The evolution of new species of large organisms is sometimes termed .pdf
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The evolution of new species of large organisms is sometimes termed “macroevolution,” to distinguish it from evolution in bacteria, which happens so frequently and quickly that it is unremarkable. The problem with really understanding macroevolution is that it is slow. The good thing is that Darwin developed the theory over 150 years ago, so we’ve had long enough to observe some pretty remarkable cases of macroevolution. Write a short case study (one paragraph is probably enough – but write it out, don’t cut-and-paste) describing a recent example of macroevolution that has been documented scientifically. Do not describe changes in bacteria for this question. Solution Macroevolution is a slow and gradual process and it is less understood in comparison with microevolution. Macroevolution is regarded as Grand-scale evolution as it paved the way for the creation of new species like eukaryotes from prokaryotes, adaptive radiation of mammals or we can even consider the extinction of dinosaurs. The macroevolution evidences will be gained either from fossils or by comparing the living organisms. Examples are macroevolution are evolution of flowering plants from seed plants, birds evolving from dinosaurs, four legs or tetrapod animals evolving from fish or the origin of whales also considered as one of the best example for macroevolution and is well documented. Specializations of migrant fishes and birds to different habitats can be discussed under adaptive radiation and is well documented under macroevolution. Examples for intraspecific macroevolution is trophic specializations shown by finches and cichlid fishes. Under macroevolution scientists has documented the diversity of taxa of a variety of organisms like salamanders, fishes, bees, butterflies etc. The flowering plants are known to show the intra specific macroevolution with respect to the characters like possession of a corolla tube or an inferior ovary or hormonal changes etc..
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Micro macro and mega evolution
KEY POINTS
Evolution is a slow and gradual STEP BY STEP process.
Irreversible transformations takes place from simple to complex or advanced occurring in time and space.
Darwin assumed that if evolution is gradual , then there should be a record in fossils of small incremental change within a species. But in many cases, Darwin, and scientists today, are unable to find most of these intermediate forms.
Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection are the 5 key mechanisms responsible for evolution.
Variation, inheritance, selection and time are the 4 principles that are considered as the components of the evolutionary mechanism of natural selection.
Evolution and theories of evolution
Evolution and theories of Evolution, Lamarck Theory, Darwin Theory
Is macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of t.pdf
Is macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of time?” What processes or
events become very important at the macroevolutionary scale, where the fossil record gives
evidence of different species, genera, families, and higher taxa replacing others?
Solution
It is not macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of time but
microevolution is leading to macroevolution and speciation over very long periods of time.
\"Gradualism and the primacy of natural selection followed by Speciation and genome
reorganization due to genetic drift\" are the processes or events that become very important at the
macroevolutionary scale, where the fossil record gives evidence of different species, genera,
families, and higher taxa replacing others. For example, micro-evolutionary changes that
accumulate within two organisms of opposite sex may cause macro-evolutionary changes in the
offspring produced by their mating. The offspring greatly varies genetically from their parents
and is special enough to result in speciation; this is called “macroevolution.”
In Darwin\'s theory, the microevolutionary changes observed in the phenotypic features of the
“finches”, beaks, tortoises and coral reefs that are observable during a scientist’s lifetime provide
support for Darwin’s view that all life is connected in a branching pattern of phylogenetic tree.
According to Darwin, natural selection including genetic variations is leading to “branching
pattern” in the origin of species. He concluded in his lifetime microevolutionay observation base
on gradualism of species evolution with “branching interrelationships” among all living beings
by meticulous “metaphor of branching pattern” as described below.
Darwin’s theory of gradualism and evolution:
Darwin uses Gradualsim and he proposed that the gradual changes associated with variations of a
species through evolution to get adapted to the present ecosystem with no much transitional
forms. Human evolution based on the gradualism and their adaptations are extremely complex.
Initially in the gradualism, natural selection operates to obtain specific traits according to biome,
ecosystem because of large-scale events followed by formation of rivers, water availability and
habitat formation. Humans did not evolve from primates until just 7 million years ago; while life
appeared on earth 3.5 billion years ago. Humans are well adapted for the environment and
developed their adaptation features as per interspecific and intraspecific genetic variations. If the
evolution time-line compressed to a calendar year, the first organism would appear around
March and Humans would not appear until December 31.
Darwin has developed a meticulous scientific theory about the exact biological evolution of a
species and he explained the evolution of modern species over a long period from a common
ancestor base on morphological convergent & divergent features as explained below.
Descent with modification from a common ance.
Recommended
Micro macro and mega evolution
KEY POINTS
Evolution is a slow and gradual STEP BY STEP process.
Irreversible transformations takes place from simple to complex or advanced occurring in time and space.
Darwin assumed that if evolution is gradual , then there should be a record in fossils of small incremental change within a species. But in many cases, Darwin, and scientists today, are unable to find most of these intermediate forms.
Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection are the 5 key mechanisms responsible for evolution.
Variation, inheritance, selection and time are the 4 principles that are considered as the components of the evolutionary mechanism of natural selection.
Evolution and theories of evolution
Evolution and theories of Evolution, Lamarck Theory, Darwin Theory
Is macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of t.pdf
Is macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of time?” What processes or
events become very important at the macroevolutionary scale, where the fossil record gives
evidence of different species, genera, families, and higher taxa replacing others?
Solution
It is not macroevolution simply “microevolution over very long periods of time but
microevolution is leading to macroevolution and speciation over very long periods of time.
\"Gradualism and the primacy of natural selection followed by Speciation and genome
reorganization due to genetic drift\" are the processes or events that become very important at the
macroevolutionary scale, where the fossil record gives evidence of different species, genera,
families, and higher taxa replacing others. For example, micro-evolutionary changes that
accumulate within two organisms of opposite sex may cause macro-evolutionary changes in the
offspring produced by their mating. The offspring greatly varies genetically from their parents
and is special enough to result in speciation; this is called “macroevolution.”
In Darwin\'s theory, the microevolutionary changes observed in the phenotypic features of the
“finches”, beaks, tortoises and coral reefs that are observable during a scientist’s lifetime provide
support for Darwin’s view that all life is connected in a branching pattern of phylogenetic tree.
According to Darwin, natural selection including genetic variations is leading to “branching
pattern” in the origin of species. He concluded in his lifetime microevolutionay observation base
on gradualism of species evolution with “branching interrelationships” among all living beings
by meticulous “metaphor of branching pattern” as described below.
Darwin’s theory of gradualism and evolution:
Darwin uses Gradualsim and he proposed that the gradual changes associated with variations of a
species through evolution to get adapted to the present ecosystem with no much transitional
forms. Human evolution based on the gradualism and their adaptations are extremely complex.
Initially in the gradualism, natural selection operates to obtain specific traits according to biome,
ecosystem because of large-scale events followed by formation of rivers, water availability and
habitat formation. Humans did not evolve from primates until just 7 million years ago; while life
appeared on earth 3.5 billion years ago. Humans are well adapted for the environment and
developed their adaptation features as per interspecific and intraspecific genetic variations. If the
evolution time-line compressed to a calendar year, the first organism would appear around
March and Humans would not appear until December 31.
Darwin has developed a meticulous scientific theory about the exact biological evolution of a
species and he explained the evolution of modern species over a long period from a common
ancestor base on morphological convergent & divergent features as explained below.
Descent with modification from a common ance.
EVOLUTION NOTES.docx
Human beings have always been perplexed about the origin and evolution of life on earth. For centuries, a number of theories and hypothesis have been suggested to explain the evolutionary process.
In the previous year, in a very short time life was created by some supernatural power. Most of the religions and civilizations still believe in it, however, they do not have a scientific explanation and more a matter of faith. There has always been an attempt by the scientists and naturalists with keen observation, to explain the evolution scientifically and to look for its evidences.
The process of evolution involves a gradual change or variation in the organisms generation after generation. It means that the organisms of present-day have arisen from ancestors that were simpler in an organisation.
EVOLUTION NOTES.docx
Human beings have always been perplexed about the origin and evolution of life on earth. For centuries, a number of theories and hypothesis have been suggested to explain the evolutionary process.
In the previous year, in a very short time life was created by some supernatural power. Most of the religions and civilizations still believe in it, however, they do not have a scientific explanation and more a matter of faith. There has always been an attempt by the scientists and naturalists with keen observation, to explain the evolution scientifically and to look for its evidences.
The process of evolution involves a gradual change or variation in the organisms generation after generation. It means that the organisms of present-day have arisen from ancestors that were simpler in an organisation.
Biodiversity and Evolution.pptx
This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
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If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf
If Mendel had chosen \'factors\' to follow in his pea plants poorly, and had unwittingly chosen to
observe gene traits on the same chromosome:
a. which one of his laws would he not have been able to figure out? why?
Solution
Mendel performed classical experiments on pea plant considering following points:
Based upon these assumption, Mendel performed some experiments and resulted in following
conclusions:
Till that time, it was not known that these \'factors\' were actually genes which are very active at
molecular levels. These genes can indeed show segregation and independent assortment but for
that to take place, a minimum prescribed distance should be present between two genes. If two
genes are located very close to each other, it is very highly probabale that these gene-pair will be
inherited as a single unit in the successive generations. Thus, the law of segregation and
independent assortment fails here.
Tthus, if Mendel was able to figure out the molecular nature of genes/factors, the laws of
segregation and resultantly, the law of independent assortmuent would have failed..
If the significance level of a test is increased (i.e. increased fr.pdf
If the significance level of a test is increased (i.e. increased from 0.05 to 0.1), will the Type II
error increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
Solution
The two type of error rates moves in opposite of other. Thus if we increase the type I error (that
is level of significance ) then type II error will decrease..
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EVOLUTION NOTES.docx
Human beings have always been perplexed about the origin and evolution of life on earth. For centuries, a number of theories and hypothesis have been suggested to explain the evolutionary process.
In the previous year, in a very short time life was created by some supernatural power. Most of the religions and civilizations still believe in it, however, they do not have a scientific explanation and more a matter of faith. There has always been an attempt by the scientists and naturalists with keen observation, to explain the evolution scientifically and to look for its evidences.
The process of evolution involves a gradual change or variation in the organisms generation after generation. It means that the organisms of present-day have arisen from ancestors that were simpler in an organisation.
EVOLUTION NOTES.docx
Human beings have always been perplexed about the origin and evolution of life on earth. For centuries, a number of theories and hypothesis have been suggested to explain the evolutionary process.
In the previous year, in a very short time life was created by some supernatural power. Most of the religions and civilizations still believe in it, however, they do not have a scientific explanation and more a matter of faith. There has always been an attempt by the scientists and naturalists with keen observation, to explain the evolution scientifically and to look for its evidences.
The process of evolution involves a gradual change or variation in the organisms generation after generation. It means that the organisms of present-day have arisen from ancestors that were simpler in an organisation.
Biodiversity and Evolution.pptx
This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
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Essay on Evolution
Essay about Evidence for Evolution
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If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf
If Mendel had chosen \'factors\' to follow in his pea plants poorly, and had unwittingly chosen to
observe gene traits on the same chromosome:
a. which one of his laws would he not have been able to figure out? why?
Solution
Mendel performed classical experiments on pea plant considering following points:
Based upon these assumption, Mendel performed some experiments and resulted in following
conclusions:
Till that time, it was not known that these \'factors\' were actually genes which are very active at
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Tthus, if Mendel was able to figure out the molecular nature of genes/factors, the laws of
segregation and resultantly, the law of independent assortmuent would have failed..
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If the significance level of a test is increased (i.e. increased from 0.05 to 0.1), will the Type II
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I need an inttroduction for my paper on Conducting and Analyzing Sta.pdf
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Identify the contributions to Microbiology made by Redi, Tyndall, an.pdf
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I need help with two things. First Id like someone to check over m.pdf
I need help with two things. First I\'d like someone to check over my code for the 3 //TODO
statements below to verify that they\'re correct
public static HashSet doHashSetInsertMedian(int numItems) {
System.out.print(\"doHashSetInsertMedian: \");
HashSet set = new HashSet<>();
// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numItems - 1)
// to set, inside a loop.
for(int i=0; i doLinkedHashSetRemoveMedian(int numItems) {
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System.out.println(totalTime);
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}
Solution
PART 1
Hi friend, first part you have done correctly except a small mistake. In first TODO you missed
\'=\' sign:
public static HashSet doHashSetInsertMedian(int numItems) {
System.out.print(\"doHashSetInsertMedian: \");
HashSet set = new HashSet<>();
// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numItems - 1)
// to set, inside a loop.
for(int i=0; i<=numItems-1; i++){
set.add(i);
}
// TODO Write code that removes integer (numItems / 2)
// from set.
int median = numItems / 2;
set.remove(median);
long startTime = getTimestamp();
// TODO Write code that adds integer (numItems / 2)
// to set.
set.add(median);
long endTime = getTimestamp();
long totalTime = endTime - startTime;
System.out.println(totalTime);
return set;
}
PART 2:
public static LinkedHashSet doLinkedHashSetRemoveMedian(int numItems) {
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// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numitems - 1)
// to set.
for(int i=0; i<=numitems-1; i++)
set.add(i);
long startTime = getTimestamp();
// TODO Write code that removes the median element
// from set, repeatedly until the set is empty.
int median;
int current_size = set.size();
while(set.size() > 0){
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Explain Internal Controls and Corporate Governance.SolutionInt.pdf
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Solution
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those charged with governance ,management to provide reasonable assurance with regard to the
financial reporting ,effectiveness and efficiency of operations ,protection of assets and
compliance with prevalent laws and regulations.
Objectives of Internal Control :
(i) To ensure that the financial transactions are preformed within the general or specific
authorisation limits set by the management of the company
(ii) The accounting transactions are properly recorded with regards to correct amounts, as per
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(iii) Assets are safeguarded against unauthorised use, disposition and physically protected against
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Environmental Laws and Acts Project Research all of the following law.pdf
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Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 8, Soil Conservation Act (1935) a. Amendment
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Solution
Please find the answers below as tabulated:
Answer 2:
Lacey act
Answer 3
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Answer 4:
Public Health Service Act (1912)
Governed by Service Commission Corps and United States Department of Health and Human
Services and enacted by Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response along
with Office of Global AffairsActDrafted yearAmendment
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the residential areas.Formulated and executed by the United States congress
Answer 2:
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discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven io and des.pdf
discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven i/o and describe in general the
functionality of the DNA
Solution
Programmed I/O
Programmed I/O (PIO) refers to data transfers initiated by a CPU under driver software control
to access registers or memory on a device.
The CPU issues a command then waits for I/O operations to be complete. As the CPU is faster
than the I/O module, the problem with programmed I/O is that the CPU has to wait a long time
for the I/O module of concern to be ready for either reception or transmission of data. The CPU,
while waiting, must repeatedly check the status of the I/O module, and this process is known as
Polling. As a result, the level of the performance of the entire system is severely degraded.
Programmed I/O basically works in these ways:
Interrupt
The CPU issues commands to the I/O module then proceeds with its normal work until
interrupted by I/O device on completion of its work.
For input, the device interrupts the CPU when new data has arrived and is ready to be retrieved
by the system processor. The actual actions to perform depend on whether the device uses I/O
ports, memory mapping.
For output, the device delivers an interrupt either when it is ready to accept new data or to
acknowledge a successful data transfer. Memory-mapped and DMA-capable devices usually
generate interrupts to tell the system they are done with the buffer.
Although Interrupt relieves the CPU of having to wait for the devices, but it is still inefficient in
data transfer of large amount because the CPU has to transfer the data word by word between I/O
module and memory.
The main limitation of programmed I/O and interrupt driven I/O is given below:
Programmed I/O
Each instructions selects one I/O device (by number) and transfers a single character (byte)
Example: microprocessor controlled video terminal.
Four registers: input status and character, output status and character.
Interrupt-driven I/O
Primary disadvantage of programmed I/O is that CPU spends most of its time in a tight loop
waiting for the device to become ready. This is called busy waiting.
With interrupt-driven I/O, the CPU starts the device and tells it to generate an interrupt when it is
finished.
Done by setting interrupt-enable bit in status register.
Still requires an interrupt for every character read or written.
Interrupting a running process is an expensive business (requires saving context).
Requires extra hardware (DMA controller chip).
All these limitation can be overcome by the Introduction of DMA (Direct Memory Access)
To write block of 32 bytes from memory address 100 to device 4
1. CPU writes 32, 100, 4 into the first three DMA registers (memory address, count, device
number)
2. CPU puts code for WRITE (say 1) into fourth (direction) DMA register, which signals DMA
controller to begin operation
3. Controller reads (via bus request as CPU would) byte 100 from memory
4. Controller makes I/O request to write to device 4
5. Controller increments m.
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do it on excel and please kindly upload the excel file. or explain me how to do this question on
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In numerical analysis, Newton\'s method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named
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Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.Desc.pdf
Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.
Describe the structure and location of the adrenal glands. Include the organization of the
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Explain how the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system interact.
Describe the circadian cycle of melatonin.
Describe how the HPA axis controls sex-hormone release.
Describe what happens in the body in diabetes mellitus and explain the difference between Type
1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Solution
1.Structure and location of parathyroid glands:
Structure :
Loaction :These glands are situated behind the left and right lobes of the thyroid.
2.Structure and location of adrenal glands:
Structure :
Cortex :It is the outermost layer and is made up of three zones:
Zona glomerulosa :The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa and is
made up of oval cells that separated by thin strands of connective tissue.They secrete aldosterone
that function to regulate blood pressure.
Zona fasciculata:Lies next to zona glomerulosa.It is the largest layer made up of columnar
cells.They secrete hormone cortisol that is essential in maintaining homeostasis.
Zona reticularis:Lies next to zona fasciculata and near to medulla.Cells are in form of irregular
cords and they secrete androgen hormones for male reproductive functions.
Medulla :Present in the centre of the adrenal gland.Presence of chromaffin cells that secrete
hormones catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. in response to fright and fear.
Location of adrenal gland:The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the
retroperitoneum above the kidneys medially.
3.Adrenal and sympathetic nervous sytem interaction : In response to fear and fright , the
sympathetic nervous sysyem is activated that in turn activates the adrenal medulla to secrete
norepinephrine.Nor epinephrine prepares the body to respond to the situation immediately by
increasing the blood flow to our skeletal muscles to act accordingly.
4.Circadian cycle of melatonin: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland controls our sleep and
wake up cycle in a day.The internal clock of our body known as circadian rhythm regulates the
amount of melatonin produced by pineal gland.Melatonin levels rise in the dark after the sunset
and are at elevated levels at the night tht makes us asleep.In the morning,with sunrise the levels
drop making us awake.
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gonadal hormone system and the HPA axis.In adulthood,androgen levels increase HPA activity
while and estrogen level decreases HPA activity.Monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine
and serotonin are released from HPA axis that determine differences in sex.Signals that originate
from the brain and periphery are integrated together to influence the level of HPA axis activity,
and these are sex-specific.
6.Diabetes Mellitus : In diabetes mellitus, the blood sugar level increase.
Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for.pdf
Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for dendritic cells to travel to
the lymph node to present antigen to B and T cells. What benefit does this provide, given that gut
mucosal membranes are a major avenue for pathogen entry? Is this benefit provided during the
first or subsequent encounters with a specific pathogen? Why?
Solution
Ans Problem 3. Problem Type: Comprehension:
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is scattered along all mucosal linings of body and is
responsible for initiating immune responses to antigens that are specifically encountered along
these mucosal linings.
Mucosal epithelium contains special flat epithelial cells called M (which are membrane-like)
cells or FAE (also known as follicle associated epithelial cells). These special cells take small
amounts of gut antigens that enter the lumen of gut, and pass them to antigen producing cells and
lymphocytes of the MALT. M Cells also produce B-lymphocytes in gut react to micro-organisms
that tend to cross mucosa, and make IgA type of antibodies, which are then secreted directly onto
the gut lumen. These antibodies help in prevention of micro-organisms entering the gut by
sticking to the epithelium of gut, and can neutralise toxins and viruses both first and
subsequently also due to presence of memory B cells and T cells that then move to mucosal
effector sites..
C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration o.pdf
C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration of R3, R4 and R6? O A.
wye B. not defined O C. delta D. parallel E. Series Question 7 What is the configuration of R5,
R7 and R8? R2 LR3
Solution
its a delta connection
Standard 3-phase circuits or networks take on two major forms with names that represent the
way in which the resistances are connected, a Star connected network which has the symbol of
the letter, (wye) and a Delta connected network which has the symbol of a triangle, (delta).
A bullet that lodges in the heart would a. be located in the ventra.pdf
A bullet that lodges in the heart would: a. be located in the ventral body cavity. b. penetrate the
visceral peritoneum c. be located in the vertebral cavity. d. penetrate the parietal pleura. e. be
located laterally to a bullet that lodges in the lung.
Solution
3. d. A bullet that lodges in the heart would pentrate the parietal pluera to reach the heart..
Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classi.pdf
Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classic experiment with Paramecia
ook in at pop: Grown separately One tends \"Or O\' hod P to have a Place or o P kaudatum higer
tenders aurelia than the owner to hide They can Grown in mixed culture lire together o o a. 2 4 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 Days Other considerations: a) interactions from competition Paramecia exa c)
age ofreproduction Guvenile to senescence) reproductive value d) seasonal effects a weather
(regular and catastrophic) thrips example e) effects of habitat degradation fKocarrying capacity)
is effectively unknown for natural pops of all species
Solution
d) Interaction with other species for space or resources-classical example of paramecia
1st diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare are gwown
separately. In this case there is no competition between both species. Therefore these are
growing in number and number is increasing with time (days).
2nd diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare gwown are
grown together. Here you can see that one species population is increasing (P. aurelia) and other
is decreasing (P. caudatumare). Here ‘Principle of Competitive Exclusion’ works. When two
species are too similar, they cannot co-exsits because one of them will prove superior (dominant)
competitor. In other words we can say that two species cannot co-exist when they are actively
dependent on same resources.
d) Seasonal effect of weather (regular or catastrophic) strips example
Change in weather also effects the growth of a particular species. One species grow well in
winters whereas other in summer or autumn. As the favourable season changes the regular
growth is inhibited and whole population is destroyed (catastrophe).
Example: Agricultural crops.
Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family .pdf
Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family contains a husband, his wife
and a set of children. Each family is linked to another by a pointer called nextFamily. Husband is
linked to his wife by a pointer called myWife. The children are linked to their mother through a
pointer called myChildren. Children are linked by a pointer called mySibling.
Therefore, there are three types of nodes. The Husband node (class) contains the following
information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
nextFamily of Husband*
myWife of type Wife*
The Wife class contains the following information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
myChildren of Child*
The Child class contains the following information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
mySibling of Child*
Your program reads a set of commands from the transaction file and acts accordingly. The
commands in the transaction file include
AddHusband
RemoveHusband
AddWife
RemoveWife
AddAChild
RemoveAChild
PrintAFamily
PrintAllFamilies
AddHusbad comes with three more information: his SSN, his first name and his last name. When
you get this command, you need to create a node of type Husband and insert it to the top of the
Link list of the families
RemveHusband comes with one more information: the SSN. This node should be deleted. In
order to delete this node, first you need to remove the children (if any), then remove the wife (if
he is married) and then remove the node itself
AddWife comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the wife, her first name, her last name and
finally the SSN of her husband. Based on the SSN of her husband, her husband must be found in
the linked list and the wife node should be linked to it.
RemoveWife, comes with the SSN of her husband. In this case, the husband should be searched
and his wife node should be deleted. If the wife node is attached to the children, first remove all
the children and then remove the wide node
AddAchild comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the child, child first name, child last
name and finally the SSN of the father. Based on the SSN of the father, the father must be found
in the linked list and the child should be attached to the mother.
RemoveAchild, comes with the SSN of the father and SSN of the child. In this case, the father
should be searched and his wife node should be followed to find the child that should be deleted.
If you find the child, you need to remove it from the family
PrintAFamily comes with the SSN of the father. You need to search that family in the linked list
and print the information of the father. The mother (if any) and the children (if any) on the screen
PrintAllFamilies, goes through the entire linked list of the family and prints the information of
each family one by one.
Test your program with the following transaction file
AddHusband 100100100 Jim Smith
AddHusband 200200200 Joe Brown
AddHusband 300300300 Kevin Tarr
A.
Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into c.pdf
Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into crisis?
Solution
Keynes challenged Say’s law that supply will create its own demand, and argues it is
incompetent to tackle the problems of unemployment and of the trade cycle. The radicals believe
that capitalism has reduced the need for work, blurred the edges between work and free time and
loosened the relationship between work and wages. Information is corroding the market’s ability
to form prices correctly because markets are based on scarcity while information is abundant.
They feel the system’s defence mechanism is to form monopolies. Goods and services are
appearing no longer responsive to the dictates of the market and the managerial hierarchy.
Parallel currencies, time banks, and cooperatives have been proliferated and the whole swaths of
economic life are beginning to move to a different rhythm.
*****.
Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the lang.pdf
Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the language of the NFA consists
of lowercase letters of the alphabet. Then have it be able to determine whether strings in a string
file are in the language or not. The program must take the two files as command line arguments
(do not prompt the user).
Solution
#include
#include
#define STATES 256
#define SYMBOLS 20
int N_symbols;
int NFA_states;
char *NFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS];
int DFA_states; /* number of DFA states */
int DFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS];
/*Print state-transition table.*/
void put_dfa_table(
int tab[][SYMBOLS], /* DFA table */
int nstates, /* number of states */
int nsymbols) /* number of input symbols */
{
int i, j;
puts(\"STATE TRANSITION TABLE\");
/* input symbols: \'0\', \'1\', ... */
printf(\" | \");
for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\" %c \", \'0\'+i);
printf(\"\ -----+--\");
for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\"-----\");
printf(\"\ \");
for (i = 0; i < nstates; i++) {
printf(\" %c | \", \'A\'+i); /* state */
for (j = 0; j < nsymbols; j++)
printf(\" %c \", \'A\'+tab[i][j]);
printf(\"\ \");
}
}
/*Initialize NFA table.*/
void init_NFA_table()
{
NFAtab[0][0] = \"12\";
NFAtab[0][1] = \"13\";
NFAtab[1][0] = \"12\";
NFAtab[1][1] = \"13\";
NFAtab[2][0] = \"4\";
NFAtab[2][1] = \"\";
NFAtab[3][0] = \"\";
NFAtab[3][1] = \"4\";
NFAtab[4][0] = \"4\";
NFAtab[4][1] = \"4\";
NFA_states = 5;
DFA_states = 0;
N_symbols = 2;
}
/*String \'t\' is merged into \'s\' in an alphabetical order.*/
void string_merge(char *s, char *t)
{
char temp[STATES], *r=temp, *p=s;
while (*p && *t) {
if (*p == *t) {
*r++ = *p++; t++;
} else if (*p < *t) {
*r++ = *p++;
} else
*r++ = *t++;
}
*r = \'\\0\';
if (*p) strcat(r, p);
else if (*t) strcat(r, t);
strcpy(s, temp);
}
/*Get next-state string for current-state string.*/
void get_next_state(char *nextstates, char *cur_states,
char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa, int symbol)
{
int i;
char temp[STATES];
temp[0] = \'\\0\';
for (i = 0; i < strlen(cur_states); i++)
string_merge(temp, nfa[cur_states[i]-\'0\'][symbol]);
strcpy(nextstates, temp);
}
int state_index(char *state, char statename[][STATES], int *pn)
{
int i;
if (!*state) return -1; /* no next state */
for (i = 0; i < *pn; i++)
if (!strcmp(state, statename[i])) return i;
strcpy(statename[i], state); /* new state-name */
return (*pn)++;
}
/*
Convert NFA table to DFA table.
Return value: number of DFA states.
*/
int nfa_to_dfa(char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa,
int n_sym, int dfa[][SYMBOLS])
{
char statename[STATES][STATES];
int i = 0; /* current index of DFA */
int n = 1; /* number of DFA states */
char nextstate[STATES];
int j;
strcpy(statename[0], \"0\"); /* start state */
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { /* for each DFA state */
for (j = 0; j < n_sym; j++) { /* for each input symbol */
get_next_state(nextstate, statename[i], nfa, n_nfa, j);
dfa[i][j] = state_index(nextstate, statename, &n);
}
}
return n; /* number of DFA states */
}
void main()
{
init_NFA_table();
DFA_states = nfa_to_dfa(NFAtab, N.
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment? Biological interactions between
barnacle species are responsible for their distribution patterns. Night-feeding fishes rely on their
sense of smell to locate prey. The growth of salt marsh gross is limited by nitrogen availability.
Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. Goldfish prefer to eat
brightly-colored foods. TRUE/FALSE The oceans cover less than half of the earth\'s surface.
Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of
organisms this food supports. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification
schemes. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the
ocean. Ecology is: a type of life style. the study of the interaction of organisms and their
environment. a place where organisms live. what happens when a predator consumes a prey
item. the study of the physical environment in an ecosystem. Organisms that live under similar
environmental conditions and location, and interact directly or indirectly are part of the same:
ecosystem. biosystem. abiotic habitat. biotic habitat. population. An example of abiotic
factors influencing marine organisms is: predation. competition for food. parasitism. salinity.
bacterial disease. Habitat refers to where an organism: lives. feeds. reproduces. forages. All
of the above.
Solution
Answers
15. False
Oceans cover about 70%of the surface of the earth
16. True
17. True
Aristotle developed the first classification system which divided all known organisms into two
groups plants and animals
18. False
Multiple choice
19. b study of interaction of organism\'s their environment
Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their
environment . It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography and science .
20. a ecosystem
Interactions describes the different ways organisms obtain their food and energy . Some
organisms can make their own food and other organisms have to their food by eating other
organism
22. a lives
A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of
animals plants or other type of organism . It is the natural environment in which an organism
lives ..
Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf
Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely? [That is the mode of inheritance that would
mean that the pattern would HAVE to be as described, not just that is could have come out this
way.] sex-limited, autosomal dominant Y-linked X-linked recessive autosomal recessive X-
linked dominant autosomal dominant autosomal sex-influenced
Solution
Non-autosomal mode of inheritance is the one related to sex-chromosomes. The alleles
associated with sex-chromosomes represent a differential kind of inheritance pattern and display
a differential phenotype response in offsprings based upon their sex. Majority of the human
diseases related to sex-chromosomes are X-linked in nature such as color blindness, hemophilia,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Vitamin D resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia, Rett
syndrome, Incontinentia pigmention and Goltz syndrome.
Since both parents, a male and a female carry an X chromosome, they both are potential donors
of X-linked allele of a disease. Since the offsprings can acquire a differential X-chromosome
profile either from mother or father, their genetic make up will be dependent upon that of their
parents and thus, their disease condition (carrier, affected, unaffected).
Thus, X-linked (dominant or recessive) mode of sex-chromosome related diseases need to be
explained theoratically and observationally, and not only be described as general procedures of
genetic segregation. Since X-linked recessive diseases are more likely to cause ambiguity among
inheritance pattern, a more detailed explanation would be requried for X-linked recessive alleles..
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)?
a. Dolphins and humans
b. Apes and monkeys
c. Dolphins and fish
d. Dolphins and whales
e. Cats and bats
Wings of bats are:
a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals
b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds
c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates
d. Synapomorphic feature for bats
e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds
Solution
1). c. Dolphins and fish
Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same
structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such
cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the
ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals,
while the shark are fish..
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- 1. The evolution of new species of large organisms is sometimes termed “macroevolution,” to distinguish it from evolution in bacteria, which happens so frequently and quickly that it is unremarkable. The problem with really understanding macroevolution is that it is slow. The good thing is that Darwin developed the theory over 150 years ago, so we’ve had long enough to observe some pretty remarkable cases of macroevolution. Write a short case study (one paragraph is probably enough – but write it out, don’t cut-and-paste) describing a recent example of macroevolution that has been documented scientifically. Do not describe changes in bacteria for this question. Solution Macroevolution is a slow and gradual process and it is less understood in comparison with microevolution. Macroevolution is regarded as Grand-scale evolution as it paved the way for the creation of new species like eukaryotes from prokaryotes, adaptive radiation of mammals or we can even consider the extinction of dinosaurs. The macroevolution evidences will be gained either from fossils or by comparing the living organisms. Examples are macroevolution are evolution of flowering plants from seed plants, birds evolving from dinosaurs, four legs or tetrapod animals evolving from fish or the origin of whales also considered as one of the best example for macroevolution and is well documented. Specializations of migrant fishes and birds to different habitats can be discussed under adaptive radiation and is well documented under macroevolution. Examples for intraspecific macroevolution is trophic specializations shown by finches and cichlid fishes. Under macroevolution scientists has documented the diversity of taxa of a variety of organisms like salamanders, fishes, bees, butterflies etc. The flowering plants are known to show the intra specific macroevolution with respect to the characters like possession of a corolla tube or an inferior ovary or hormonal changes etc.