Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf

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Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)? a. Dolphins and humans b. Apes and monkeys c. Dolphins and fish d. Dolphins and whales e. Cats and bats Wings of bats are: a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates d. Synapomorphic feature for bats e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds Solution 1). c. Dolphins and fish Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals, while the shark are fish..

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1) Give one example of each of the following. a) a homologous molecular trait shared by all cellular organisms. b) a body part adapted to different functions in different species but showing clear homology of underlying structure. c) a non-homologous similarity between organisms adapted to similar habitats or niches (use an example NOT given in lecture). d) Amolecular vestigial trait shared by all primates, but not most other mammals. e) Amorphological vestigial trait shared by humans and great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, etc.)but not vestigial in other primates (e.g. monkeys). 2) What is meant by the \"ambiguity\" of species boundaries, and why did Darwin use it as part of his argument for common descent? 3) The picture below shows three species as embryos (left) and as adults (right). What is the name of the phenomenon it illustrates? What evidence does the phenomenon give about evolution? Solution 1. a.Aminoacids : The 20 aminoacids are same in all cellular orgainsms. b.Forelimbs c.Stream lined body of sharks and whales, wings of birds and insects. d.The gulono--lactone oxidase (GLO) pseudogene. e.Coccyx is present in humans and great apes as fused bone but is not present in monkeys as they have tails. 2.Ambiguity of species boundaries means there is always a confusion as to which organisms can be grouped into species; wheather sexually reproducing organisms and asexually reproducing organisms.What boundaries should exist so as to group organisms into species has always been ambiguous.No such species boundaries were set earlier.Darwin used it as a part of his argument for common ancestor because according to him god had created the species and this was known as Creationism and he emphasized on the process of natural selection to be an active process that led to evolution from common ancestor. 3.The phenomenon that the diagram illustrates is homology.Homology in embryo is known as ontogenetic homology and means that two or more species share same embryological similarities and it gives an evidence that all the three embryos of species have a common ancestor but in process of time have undergone remodelling of body parts through natural selection..

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Lab 12 Building Phylogenies Objectives In this laboratory exercise, you will examine six species of agaricomycetes and predict the evolutionary relationships among them. After completing this exercise you will be able to • define ancestral characteristics, derived characteristics, branch point, and phylogeny. • predict ancestral and derived characteristics for agaricomycetes. • construct a phylogeny (phylogenetic tree). • support the phylogeny with data. • explain how evolutionary biologists discover evolutionary relationships. Introduction One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for evolution is that organisms have amazing similarities. An example that almost everyone has heard before is that the limbs of birds, bats, horses, moles, cats, frogs, humans, turtles, and other vertebrates have virtually the same skeletal plan. Furthermore, even snakes and whales show structural remnants of the limbs of their ancestors. The evolutionary interpretation of these similarities is that the vertebrate limb has been modified by natural selection to perform different functions (for example, running, digging, flying). Another commonly used example is that the embryos of turtles, mice, humans, chickens, and many other vertebrates are amazingly similar. Furthermore, the proteins and DNA of organisms are remarkably similar. Why, do you suppose, can human diabetics use insulin extracted from pigs to control their blood sugar levels? Well, the reason is that the chemical structure of human and pig insulin is very similar. In addition to these similarities, we discover that organisms that appear similar in one respect are often similar in other respects (we can say the patterns are “concordant”). For example, organisms that are similar morphologically (in shape) have similar protein structures. Organisms that are less similar morphologically have less similar protein structures. This pattern holds for traits that are not easily modified by evolution, but not so often by traits that are easily modified by selection. For example, flower color might not be a good trait to use when looking for concordance because it is easily changed genetically. The concordance of traits is an important support of evolution. Imagine that we saw that organisms similar in one set of characteristics were very different in a second set of characteristics and different again in a third set of characteristics. This situation would be chaotic and we would be forced to question the reality 1 of evolution. The development of methods of DNA and protein analysis has shown dramatically that organisms that are similar morphologically are also similar at the genetic level. So, similarity among organisms provides evidence for evolution. We can then turn around and use the similarities to try to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. That is the purpose of today’s lab: to construct a hypothes ...

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Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf

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Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely? [That is the mode of inheritance that would mean that the pattern would HAVE to be as described, not just that is could have come out this way.] sex-limited, autosomal dominant Y-linked X-linked recessive autosomal recessive X- linked dominant autosomal dominant autosomal sex-influenced Solution Non-autosomal mode of inheritance is the one related to sex-chromosomes. The alleles associated with sex-chromosomes represent a differential kind of inheritance pattern and display a differential phenotype response in offsprings based upon their sex. Majority of the human diseases related to sex-chromosomes are X-linked in nature such as color blindness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Vitamin D resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia, Rett syndrome, Incontinentia pigmention and Goltz syndrome. Since both parents, a male and a female carry an X chromosome, they both are potential donors of X-linked allele of a disease. Since the offsprings can acquire a differential X-chromosome profile either from mother or father, their genetic make up will be dependent upon that of their parents and thus, their disease condition (carrier, affected, unaffected). Thus, X-linked (dominant or recessive) mode of sex-chromosome related diseases need to be explained theoratically and observationally, and not only be described as general procedures of genetic segregation. Since X-linked recessive diseases are more likely to cause ambiguity among inheritance pattern, a more detailed explanation would be requried for X-linked recessive alleles..

Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf

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What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus? Which part of the Xenopus blastula becomes the mesoderm? Where does the dorsal lip tissue end up when, Xenopus gastrulation is finished? Where does the vegetal pole end up when gastrulation is finished? How is the central nervous system formed? Where does the neural crest come from and what does it become? What are the main tissue types formed from the mesoderm? What happens during the cortical rotation? What is the principal determinant for endoderm formation in Xenopus? What are the main mesoderm-inducing factors in Xenopus? Solution 2. Midblastula transition refers to a number of dramatic changes that occur at this stage in Xenopus. The important event that happens during this stage is activation of zygotic genes. The Cell cycle is lengthened, the asynchronous cycle of different cells. Development of cellular motility. 3. The blastula is composed of three different regions out of which the equatorial or marginal zone, which compose the walls of the blastocoel differentiate primarily into mesodermal tissue. 4. The lip of the blastopore nearer to the animal pole is termed the dorsal lip of the blastopore. The dorsal lip of the blastopore forms due to the contraction of bottle cells. It becomes the head and the dorsal midline structures all along the body. It forms notochord, flanking parts of somites, floor plate of neural tube. 5. The vegetal plate undergoes primary invagination to produce the archenteron or primitive gut. Primary invagination is thought to result from changes in the shape of cells in the vegetal plate. 6. During the development, the dorsal ectoderm rolls up into a tube, which becomes the brain at the anterior end and the spinal cord at the posterior end. 7. The neural crest is a population of migratory cells, derived from the neural folds. In the head, it forms much of the skeleton. It forms dorsal root ganglia, enteric ganglia and pigment cells. 8. Mesoderm develops into notochord, somites, kidneys, gonads, limbs, lateral plate, blood islands, heart and blood vessels during the Xenopus development. 9. On the surface of the dorsal egg cortex egg toward the animal pole and internally components associated with cortex move from a vegetal to a dorsal position..

What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus Which part o.pdf

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