy the ripe crops.
Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districtsCaught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts
seized hoes and pitchforks and attackedseized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux.chateaux.
They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documentsThey looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents
containing records of manorial dues.containing records of manorial dues.
A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many ofA large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of
them migrating to neighbouring countries.them migrating to neighbouring countries.
Faced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVIFaced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI
finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly andfinally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and
accepted the principle that his powers would from now onaccepted the principle that his powers would from now on
be checked by a constitution.be checked by a constitution.
37. 4 August 1789 Abolition of Feudal
system
On the night of 4 August 1789, the Assembly
passed a decree abolishing the feudal system
of obligations and taxes.
Members of the clergy too were forced to give
up their privileges.
Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the
Church were confiscated.
As a result, the government acquired assets
worth at least 2 billion livres.
40. France Becomes a Constitutional
Monarchy
The National Assembly completed the draft of
the constitution in1791.
Its main object was to limit the powers of the
monarch.
These powers instead of being concentrated in
the hands of one person,were now separated
and assigned to different institutions – the
legislature, executive and judiciary.
This made France a constitutional monarchy..
42. The Constitution of 1791
The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to
make laws in the National Assembly, which
was indirectly elected.
That is, citizens voted for a group of electors,
who in turn chose the Assembly.
Not all citizens, had the right to vote.
Only men above 25 years of age who paid
taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s
wage were given the status of active citizens
were entitled to vote.
43. The remaining men and all women were
classed as passive citizens.
To qualify as an elector and then as a member
of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the
highest bracket of taxpayers. The Constitution
began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen.
44. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, painted by
the artist Le Barbier in 1790. The figure on the right represents
France. The figure on the left symbolises the law.
45. Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen
Rights such as the right to life, freedom of
speech, freedom of opinion, equality before
law, were established as ‘natural and
inalienable’ rights, that is, they belonged to
each human being by birth and could not be
taken away.
It was the duty of the state to protect each
citizen’s natural rights.
47. France Abolishes Monarchy and
Becomes a Republic
Although Louis XVI had signed the ConstitutionAlthough Louis XVI had signed the Constitution,,
The situation in France continued to be tense duringThe situation in France continued to be tense during
the following yearsthe following years..
Louis XVI entered into secret negotiation with King
of Prussia. Rulers of other neighbouring countriesRulers of other neighbouring countries
were worried by the developments in France andwere worried by the developments in France and
made plans to send troops to put down the eventsmade plans to send troops to put down the events
that had been taking place since the summer ofthat had been taking place since the summer of
1789.1789.
48. Before this could happen, the National AssemblyBefore this could happen, the National Assembly
voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussiavoted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia
and Austria.and Austria.
Thousands of volunteers thronged from theThousands of volunteers thronged from the
provinces to join the army.provinces to join the army.
They saw this as a war of the people against kingsThey saw this as a war of the people against kings
and aristocracies all over Europe.and aristocracies all over Europe.
Marseillaise, composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.
It was sung for the first time by volunteers from
Marseilles as they marched into Paris.
The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of
France.
50. Political clubs
Political clubs became an important rallying
point for people who wished to discuss
government policies and plan their own forms
of action.
The most successful of these clubs was that of
the Jacobins, which got its name from the
former convent of St Jacob in Paris.
Women too, who had been active throughout
this period, formed their own clubs.
51. Jacobin club
The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly
to the less prosperous sections of society.
They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as
shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers,
as well as servants and daily-wage workers.
Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
A large group among the Jacobins decided to start
wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn
by dock workers.
This was to set themselves apart from fashionable
sections of society, especially nobles, who wore
knee breeches.
52. Sans-Culottes,
These Jacabins came to be known as the sans-
culottes, literally meaning ‘those without knee
breeches’.
Sansculottes men wore in addition the red cap that
symbolised liberty.
Women however were not allowed to do so.
55. Attack On The Palace Of TheAttack On The Palace Of The
TuileriesTuileries
On the morning of August 10 they stormed the
Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards
and held the king himself as hostage.
Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal
family.
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on theLouis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the
chargecharge of treason. On 21 January 1793 he was
executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.Place de la Concorde.
The qu'en Marie Antoinette met with theThe qu'en Marie Antoinette met with the same fatesame fate
shortly after.shortly after.
57. The Convention
The newly elected assembly was called theThe newly elected assembly was called the
Convention. On 21 September 1792 itConvention. On 21 September 1792 it
abolished the monarchy and declared France aabolished the monarchy and declared France a
republic.republic.
A republic is a form of government where theA republic is a form of government where the
people elect the government including thepeople elect the government including the
head of thehead of the government.
There is no hereditary monarchy.
From now on all men of 21 years and above,
regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.
61. The Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the
Reign of Terror.
Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and
punishment.
All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the
republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members of other
political parties, even members of his own party
who did not agree withhis methods – were arrested,
imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary
tribunal.If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were
guillotined.
62. The Guillotine
The guillotine is a device consisting of twoThe guillotine is a device consisting of two
poles and a blade with which a person ispoles and a blade with which a person is
beheaded.beheaded.
It was named after Dr Guillotin who inventedIt was named after Dr Guillotin who invented
it.it.
63. Suspension of Civil LibertiesSuspension of Civil Liberties
Robespierre government issued laws placing a
maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced
to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at
prices fixed by the government.
The use of more expensive white flour was
forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain
d’égalité (equality bread), a loaf made of whole
wheat.
Equality was also sought to be practised through
forms of speech and address.
64. Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and
Madame (Madam) all French men and women were
henceforth Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
Churches were shut down and their buildings
converted into barracks or offices.
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that
even his supporters began to demand moderation.
Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794,
arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.
65. The revolutionary government sought to mobilise the
loyalty of its subjects through various means – one of
them was the staging of festivals like this one.
66. A Directory Rules FranceA Directory Rules France
The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the
wealthier middle classes to seize power.
A new constitution was introduced which denied the
vote to non-propertied sections of society.
It provided for two elected legislative councils.
These then appointed a Directory, an executive
made up of five members.
This was meant as a safeguard against the
concentration of power in a one-man executive as
under the Jacobins.
67. However, the Directors often clashed with the
legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss
them..
The political instabilityThe political instability of the Directory paved the
way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon
Bonaparte.
Through all these changes in the form of
government, the ideals of freedom, of equality
before the law and of fraternity remained inspiring
ideals that motivated political movements in France
and the rest of Europe during the following century
68. Condition Of Women
Most women of the third estate had to work for aMost women of the third estate had to work for a
living.living.
They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, soldThey worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold
flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or wereflowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or were
employed as domestic servants in the houses ofemployed as domestic servants in the houses of
prosperous people.prosperous people.
Most women did not have access to education or jobMost women did not have access to education or job
training.training.
Only daughters of nobles or wealthier members ofOnly daughters of nobles or wealthier members of
the third estate could study at a convent, after whichthe third estate could study at a convent, after which
their families arranged a marriage for them.their families arranged a marriage for them.
69. Working women had also to care for their families,
that is, cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and
look after the children. Their wages were lower than
those of men.
70. Women Political Clubs And Their
Demands
Women started their own political clubs and
newspapers.
The Society of Revolutionary and Republican
Women was the most famous of them.
Women were disappointed that the Constitution of
1791 reduced them to passive citizens.
One of their main demands was that women enjoy
the same political rights as men.
They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the
Assembly and to hold political office.
71. The state schools were created, schooling was made
compulsory for all girls.
Their fathers could no longer force them into
marriage against their will.
Marriage was made into a contract entered into
freely and registered under civil law.
Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by
both women and men.
Women could now train for jobs, could become
artists or run small businesses.
Women’s struggle for equal political rights,
continued.. It was finally in 1946 that women in
France won the right to vote..
72. Triangular Slave Trade
The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique,
Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important
suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo,
sugar and coffee.
The reluctance of Europeans to go and work in
distant and unfamiliar lands meant a shortage of
labour on the plantations. So this was met by a
triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and
the Americas.
The slave trade began in the seventeenth century.
73. French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux
or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought
slaves from local chieftains.
Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed
tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage
across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
There they were sold to plantation owners.
The exploitation of slave labour made it possible to
meet the growing demand in European markets for
sugar, coffee, and indigo.
Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their
economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
74. The Abolition of Slavery
One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the
Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the
French colonies..
The National Assembly held long debates about
whether the rights of man should be extended to all
French subjects including those in the colonies.
But it did not pass any laws, fearing opposition from
businessmen whose incomes depended on the slave
trade.
Finally the Convention in 1794 legislated to free all
slaves in the French overseas possessions..
75. The Abolition Of Censorship
One important law that came into effect soon after
the storming of the Bastille in the summer of 1789
was the abolition of censorship.
In the Old Regime all written material and cultural
activities – books, newspapers, plays – could be
published or performed only after they had been
approved by the censors of the king.
76. Now the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and
expression to be a natural right.
Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures
flooded the towns of France from where they
travelled rapidly into the countryside.
They all described and discussed the events and
changes taking place in France.
Freedom of the press also meant that opposing
views of events could be expressed.
Each side sought to convince the others of its
position through the medium of print.
77. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large
numbers of people.
This was one way they could grasp and identify
with ideas such as liberty or justice that political
philosophers wrote about at length in texts which
only a handful of educated people could read..
78. The patriotic fat-reducing press.
This anonymous print of 1790 seeks to make the
idea of justice tangible.
79. The Rise Of Napoleon Bonaparte
The political instability of the Directory paved the
way for the rise of a military dictator,Napoleon
Bonaparte.
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself
Emperor of France.
He set out to conquer neighbouring European
countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating
kingdoms where he placed members of his family.
Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe.
80. He introduced many laws such as the protection of
private property and a uniform system of weights
and measures provided by the decimal system.
Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who
would bring freedom for the people.
But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed
everywhere as an invading force.
He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.
Many of his measures that carried the revolutionary
ideas of liberty and modern laws to other parts of
Europe had an impact on people long after
Napoleon had left.
82. Conclusion
The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the
most important legacy of the French Revolution.
These spread from France to the rest of Europe
during the nineteenth century, where
Feudal systems were abolished.were abolished.
Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedomColonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom
from bondage into their movements to create afrom bondage into their movements to create a
sovereign nation state.sovereign nation state.
Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy also responded toTipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy also responded to
the ideas coming from revolutionary France.the ideas coming from revolutionary France.
83. SourcesSources
The French Revolution: From NCERT Text BookThe French Revolution: From NCERT Text Book
as prescribed by CBSEas prescribed by CBSE