If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf
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If Mendel had chosen \'factors\' to follow in his pea plants poorly, and had unwittingly chosen to observe gene traits on the same chromosome: a. which one of his laws would he not have been able to figure out? why? Solution Mendel performed classical experiments on pea plant considering following points: Based upon these assumption, Mendel performed some experiments and resulted in following conclusions: Till that time, it was not known that these \'factors\' were actually genes which are very active at molecular levels. These genes can indeed show segregation and independent assortment but for that to take place, a minimum prescribed distance should be present between two genes. If two genes are located very close to each other, it is very highly probabale that these gene-pair will be inherited as a single unit in the successive generations. Thus, the law of segregation and independent assortment fails here. Tthus, if Mendel was able to figure out the molecular nature of genes/factors, the laws of segregation and resultantly, the law of independent assortmuent would have failed..
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When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of cha.pdf
When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular
genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant
laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario
in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics.
When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular
genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant
laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario
in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics.
Solution
At the time of Gregor Mendel, the molecular genetics was not yet discovered but he was a
statistician by training and fortunately started his study on pea plant growing in his church lawn.
By careful observation and applying statistical inference, he came up with his two laws i.e. law
of segregation and law of independent assortment. Law of segregation states that the factors do
not mix with each other but maintain their identity and segregates (separate from each other) at
the time of meiosis when gametes form (Meiosis was not discovered at that time but people
knew about gametes). The other law was law of independent assortment which stated that the
factors responsible for different traits assort independent of each other into gametes giving rise to
all types of genotypes in F2 generation. His careful observation and mathematical background
enabled him to make robust inferences which stood the test of time. The assumptions that were
correct were that every factor has two alternative forms. These forms do not mix with each other
and segregate in each generation when gametes are formed.
There was another law that is law of dominance which states that one form of the factor is
dominant over the other due to which the effect of latter is suppressed. But because only 2 laws
were asked so we will put the best laws.
A scenario in which pattern of inheritence did not adhere to Mendelian genetics is linkage. As
many genes are present on same chromosomes, they can not assort independent of each other
resulting in linkage. The amount of recombination will depend upon the distance between two
genes but in general, these genes are not assorting independently..
Mendels Principles Mendel used mathematics and experimentatio.pdf
Mendel\'s Principles
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Mendel\'s Principles
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Solution
Mendelian Laws or principles of Heredity:
1.Principle of Unit Characters:
Mendel assumed that the unit of hereditary characters is the factors of determiners which occur
in pairs. One of each comes from the mother while the other comes from the father. The unit
character or factor is now called as gene.
2.Law of Dominance:
When a pair of contrasting characters (alleles) are present together, only one of them expresses
itself and the other remains suppressed of hidden The character which is expressed (or is visible)
is called as dominant and the character which remains hidden is termed as recessive.
3. Law of Segregation or Purity of Gametes:
The allelic factors or genes present together in the hybrids segregate (separate) from one another
and are placed in different gametes in the next generation.
4. Law of Independent Assortment:
When two or more pairs of contrasting characters are taken into consideration in a cross, each
factor, assort or place itself independently of the other.
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate
from one another when reproductive cells develop. We now know that this independent
assortment of genes occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes. Meiosis is a type of cell division that
reduces the number of chromosomes in a parent cell by half to produce four reproductive cells
called gametes and this separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random. This
means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell, while the all
paternal chromosomes are separated into another. Instead, after meiosis occurs, each haploid cell.
Heredity and Evolution Class X Priya Jha
Discuss the methods Mendel utilized in his research that led to his success in understanding the process of inheritance
The science community ignored the paper, possibly because it was ahead of the ideas of heredity and variation accepted at the time. In the early 1900s, 3 plant biologists finally acknowledged Mendel’s work. Unfortunately, Mendel was not around to receive the recognition as he had died in 1884.
Can you please explain to me the difference and important key points.pdf
Can you please explain to me the difference and important key points of mendel\'s first and
second laws? Thanks
Solution
A parent may have two distinct alleles for a certain gene, each on one copy of a given
chromosome. Mendel\'s first law, the law of segregation, states that these two alleles will be
separated from each other during meiosis. Specifically, in the second of the two cell divisions of
meiosis the two copies of each chromosome will be separated from each other, causing the two
distinct alleles located on those chromosomes to segregate from one another.Mendel\'s second
law, the law of independent assortment, states that the way an allele pair gets segregated into two
daughter cells during the second division of meiosis has no effect on how any other allele pair
gets segregated.The traits inherited through one gene will be inherited independently of the traits
inherited through another gene because the genes reside on different chromosomes that are
independently assorted into daughter cells during meiosis. These are the basic points which differ
between the two Mendel\'s laws..
Enriched genetics notes 2021 @kingdom solutions
STILL BEING EDITED, BUT THE NEXT EDITION WILL BE BETTER
Recommended
When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of cha.pdf
When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular
genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant
laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario
in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics.
When Gregor Mendel was developing his ideas of inheritance of characteristics, molecular
genetics was not yet discovered. Explain in your own terms, why his two most important ant
laws have stood the test of time. What assumptions about them were correct? Describe a scenario
in which patterns of inheritance did NOT adhere to Mendelian genetics.
Solution
At the time of Gregor Mendel, the molecular genetics was not yet discovered but he was a
statistician by training and fortunately started his study on pea plant growing in his church lawn.
By careful observation and applying statistical inference, he came up with his two laws i.e. law
of segregation and law of independent assortment. Law of segregation states that the factors do
not mix with each other but maintain their identity and segregates (separate from each other) at
the time of meiosis when gametes form (Meiosis was not discovered at that time but people
knew about gametes). The other law was law of independent assortment which stated that the
factors responsible for different traits assort independent of each other into gametes giving rise to
all types of genotypes in F2 generation. His careful observation and mathematical background
enabled him to make robust inferences which stood the test of time. The assumptions that were
correct were that every factor has two alternative forms. These forms do not mix with each other
and segregate in each generation when gametes are formed.
There was another law that is law of dominance which states that one form of the factor is
dominant over the other due to which the effect of latter is suppressed. But because only 2 laws
were asked so we will put the best laws.
A scenario in which pattern of inheritence did not adhere to Mendelian genetics is linkage. As
many genes are present on same chromosomes, they can not assort independent of each other
resulting in linkage. The amount of recombination will depend upon the distance between two
genes but in general, these genes are not assorting independently..
Mendels Principles Mendel used mathematics and experimentatio.pdf
Mendel\'s Principles
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Mendel\'s Principles
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us
understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of
characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his
principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be
different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades.
Solution
Mendelian Laws or principles of Heredity:
1.Principle of Unit Characters:
Mendel assumed that the unit of hereditary characters is the factors of determiners which occur
in pairs. One of each comes from the mother while the other comes from the father. The unit
character or factor is now called as gene.
2.Law of Dominance:
When a pair of contrasting characters (alleles) are present together, only one of them expresses
itself and the other remains suppressed of hidden The character which is expressed (or is visible)
is called as dominant and the character which remains hidden is termed as recessive.
3. Law of Segregation or Purity of Gametes:
The allelic factors or genes present together in the hybrids segregate (separate) from one another
and are placed in different gametes in the next generation.
4. Law of Independent Assortment:
When two or more pairs of contrasting characters are taken into consideration in a cross, each
factor, assort or place itself independently of the other.
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate
from one another when reproductive cells develop. We now know that this independent
assortment of genes occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes. Meiosis is a type of cell division that
reduces the number of chromosomes in a parent cell by half to produce four reproductive cells
called gametes and this separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random. This
means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell, while the all
paternal chromosomes are separated into another. Instead, after meiosis occurs, each haploid cell.
Heredity and Evolution Class X Priya Jha
Discuss the methods Mendel utilized in his research that led to his success in understanding the process of inheritance
The science community ignored the paper, possibly because it was ahead of the ideas of heredity and variation accepted at the time. In the early 1900s, 3 plant biologists finally acknowledged Mendel’s work. Unfortunately, Mendel was not around to receive the recognition as he had died in 1884.
Can you please explain to me the difference and important key points.pdf
Can you please explain to me the difference and important key points of mendel\'s first and
second laws? Thanks
Solution
A parent may have two distinct alleles for a certain gene, each on one copy of a given
chromosome. Mendel\'s first law, the law of segregation, states that these two alleles will be
separated from each other during meiosis. Specifically, in the second of the two cell divisions of
meiosis the two copies of each chromosome will be separated from each other, causing the two
distinct alleles located on those chromosomes to segregate from one another.Mendel\'s second
law, the law of independent assortment, states that the way an allele pair gets segregated into two
daughter cells during the second division of meiosis has no effect on how any other allele pair
gets segregated.The traits inherited through one gene will be inherited independently of the traits
inherited through another gene because the genes reside on different chromosomes that are
independently assorted into daughter cells during meiosis. These are the basic points which differ
between the two Mendel\'s laws..
Enriched genetics notes 2021 @kingdom solutions
STILL BEING EDITED, BUT THE NEXT EDITION WILL BE BETTER
12152011 1 Genetic Mendle’s law Patterns of .docx
12/15/2011
1
Genetic
Mendle’s law
Patterns of Inheritance
• Mendel’s Laws
• Variations on Mendel’s Laws
• The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-linked Genes
12/15/2011
2
The Field of Genetics has Ancient Roots
• Hippocrates (father of medicine): particles from every part of the body travel to eggs
and sperm to be passed on
• Aristotle (philosopher): ‘potential’ rather than particles to produce body features
• 19th century biologists: blending- mom and dad’s traits blend like blue and yellow paint
Hippocrates Aristotle
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Modern genetics began in 1860s
• Gregor Mendel (monk in what was then Austria- now Czech Republic)
• Parents pass on discrete, heritable factors (1866)
• Heritable factors retain their individuality for generations (no blending)
• Studied garden peas
12/15/2011
3
• In a typical breeding experiment
– Mendel mated two different, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization
• The true-breeding parents
– Are called the P generation
• The hybrid offspring of the P generation
– Are called the F1 generation
– F2 generation comes next
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Cross: pollinating a flower of one variety with the pollen of another variety
Mendel chose to work with peas:
– Because they are available in many varieties
– Because he could strictly control which plants mated with which
– Because he could easily start his experiments with varieties that were “true-breeding”
12/15/2011
4
Some genetic vocabulary
Character: a heritable feature, such as flower color
Trait: a variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers
Gene: a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
DNA (nucleotide) sequence on a chromosome
Allele: alternative version of a gene
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Performed monohybrid crosses (only 1 trait differs between the varieties)
• When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white and purple
flowered pea plants
» All of the offspring were purple!!!
Mendel discovered:
A ratio of about three to one (3:1)
purple to white flowers,
in the F2 generation
When Mendel crossed the F1 plants –
Many of the plants had
purple flowers, but some
had white flowers
12/15/2011
5
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Mendel developed a hypothesis to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern that he observed
among the F2 offspring
Four Parts:
1. First, alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
which are now called alleles
Allele for purple flowers
Locus for flower-color gene
Homologous
pair of
chromosomes
Allele for white flowers
Mendel’s Model for Inheritance
Four Parts:
1. First, .
Gene interaction
Gene interaction is a broad term used to describe the joint role of multiple genes in determining phenotypic variability. It is often studied from the molecular point of view as biomolecular interactions or from a more genetic point of view as phenotypic effects due to the role of DNA sequence variations and their influence on biological processes.
GENE INTERACTIONS: The phenomenon of two or more genes governing the development of a single character in such a way that they affect the expression of each other in various ways is known as gene interaction. When one gene affects in any way the expression of another gene, the phenomenon is called epistatis.
13 - Mendel and the Gene Idea
توضیح وراثت به طور کلی و گسترده در دهه 1800، و به طور مشخص فرضیه "مخلوط شدن" مورد پسند دانشمندان و زیست شناسان عصر خود بود. براساس این ایده، مواد ژنتیکی توسط والدین و درست همان طور که رنگ های آبی و زرد برای تبدیل شدن به رنگ سبز ترکیب میشوند، مخلوط میشدند. البته این فرضیه توضیح نمیداد که چگونه صفات پس از کنار رفتن یک نسل دوباره در نسل بعدی ظاهر میشوند. یک گزینه جایگزین برای مدل مخلوط شدن مواد ژنتیکی، فرضیه وراثت "ذرات معلق" است یا همان ایده ژن. در این مدل، والدین واحدهای موروثی به نام ژنها را که هویت جداگانه خود را در فرزندان حفظ می کنند، منتقل میکنند. گریگور مندل راهبی بود كه سازوكار ذرهای این نوع وارثت را با استفاده از گیاه نخود فرنگی به اثبات رساند.
The explanation of heredity most widely in favor during the 1800s was the “blending” hypothesis, the idea that genetic material contributed by the two parents, mixes just as blue and yellow paints blend to make green. The blending hypothesis failed to explain how traits can reappear after they’ve skipped a generation. An alternative to the blending model is a “particulate” hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea. In this model, parents pass on discrete heritable units—genes— that retain their separate identities in offspring. Gregor Mendel was the monk who documented a particulate mechanism for this form of inheritance using pea plants.
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time.
Discuss at least two of his principles in detail, providing examples.
Describe how each principle contributes to genetic variability.
Discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.
part 2
respond to post 1 and 2 with 150 words.
post 1
Gregor Mendel is an Augustan monk. He lived and worked in a abbey in Brunn, Astria. In the 1860's he begin his study of genetics and heredity by breeding garden peas.
The first principle I will like to discuss is the law of segregation. During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate (separate) from each other so that each gene carries only one allele for each gene. The example..
Round seeds segregation R
R
Wrinkled Seeds r
r (gametes)
The other I will discuss is the law of dominance. Its stated as, "In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. You have a tall plant having the gene TT and a short plant having the gene tt.
Tall pea plant
T T
Short Pea plant t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
This Punnet square shoes that if we cross a tall pea plant with genotype TT and a short pea plant with genotype tt. All offsprings will be tall with the genotype Tt. During gamete production, each egg and sperm cell receives just one of the two gene copies present in the organism, and the copy allocated to each gamete is random (law of segregation). In the law of dominance, an offspring receives a pair of alleles for a trait by inheriting homologous chromosomes from the parent organisms; one allele for each trait from each parent. Each parent contributes a single gamete, and a single randomly successful allele copy to their offspring and fertilization. Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
POST2
Gregory Mendel, who was a monk and known as the father of genetics, discovered two laws that have contributed to Modern Biology. One of them was the law of inheritance. When he discovere ...
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color o.pdf
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color of feathers on the top of the
head (red or brown), one controls the color of feathers on the chest (black or brown) and one
controls the number of syllables in the song (3 or 4). You notice that birds frequently have either
red heads and black chests or brown heads and brown chests, but very few have red heads and
brown chests or brown heads and black chests. However, there doesn\'t seem to be any
association between the syllables in the bird song and color. In other words, red heads are
equally likely to sing songs with 3 or 4 syllables, and the same goes for the brown heads. Based
on what you know about how the genome is organized and passed down to the next generation,
explain this observation.
Solution
The observation can be attributed to the mechanism of genetic linkage.
It is a well known fact that genes get passed from one generation to another. Mendel\'s second
law of inheritance states that during this process, the inheritance of one gene is independent of
the inheritance of another gene. Howeve, this law holds true only when the different genes are
sufficiently spaced apart from each other. Inother words, if the genes are close to each other, it is
difficult for them to be inherited in an independent manner. If one of the genes is inherited, then
the other gene (by virtue of its proximity to the first gene) also tends to get inherited. This
phenomenon is called as genetic linkage, and the genes involved are said to be Linked Genes.
The same mechanism is in action in the above case.
The genes for Red Head and Black Crest are linked, as are the genes for Brown Head and Brown
Crest. Therefore, these two genes are inherited in a linked manner, and not in an independent
manner. The two genes therefore behave as One Single Gene.
The gene for song syllable is at a sufficient distance from the linked genes, and follows
Mendel\'s law of independent assortment and is not dependent on the presence or absence of the
former two traits..
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209: General Genetics Laboratory
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read all pages before coming to the lab to complete the experiments.
Print this entire lab packet and bring it to the laboratory.
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
1. Observe some single-gene genetic traits in humans.
2. Solve problems involving Punnett squares and pedigrees
Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel and his study of pea plants. Mendel observed patterns in the number of each phenotype (physical appearance) of offspring from different parents. Mendel described genetic concepts that are used today to explain simple heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that there can be multiple forms of the same gene. These alternate forms of genes, which are called alleles, code for slightly different expressions of a genetic trait. He recognized that some alleles exhibited dominant tendencies and others, recessive tendencies. When a dominant allele combined with a recessive allele, the dominant allele was expressed in the phenotype. Following the system that Mendel used in his experiments, a dominant allele is represented with a capital letter, and a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter.
For decades, teachers and professors have used a few classic human traits to demonstrate the concepts of simple autosomal inheritance. In this activity, you will observe the phenotypes of people in your class. You will apply your results, along with research findings, to predict whether each trait follows patterns of simple autosomal inheritance.
Mendelian Laws apply to the simple autosomal inheritance that Gregor Mendel studied, but these laws do not always apply to more-complex modes of genetic inheritance.
1. The Law of Segregation: Inherited traits are determined by genes, with two copies of each gene. Parental genes are randomly separated and segregated into each sex cell (gamete) with one copy of each gene per gamete. Offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
It turns out that some genes, and therefore some traits, are linked. Therefore, they are not assorted independently. Genes in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome are, in fact, more likely to be inherited together.
3. The Law of Dominance: If the inherited genes have multiple alleles, the dominant allele will determine the phenotype of the organism.
In fact, some alleles are codominant, meaning that multiple alleles contribute to the phenotype of the individual. Traits may have more than two alleles for the same gene. Furthermore, multiple genes may contribute to the phenotype of one trait.
Instructions
This lab i.
Ch08 lecture inheritance, genes, and chromosomes
AP Biology, Chapter 8 Inheritance, Genes and Chromosomes
If the significance level of a test is increased (i.e. increased fr.pdf
If the significance level of a test is increased (i.e. increased from 0.05 to 0.1), will the Type II
error increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
Solution
The two type of error rates moves in opposite of other. Thus if we increase the type I error (that
is level of significance ) then type II error will decrease..
I need an inttroduction for my paper on Conducting and Analyzing Sta.pdf
I need an inttroduction for my paper on Conducting and Analyzing Statistcal Tests
Solution
Statistical tests are of various types, depending upon the nature of the study. Statistical tests
provide a method for making quantitative decisions about a particular sample. Statistical tests
mainly test the hypothesis that is made about the significance of an observed sample.
Statistics.
More Related Content
Similar to If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf
12152011 1 Genetic Mendle’s law Patterns of .docx
12/15/2011
1
Genetic
Mendle’s law
Patterns of Inheritance
• Mendel’s Laws
• Variations on Mendel’s Laws
• The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-linked Genes
12/15/2011
2
The Field of Genetics has Ancient Roots
• Hippocrates (father of medicine): particles from every part of the body travel to eggs
and sperm to be passed on
• Aristotle (philosopher): ‘potential’ rather than particles to produce body features
• 19th century biologists: blending- mom and dad’s traits blend like blue and yellow paint
Hippocrates Aristotle
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Modern genetics began in 1860s
• Gregor Mendel (monk in what was then Austria- now Czech Republic)
• Parents pass on discrete, heritable factors (1866)
• Heritable factors retain their individuality for generations (no blending)
• Studied garden peas
12/15/2011
3
• In a typical breeding experiment
– Mendel mated two different, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization
• The true-breeding parents
– Are called the P generation
• The hybrid offspring of the P generation
– Are called the F1 generation
– F2 generation comes next
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Cross: pollinating a flower of one variety with the pollen of another variety
Mendel chose to work with peas:
– Because they are available in many varieties
– Because he could strictly control which plants mated with which
– Because he could easily start his experiments with varieties that were “true-breeding”
12/15/2011
4
Some genetic vocabulary
Character: a heritable feature, such as flower color
Trait: a variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers
Gene: a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
DNA (nucleotide) sequence on a chromosome
Allele: alternative version of a gene
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Performed monohybrid crosses (only 1 trait differs between the varieties)
• When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white and purple
flowered pea plants
» All of the offspring were purple!!!
Mendel discovered:
A ratio of about three to one (3:1)
purple to white flowers,
in the F2 generation
When Mendel crossed the F1 plants –
Many of the plants had
purple flowers, but some
had white flowers
12/15/2011
5
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Mendel developed a hypothesis to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern that he observed
among the F2 offspring
Four Parts:
1. First, alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
which are now called alleles
Allele for purple flowers
Locus for flower-color gene
Homologous
pair of
chromosomes
Allele for white flowers
Mendel’s Model for Inheritance
Four Parts:
1. First, .
Gene interaction
Gene interaction is a broad term used to describe the joint role of multiple genes in determining phenotypic variability. It is often studied from the molecular point of view as biomolecular interactions or from a more genetic point of view as phenotypic effects due to the role of DNA sequence variations and their influence on biological processes.
GENE INTERACTIONS: The phenomenon of two or more genes governing the development of a single character in such a way that they affect the expression of each other in various ways is known as gene interaction. When one gene affects in any way the expression of another gene, the phenomenon is called epistatis.
13 - Mendel and the Gene Idea
توضیح وراثت به طور کلی و گسترده در دهه 1800، و به طور مشخص فرضیه "مخلوط شدن" مورد پسند دانشمندان و زیست شناسان عصر خود بود. براساس این ایده، مواد ژنتیکی توسط والدین و درست همان طور که رنگ های آبی و زرد برای تبدیل شدن به رنگ سبز ترکیب میشوند، مخلوط میشدند. البته این فرضیه توضیح نمیداد که چگونه صفات پس از کنار رفتن یک نسل دوباره در نسل بعدی ظاهر میشوند. یک گزینه جایگزین برای مدل مخلوط شدن مواد ژنتیکی، فرضیه وراثت "ذرات معلق" است یا همان ایده ژن. در این مدل، والدین واحدهای موروثی به نام ژنها را که هویت جداگانه خود را در فرزندان حفظ می کنند، منتقل میکنند. گریگور مندل راهبی بود كه سازوكار ذرهای این نوع وارثت را با استفاده از گیاه نخود فرنگی به اثبات رساند.
The explanation of heredity most widely in favor during the 1800s was the “blending” hypothesis, the idea that genetic material contributed by the two parents, mixes just as blue and yellow paints blend to make green. The blending hypothesis failed to explain how traits can reappear after they’ve skipped a generation. An alternative to the blending model is a “particulate” hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea. In this model, parents pass on discrete heritable units—genes— that retain their separate identities in offspring. Gregor Mendel was the monk who documented a particulate mechanism for this form of inheritance using pea plants.
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time.
Discuss at least two of his principles in detail, providing examples.
Describe how each principle contributes to genetic variability.
Discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.
part 2
respond to post 1 and 2 with 150 words.
post 1
Gregor Mendel is an Augustan monk. He lived and worked in a abbey in Brunn, Astria. In the 1860's he begin his study of genetics and heredity by breeding garden peas.
The first principle I will like to discuss is the law of segregation. During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate (separate) from each other so that each gene carries only one allele for each gene. The example..
Round seeds segregation R
R
Wrinkled Seeds r
r (gametes)
The other I will discuss is the law of dominance. Its stated as, "In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. You have a tall plant having the gene TT and a short plant having the gene tt.
Tall pea plant
T T
Short Pea plant t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
This Punnet square shoes that if we cross a tall pea plant with genotype TT and a short pea plant with genotype tt. All offsprings will be tall with the genotype Tt. During gamete production, each egg and sperm cell receives just one of the two gene copies present in the organism, and the copy allocated to each gamete is random (law of segregation). In the law of dominance, an offspring receives a pair of alleles for a trait by inheriting homologous chromosomes from the parent organisms; one allele for each trait from each parent. Each parent contributes a single gamete, and a single randomly successful allele copy to their offspring and fertilization. Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
POST2
Gregory Mendel, who was a monk and known as the father of genetics, discovered two laws that have contributed to Modern Biology. One of them was the law of inheritance. When he discovere ...
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color o.pdf
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color of feathers on the top of the
head (red or brown), one controls the color of feathers on the chest (black or brown) and one
controls the number of syllables in the song (3 or 4). You notice that birds frequently have either
red heads and black chests or brown heads and brown chests, but very few have red heads and
brown chests or brown heads and black chests. However, there doesn\'t seem to be any
association between the syllables in the bird song and color. In other words, red heads are
equally likely to sing songs with 3 or 4 syllables, and the same goes for the brown heads. Based
on what you know about how the genome is organized and passed down to the next generation,
explain this observation.
Solution
The observation can be attributed to the mechanism of genetic linkage.
It is a well known fact that genes get passed from one generation to another. Mendel\'s second
law of inheritance states that during this process, the inheritance of one gene is independent of
the inheritance of another gene. Howeve, this law holds true only when the different genes are
sufficiently spaced apart from each other. Inother words, if the genes are close to each other, it is
difficult for them to be inherited in an independent manner. If one of the genes is inherited, then
the other gene (by virtue of its proximity to the first gene) also tends to get inherited. This
phenomenon is called as genetic linkage, and the genes involved are said to be Linked Genes.
The same mechanism is in action in the above case.
The genes for Red Head and Black Crest are linked, as are the genes for Brown Head and Brown
Crest. Therefore, these two genes are inherited in a linked manner, and not in an independent
manner. The two genes therefore behave as One Single Gene.
The gene for song syllable is at a sufficient distance from the linked genes, and follows
Mendel\'s law of independent assortment and is not dependent on the presence or absence of the
former two traits..
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209: General Genetics Laboratory
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read all pages before coming to the lab to complete the experiments.
Print this entire lab packet and bring it to the laboratory.
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
1. Observe some single-gene genetic traits in humans.
2. Solve problems involving Punnett squares and pedigrees
Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel and his study of pea plants. Mendel observed patterns in the number of each phenotype (physical appearance) of offspring from different parents. Mendel described genetic concepts that are used today to explain simple heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that there can be multiple forms of the same gene. These alternate forms of genes, which are called alleles, code for slightly different expressions of a genetic trait. He recognized that some alleles exhibited dominant tendencies and others, recessive tendencies. When a dominant allele combined with a recessive allele, the dominant allele was expressed in the phenotype. Following the system that Mendel used in his experiments, a dominant allele is represented with a capital letter, and a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter.
For decades, teachers and professors have used a few classic human traits to demonstrate the concepts of simple autosomal inheritance. In this activity, you will observe the phenotypes of people in your class. You will apply your results, along with research findings, to predict whether each trait follows patterns of simple autosomal inheritance.
Mendelian Laws apply to the simple autosomal inheritance that Gregor Mendel studied, but these laws do not always apply to more-complex modes of genetic inheritance.
1. The Law of Segregation: Inherited traits are determined by genes, with two copies of each gene. Parental genes are randomly separated and segregated into each sex cell (gamete) with one copy of each gene per gamete. Offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
It turns out that some genes, and therefore some traits, are linked. Therefore, they are not assorted independently. Genes in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome are, in fact, more likely to be inherited together.
3. The Law of Dominance: If the inherited genes have multiple alleles, the dominant allele will determine the phenotype of the organism.
In fact, some alleles are codominant, meaning that multiple alleles contribute to the phenotype of the individual. Traits may have more than two alleles for the same gene. Furthermore, multiple genes may contribute to the phenotype of one trait.
Instructions
This lab i.
Ch08 lecture inheritance, genes, and chromosomes
AP Biology, Chapter 8 Inheritance, Genes and Chromosomes
Similar to If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf (20)
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color o.pdf
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color o.pdf
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
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Solution
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I need help with two things. First Id like someone to check over m.pdf
I need help with two things. First I\'d like someone to check over my code for the 3 //TODO
statements below to verify that they\'re correct
public static HashSet doHashSetInsertMedian(int numItems) {
System.out.print(\"doHashSetInsertMedian: \");
HashSet set = new HashSet<>();
// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numItems - 1)
// to set, inside a loop.
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long endTime = getTimestamp();
long totalTime = endTime - startTime;
System.out.println(totalTime);
return set;
}
Solution
PART 1
Hi friend, first part you have done correctly except a small mistake. In first TODO you missed
\'=\' sign:
public static HashSet doHashSetInsertMedian(int numItems) {
System.out.print(\"doHashSetInsertMedian: \");
HashSet set = new HashSet<>();
// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numItems - 1)
// to set, inside a loop.
for(int i=0; i<=numItems-1; i++){
set.add(i);
}
// TODO Write code that removes integer (numItems / 2)
// from set.
int median = numItems / 2;
set.remove(median);
long startTime = getTimestamp();
// TODO Write code that adds integer (numItems / 2)
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set.add(median);
long endTime = getTimestamp();
long totalTime = endTime - startTime;
System.out.println(totalTime);
return set;
}
PART 2:
public static LinkedHashSet doLinkedHashSetRemoveMedian(int numItems) {
System.out.print(\"doLinkedHashSetRemoveMedian: \");
LinkedHashSet set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
// TODO Write code that adds integers 0 through (numitems - 1)
// to set.
for(int i=0; i<=numitems-1; i++)
set.add(i);
long startTime = getTimestamp();
// TODO Write code that removes the median element
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int median;
int current_size = set.size();
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Explain Internal Controls and Corporate Governance.SolutionInt.pdf
Explain Internal Controls and Corporate Governance.
Solution
Internal Control is generally defined as \" the process designed , implemented and maintained by
those charged with governance ,management to provide reasonable assurance with regard to the
financial reporting ,effectiveness and efficiency of operations ,protection of assets and
compliance with prevalent laws and regulations.
Objectives of Internal Control :
(i) To ensure that the financial transactions are preformed within the general or specific
authorisation limits set by the management of the company
(ii) The accounting transactions are properly recorded with regards to correct amounts, as per
applicable financial reporting framework, in the right accounting period and per accounting
policies and principles
(iii) Assets are safeguarded against unauthorised use, disposition and physically protected against
damage
Corporate Governance :
Corporate governance is defined as \" the system by which an enterprise is directed and
controlled to achieve the objective of increasing the shareholders value by enhancing economic
performance.\" Corporate governance typically involves relationship among the board of
directors, controlling shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. Issues that corporate
governance ideally deals with issues which include roles of the CEO and board of directors,
controls assurance and risk management. Corporate governance is a key aspect to enhance
shareholders value, drive the enterprise to do best business and achieve the company\'s
objectives. Corporate governance also serves as an mechanism to oversee the company\'s
performance in financial and operational terms. The Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 provides various
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Environmental Laws and Acts Project Research all of the following law.pdf
Environmental Laws and Acts Project Research all of the following laws, acts, and/or treaties
and answer the questions below. Forest Reserve Act (1891) a. Amendment Year: b. International
or National?: Description of Function/Environmental Issues Affected: d. Agency/Group
Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 2. Lacey Act Draft Year: b. Amendment Year:
International or National?: Description of Function/Environmental Issues Affected d. e.
Agency/Group Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 3. Antiquities Act (1906) ent Year:
nternational or National?: c. Description of Function/Environmental Issues Affected: d.
Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 4, Public Health Service Act Amendment Year: b.
International or National? c, Description of Function/Environmental ssues Affected: d.
Agency/Group Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 5. National Park Service Act
(1916) a. Amendment Year: b. International or National? c. Description of
Function/Environmental lssues Affected: d. Agency/Group Responsible for Regulation and
Enforcement: 6. Migratory Bird Act (1918) a. Amendment Year: b. International or National?: c.
Description of Function/Environmentallssues Affected: d. Agency/Group Responsible for
Regulation and Enforcement: 7. Taylor Grazing Act (1934) a. Amendment Year: b. nternational
or National? c. Description of Function/Environmental lssues Affected: d. Agency/Group
Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 8, Soil Conservation Act (1935) a. Amendment
Year: b, International or National? c. Description of Function/E Issues Affected nvironmental d.
Agency/Group Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement: 9. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (1947) a. Amendment Year: b, International or National? c. Description of
Function/Environmental lssues Affected:
Solution
Please find the answers below as tabulated:
Answer 2:
Lacey act
Answer 3
:Antiquities act(1906)
Answer 4:
Public Health Service Act (1912)
Governed by Service Commission Corps and United States Department of Health and Human
Services and enacted by Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response along
with Office of Global AffairsActDrafted yearAmendment
yearNatiaonl/internationalDescriptionagency/groupAnswer 1: Forest reserve
act1891NoneNational (for U.S.)This law gave the President the power to keep the forest area
and residential area separate. This helped in keeping the forest reserves intact while managing
the residential areas.Formulated and executed by the United States congress
Answer 2:
Lacey act1990Amended in 2008 and entitled as Food, Conservation, and Energy ActNationalA
law of conservation of illegal trade of fauna and flora and parts thereof such as fisheries, plant
products etc.The United States Federal Environmental Legislation
Answer 3
:Antiquities act(1906)1906Amended in 1950 to incorporate some domains of
antiquitiesNationalThis law was formulated in order to create monuments from the land of the
country in.
discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven io and des.pdf
discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven i/o and describe in general the
functionality of the DNA
Solution
Programmed I/O
Programmed I/O (PIO) refers to data transfers initiated by a CPU under driver software control
to access registers or memory on a device.
The CPU issues a command then waits for I/O operations to be complete. As the CPU is faster
than the I/O module, the problem with programmed I/O is that the CPU has to wait a long time
for the I/O module of concern to be ready for either reception or transmission of data. The CPU,
while waiting, must repeatedly check the status of the I/O module, and this process is known as
Polling. As a result, the level of the performance of the entire system is severely degraded.
Programmed I/O basically works in these ways:
Interrupt
The CPU issues commands to the I/O module then proceeds with its normal work until
interrupted by I/O device on completion of its work.
For input, the device interrupts the CPU when new data has arrived and is ready to be retrieved
by the system processor. The actual actions to perform depend on whether the device uses I/O
ports, memory mapping.
For output, the device delivers an interrupt either when it is ready to accept new data or to
acknowledge a successful data transfer. Memory-mapped and DMA-capable devices usually
generate interrupts to tell the system they are done with the buffer.
Although Interrupt relieves the CPU of having to wait for the devices, but it is still inefficient in
data transfer of large amount because the CPU has to transfer the data word by word between I/O
module and memory.
The main limitation of programmed I/O and interrupt driven I/O is given below:
Programmed I/O
Each instructions selects one I/O device (by number) and transfers a single character (byte)
Example: microprocessor controlled video terminal.
Four registers: input status and character, output status and character.
Interrupt-driven I/O
Primary disadvantage of programmed I/O is that CPU spends most of its time in a tight loop
waiting for the device to become ready. This is called busy waiting.
With interrupt-driven I/O, the CPU starts the device and tells it to generate an interrupt when it is
finished.
Done by setting interrupt-enable bit in status register.
Still requires an interrupt for every character read or written.
Interrupting a running process is an expensive business (requires saving context).
Requires extra hardware (DMA controller chip).
All these limitation can be overcome by the Introduction of DMA (Direct Memory Access)
To write block of 32 bytes from memory address 100 to device 4
1. CPU writes 32, 100, 4 into the first three DMA registers (memory address, count, device
number)
2. CPU puts code for WRITE (say 1) into fourth (direction) DMA register, which signals DMA
controller to begin operation
3. Controller reads (via bus request as CPU would) byte 100 from memory
4. Controller makes I/O request to write to device 4
5. Controller increments m.
do it on excel and please kindly upload the excel file. or explain m.pdf
do it on excel and please kindly upload the excel file. or explain me how to do this question on
excel. I really need help.
Solution
In numerical analysis, Newton\'s method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named
after IsaacNewton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better
approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. x : f ( x ) = 0 . {\\displaystyle
x:f(x)=0\\,.}.
Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.Desc.pdf
Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.
Describe the structure and location of the adrenal glands. Include the organization of the
following parts and their major role: Cortex and Medulla
Explain how the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system interact.
Describe the circadian cycle of melatonin.
Describe how the HPA axis controls sex-hormone release.
Describe what happens in the body in diabetes mellitus and explain the difference between Type
1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Solution
1.Structure and location of parathyroid glands:
Structure :
Loaction :These glands are situated behind the left and right lobes of the thyroid.
2.Structure and location of adrenal glands:
Structure :
Cortex :It is the outermost layer and is made up of three zones:
Zona glomerulosa :The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa and is
made up of oval cells that separated by thin strands of connective tissue.They secrete aldosterone
that function to regulate blood pressure.
Zona fasciculata:Lies next to zona glomerulosa.It is the largest layer made up of columnar
cells.They secrete hormone cortisol that is essential in maintaining homeostasis.
Zona reticularis:Lies next to zona fasciculata and near to medulla.Cells are in form of irregular
cords and they secrete androgen hormones for male reproductive functions.
Medulla :Present in the centre of the adrenal gland.Presence of chromaffin cells that secrete
hormones catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. in response to fright and fear.
Location of adrenal gland:The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the
retroperitoneum above the kidneys medially.
3.Adrenal and sympathetic nervous sytem interaction : In response to fear and fright , the
sympathetic nervous sysyem is activated that in turn activates the adrenal medulla to secrete
norepinephrine.Nor epinephrine prepares the body to respond to the situation immediately by
increasing the blood flow to our skeletal muscles to act accordingly.
4.Circadian cycle of melatonin: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland controls our sleep and
wake up cycle in a day.The internal clock of our body known as circadian rhythm regulates the
amount of melatonin produced by pineal gland.Melatonin levels rise in the dark after the sunset
and are at elevated levels at the night tht makes us asleep.In the morning,with sunrise the levels
drop making us awake.
5.HPA axis controls sex hormones: Sex difference is the result of interactions between the
gonadal hormone system and the HPA axis.In adulthood,androgen levels increase HPA activity
while and estrogen level decreases HPA activity.Monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine
and serotonin are released from HPA axis that determine differences in sex.Signals that originate
from the brain and periphery are integrated together to influence the level of HPA axis activity,
and these are sex-specific.
6.Diabetes Mellitus : In diabetes mellitus, the blood sugar level increase.
Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for.pdf
Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for dendritic cells to travel to
the lymph node to present antigen to B and T cells. What benefit does this provide, given that gut
mucosal membranes are a major avenue for pathogen entry? Is this benefit provided during the
first or subsequent encounters with a specific pathogen? Why?
Solution
Ans Problem 3. Problem Type: Comprehension:
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is scattered along all mucosal linings of body and is
responsible for initiating immune responses to antigens that are specifically encountered along
these mucosal linings.
Mucosal epithelium contains special flat epithelial cells called M (which are membrane-like)
cells or FAE (also known as follicle associated epithelial cells). These special cells take small
amounts of gut antigens that enter the lumen of gut, and pass them to antigen producing cells and
lymphocytes of the MALT. M Cells also produce B-lymphocytes in gut react to micro-organisms
that tend to cross mucosa, and make IgA type of antibodies, which are then secreted directly onto
the gut lumen. These antibodies help in prevention of micro-organisms entering the gut by
sticking to the epithelium of gut, and can neutralise toxins and viruses both first and
subsequently also due to presence of memory B cells and T cells that then move to mucosal
effector sites..
C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration o.pdf
C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration of R3, R4 and R6? O A.
wye B. not defined O C. delta D. parallel E. Series Question 7 What is the configuration of R5,
R7 and R8? R2 LR3
Solution
its a delta connection
Standard 3-phase circuits or networks take on two major forms with names that represent the
way in which the resistances are connected, a Star connected network which has the symbol of
the letter, (wye) and a Delta connected network which has the symbol of a triangle, (delta).
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A bullet that lodges in the heart would: a. be located in the ventral body cavity. b. penetrate the
visceral peritoneum c. be located in the vertebral cavity. d. penetrate the parietal pleura. e. be
located laterally to a bullet that lodges in the lung.
Solution
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Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classi.pdf
Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classic experiment with Paramecia
ook in at pop: Grown separately One tends \"Or O\' hod P to have a Place or o P kaudatum higer
tenders aurelia than the owner to hide They can Grown in mixed culture lire together o o a. 2 4 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 Days Other considerations: a) interactions from competition Paramecia exa c)
age ofreproduction Guvenile to senescence) reproductive value d) seasonal effects a weather
(regular and catastrophic) thrips example e) effects of habitat degradation fKocarrying capacity)
is effectively unknown for natural pops of all species
Solution
d) Interaction with other species for space or resources-classical example of paramecia
1st diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare are gwown
separately. In this case there is no competition between both species. Therefore these are
growing in number and number is increasing with time (days).
2nd diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare gwown are
grown together. Here you can see that one species population is increasing (P. aurelia) and other
is decreasing (P. caudatumare). Here ‘Principle of Competitive Exclusion’ works. When two
species are too similar, they cannot co-exsits because one of them will prove superior (dominant)
competitor. In other words we can say that two species cannot co-exist when they are actively
dependent on same resources.
d) Seasonal effect of weather (regular or catastrophic) strips example
Change in weather also effects the growth of a particular species. One species grow well in
winters whereas other in summer or autumn. As the favourable season changes the regular
growth is inhibited and whole population is destroyed (catastrophe).
Example: Agricultural crops.
Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family .pdf
Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family contains a husband, his wife
and a set of children. Each family is linked to another by a pointer called nextFamily. Husband is
linked to his wife by a pointer called myWife. The children are linked to their mother through a
pointer called myChildren. Children are linked by a pointer called mySibling.
Therefore, there are three types of nodes. The Husband node (class) contains the following
information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
nextFamily of Husband*
myWife of type Wife*
The Wife class contains the following information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
myChildren of Child*
The Child class contains the following information:
SSN of type long
firstName of type string
lastName of type string
mySibling of Child*
Your program reads a set of commands from the transaction file and acts accordingly. The
commands in the transaction file include
AddHusband
RemoveHusband
AddWife
RemoveWife
AddAChild
RemoveAChild
PrintAFamily
PrintAllFamilies
AddHusbad comes with three more information: his SSN, his first name and his last name. When
you get this command, you need to create a node of type Husband and insert it to the top of the
Link list of the families
RemveHusband comes with one more information: the SSN. This node should be deleted. In
order to delete this node, first you need to remove the children (if any), then remove the wife (if
he is married) and then remove the node itself
AddWife comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the wife, her first name, her last name and
finally the SSN of her husband. Based on the SSN of her husband, her husband must be found in
the linked list and the wife node should be linked to it.
RemoveWife, comes with the SSN of her husband. In this case, the husband should be searched
and his wife node should be deleted. If the wife node is attached to the children, first remove all
the children and then remove the wide node
AddAchild comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the child, child first name, child last
name and finally the SSN of the father. Based on the SSN of the father, the father must be found
in the linked list and the child should be attached to the mother.
RemoveAchild, comes with the SSN of the father and SSN of the child. In this case, the father
should be searched and his wife node should be followed to find the child that should be deleted.
If you find the child, you need to remove it from the family
PrintAFamily comes with the SSN of the father. You need to search that family in the linked list
and print the information of the father. The mother (if any) and the children (if any) on the screen
PrintAllFamilies, goes through the entire linked list of the family and prints the information of
each family one by one.
Test your program with the following transaction file
AddHusband 100100100 Jim Smith
AddHusband 200200200 Joe Brown
AddHusband 300300300 Kevin Tarr
A.
Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into c.pdf
Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into crisis?
Solution
Keynes challenged Say’s law that supply will create its own demand, and argues it is
incompetent to tackle the problems of unemployment and of the trade cycle. The radicals believe
that capitalism has reduced the need for work, blurred the edges between work and free time and
loosened the relationship between work and wages. Information is corroding the market’s ability
to form prices correctly because markets are based on scarcity while information is abundant.
They feel the system’s defence mechanism is to form monopolies. Goods and services are
appearing no longer responsive to the dictates of the market and the managerial hierarchy.
Parallel currencies, time banks, and cooperatives have been proliferated and the whole swaths of
economic life are beginning to move to a different rhythm.
*****.
Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the lang.pdf
Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the language of the NFA consists
of lowercase letters of the alphabet. Then have it be able to determine whether strings in a string
file are in the language or not. The program must take the two files as command line arguments
(do not prompt the user).
Solution
#include
#include
#define STATES 256
#define SYMBOLS 20
int N_symbols;
int NFA_states;
char *NFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS];
int DFA_states; /* number of DFA states */
int DFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS];
/*Print state-transition table.*/
void put_dfa_table(
int tab[][SYMBOLS], /* DFA table */
int nstates, /* number of states */
int nsymbols) /* number of input symbols */
{
int i, j;
puts(\"STATE TRANSITION TABLE\");
/* input symbols: \'0\', \'1\', ... */
printf(\" | \");
for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\" %c \", \'0\'+i);
printf(\"\ -----+--\");
for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\"-----\");
printf(\"\ \");
for (i = 0; i < nstates; i++) {
printf(\" %c | \", \'A\'+i); /* state */
for (j = 0; j < nsymbols; j++)
printf(\" %c \", \'A\'+tab[i][j]);
printf(\"\ \");
}
}
/*Initialize NFA table.*/
void init_NFA_table()
{
NFAtab[0][0] = \"12\";
NFAtab[0][1] = \"13\";
NFAtab[1][0] = \"12\";
NFAtab[1][1] = \"13\";
NFAtab[2][0] = \"4\";
NFAtab[2][1] = \"\";
NFAtab[3][0] = \"\";
NFAtab[3][1] = \"4\";
NFAtab[4][0] = \"4\";
NFAtab[4][1] = \"4\";
NFA_states = 5;
DFA_states = 0;
N_symbols = 2;
}
/*String \'t\' is merged into \'s\' in an alphabetical order.*/
void string_merge(char *s, char *t)
{
char temp[STATES], *r=temp, *p=s;
while (*p && *t) {
if (*p == *t) {
*r++ = *p++; t++;
} else if (*p < *t) {
*r++ = *p++;
} else
*r++ = *t++;
}
*r = \'\\0\';
if (*p) strcat(r, p);
else if (*t) strcat(r, t);
strcpy(s, temp);
}
/*Get next-state string for current-state string.*/
void get_next_state(char *nextstates, char *cur_states,
char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa, int symbol)
{
int i;
char temp[STATES];
temp[0] = \'\\0\';
for (i = 0; i < strlen(cur_states); i++)
string_merge(temp, nfa[cur_states[i]-\'0\'][symbol]);
strcpy(nextstates, temp);
}
int state_index(char *state, char statename[][STATES], int *pn)
{
int i;
if (!*state) return -1; /* no next state */
for (i = 0; i < *pn; i++)
if (!strcmp(state, statename[i])) return i;
strcpy(statename[i], state); /* new state-name */
return (*pn)++;
}
/*
Convert NFA table to DFA table.
Return value: number of DFA states.
*/
int nfa_to_dfa(char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa,
int n_sym, int dfa[][SYMBOLS])
{
char statename[STATES][STATES];
int i = 0; /* current index of DFA */
int n = 1; /* number of DFA states */
char nextstate[STATES];
int j;
strcpy(statename[0], \"0\"); /* start state */
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { /* for each DFA state */
for (j = 0; j < n_sym; j++) { /* for each input symbol */
get_next_state(nextstate, statename[i], nfa, n_nfa, j);
dfa[i][j] = state_index(nextstate, statename, &n);
}
}
return n; /* number of DFA states */
}
void main()
{
init_NFA_table();
DFA_states = nfa_to_dfa(NFAtab, N.
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment? Biological interactions between
barnacle species are responsible for their distribution patterns. Night-feeding fishes rely on their
sense of smell to locate prey. The growth of salt marsh gross is limited by nitrogen availability.
Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. Goldfish prefer to eat
brightly-colored foods. TRUE/FALSE The oceans cover less than half of the earth\'s surface.
Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of
organisms this food supports. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification
schemes. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the
ocean. Ecology is: a type of life style. the study of the interaction of organisms and their
environment. a place where organisms live. what happens when a predator consumes a prey
item. the study of the physical environment in an ecosystem. Organisms that live under similar
environmental conditions and location, and interact directly or indirectly are part of the same:
ecosystem. biosystem. abiotic habitat. biotic habitat. population. An example of abiotic
factors influencing marine organisms is: predation. competition for food. parasitism. salinity.
bacterial disease. Habitat refers to where an organism: lives. feeds. reproduces. forages. All
of the above.
Solution
Answers
15. False
Oceans cover about 70%of the surface of the earth
16. True
17. True
Aristotle developed the first classification system which divided all known organisms into two
groups plants and animals
18. False
Multiple choice
19. b study of interaction of organism\'s their environment
Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their
environment . It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography and science .
20. a ecosystem
Interactions describes the different ways organisms obtain their food and energy . Some
organisms can make their own food and other organisms have to their food by eating other
organism
22. a lives
A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of
animals plants or other type of organism . It is the natural environment in which an organism
lives ..
Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf
Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely? [That is the mode of inheritance that would
mean that the pattern would HAVE to be as described, not just that is could have come out this
way.] sex-limited, autosomal dominant Y-linked X-linked recessive autosomal recessive X-
linked dominant autosomal dominant autosomal sex-influenced
Solution
Non-autosomal mode of inheritance is the one related to sex-chromosomes. The alleles
associated with sex-chromosomes represent a differential kind of inheritance pattern and display
a differential phenotype response in offsprings based upon their sex. Majority of the human
diseases related to sex-chromosomes are X-linked in nature such as color blindness, hemophilia,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Vitamin D resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia, Rett
syndrome, Incontinentia pigmention and Goltz syndrome.
Since both parents, a male and a female carry an X chromosome, they both are potential donors
of X-linked allele of a disease. Since the offsprings can acquire a differential X-chromosome
profile either from mother or father, their genetic make up will be dependent upon that of their
parents and thus, their disease condition (carrier, affected, unaffected).
Thus, X-linked (dominant or recessive) mode of sex-chromosome related diseases need to be
explained theoratically and observationally, and not only be described as general procedures of
genetic segregation. Since X-linked recessive diseases are more likely to cause ambiguity among
inheritance pattern, a more detailed explanation would be requried for X-linked recessive alleles..
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf
Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)?
a. Dolphins and humans
b. Apes and monkeys
c. Dolphins and fish
d. Dolphins and whales
e. Cats and bats
Wings of bats are:
a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals
b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds
c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates
d. Synapomorphic feature for bats
e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds
Solution
1). c. Dolphins and fish
Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same
structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such
cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the
ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals,
while the shark are fish..
What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus Which part o.pdf
What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus? Which part of the Xenopus blastula
becomes the mesoderm? Where does the dorsal lip tissue end up when, Xenopus gastrulation is
finished? Where does the vegetal pole end up when gastrulation is finished? How is the central
nervous system formed? Where does the neural crest come from and what does it become?
What are the main tissue types formed from the mesoderm? What happens during the cortical
rotation? What is the principal determinant for endoderm formation in Xenopus? What are the
main mesoderm-inducing factors in Xenopus?
Solution
2. Midblastula transition refers to a number of dramatic changes that occur at this stage in
Xenopus. The important event that happens during this stage is activation of zygotic genes. The
Cell cycle is lengthened, the asynchronous cycle of different cells. Development of cellular
motility.
3. The blastula is composed of three different regions out of which the equatorial or marginal
zone, which compose the walls of the blastocoel differentiate primarily into mesodermal tissue.
4. The lip of the blastopore nearer to the animal pole is termed the dorsal lip of the blastopore.
The dorsal lip of the blastopore forms due to the contraction of bottle cells. It becomes the head
and the dorsal midline structures all along the body. It forms notochord, flanking parts of
somites, floor plate of neural tube.
5. The vegetal plate undergoes primary invagination to produce the archenteron or primitive gut.
Primary invagination is thought to result from changes in the shape of cells in the vegetal plate.
6. During the development, the dorsal ectoderm rolls up into a tube, which becomes the brain at
the anterior end and the spinal cord at the posterior end.
7. The neural crest is a population of migratory cells, derived from the neural folds. In the head,
it forms much of the skeleton. It forms dorsal root ganglia, enteric ganglia and pigment cells.
8. Mesoderm develops into notochord, somites, kidneys, gonads, limbs, lateral plate, blood
islands, heart and blood vessels during the Xenopus development.
9. On the surface of the dorsal egg cortex egg toward the animal pole and internally components
associated with cortex move from a vegetal to a dorsal position..
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