The Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (EPA) as part of the National Dialogue on Climate Action hosted Dr Artur Runge-Metzger of the EU Commission who gave a talk on 'The European Green Deal – Towards a climate-neutral EU by 2050'.
You can watch the full talk on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqKMcggIMFU
The EPA's Climate Change lecture series has been running since late 2007, bringing a range of Irish and international speakers to the Round Room in The Mansion House, Dublin to update Irish audiences on the science of climate change, and our possible responses to it.
What New EU Reporting Standards Mean for North AmericaGreenBiz Group
Significant changes are coming to sustainability reporting in Europe. From 2022, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) will bring in mandatory ESG disclosure for all large or listed companies operating in the EU – expanding current non-financial reporting requirements from 11,000 companies to more than 50,000. As a result, many North American companies who do business in the EU will be included. This session will review the incoming changes and updates on the new sustainability reporting standards that will apply, for which GRI has been appointed by the European Commission to co-construct. Requiring double-materiality reporting of impacts and building on the widespread adoption of the GRI Standards, these developments will have a significant role in the global convergence of sustainability reporting.
These slides cover briefly the concept of circular economy, how it aims at reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. These materials would then be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. Circular economy has enormous benefits when compared against the traditional linear and recycling economies.
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
What New EU Reporting Standards Mean for North AmericaGreenBiz Group
Significant changes are coming to sustainability reporting in Europe. From 2022, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) will bring in mandatory ESG disclosure for all large or listed companies operating in the EU – expanding current non-financial reporting requirements from 11,000 companies to more than 50,000. As a result, many North American companies who do business in the EU will be included. This session will review the incoming changes and updates on the new sustainability reporting standards that will apply, for which GRI has been appointed by the European Commission to co-construct. Requiring double-materiality reporting of impacts and building on the widespread adoption of the GRI Standards, these developments will have a significant role in the global convergence of sustainability reporting.
These slides cover briefly the concept of circular economy, how it aims at reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. These materials would then be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. Circular economy has enormous benefits when compared against the traditional linear and recycling economies.
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
Today Sustainability and Sustainability reporting is buzz in every organisation. This presentation is just an awareness on sustainability and sustainability reporting process.
This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
Net Zero Governance - The case of KoreaESD UNU-IAS
"Net Zero Governance - The case of Korea", presented by Dr. Hanna Kang (Green Technology Center Korea) at the 2022 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme, 6 December, 2022.
Environment and development are interlinked expressions. In fact there are the two sides of the same coin. The environmental degradation, in fact, started with the advent of human civilization. There is a mythological statement that the process of Adam and Eve who ate an apple and threw away the peels led to the onset of environmental degradation.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
Our Senior Consultant Darina Eades has developed An Introduction to Sustainable Procurement, an insightful guide to help you understand what Sustainable Procurement is, what are the drivers and the business case for it.
Digital as an enabler for climate actionSoren Gigler
Digital innovations are key enablers for climate action and sustainability. the presentation provides an overview of the EU's program on the digital and green transformation and provides recommendations on how to leverage the power of digital innovations to address the challenges of climate change.
On April 30, WRI hosted a dynamic town hall discussion about key issues related to pricing carbon in the United States. Putting a price on carbon can provide a clear and consistent economic signal that can help shift market growth in the coming decades toward a climate-smart, low-carbon economy.
The new resource "Putting a Price on Carbon: A Handbook for U.S. Policymakers" was released. Find out more at www.wri.org/carbonpricing
These are the supporting materials used by the different speakers of the H2020 WHY project opening session. This evento was held on September 10, 2020.
Today Sustainability and Sustainability reporting is buzz in every organisation. This presentation is just an awareness on sustainability and sustainability reporting process.
This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
Net Zero Governance - The case of KoreaESD UNU-IAS
"Net Zero Governance - The case of Korea", presented by Dr. Hanna Kang (Green Technology Center Korea) at the 2022 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme, 6 December, 2022.
Environment and development are interlinked expressions. In fact there are the two sides of the same coin. The environmental degradation, in fact, started with the advent of human civilization. There is a mythological statement that the process of Adam and Eve who ate an apple and threw away the peels led to the onset of environmental degradation.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
Our Senior Consultant Darina Eades has developed An Introduction to Sustainable Procurement, an insightful guide to help you understand what Sustainable Procurement is, what are the drivers and the business case for it.
Digital as an enabler for climate actionSoren Gigler
Digital innovations are key enablers for climate action and sustainability. the presentation provides an overview of the EU's program on the digital and green transformation and provides recommendations on how to leverage the power of digital innovations to address the challenges of climate change.
On April 30, WRI hosted a dynamic town hall discussion about key issues related to pricing carbon in the United States. Putting a price on carbon can provide a clear and consistent economic signal that can help shift market growth in the coming decades toward a climate-smart, low-carbon economy.
The new resource "Putting a Price on Carbon: A Handbook for U.S. Policymakers" was released. Find out more at www.wri.org/carbonpricing
These are the supporting materials used by the different speakers of the H2020 WHY project opening session. This evento was held on September 10, 2020.
Le Green Deal Européen, une vision climatique, industrielle ou géopolitique ?
Sébastien PAQUOT
Chef d'Unité Adjoint - Climate Finance - DG CLIMA - Commission Européenne
Introduction to the EU Emission Trading SystemLeonardo ENERGY
The EU ETS Directive is the centrepiece of the European Union’s climate policy. It has created the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a unique and quite com-plex system.
The EU ETS establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowances trading within 31 European countries. Its functioning is based on a “cap and trade” principle, which sets a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed.
Today, the EU ETS covers almost half of EU’s emissions and is part of the daily life of a large number of companies.
The EU ETS Directive represents the backbone of EU’s action against climate change, but it also works in combination with several other pieces of legislation in a delicate balance.
Our European system has very much evolved during the last 15 years. The existing legislation operates until 2020. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target in line with EU’s 2050 low carbon economy roadmap. The time has also come to discuss the post-2020 period and the European Commission will soon put forward a new proposal with a 2030 emissions reduction target.
Being the first one to have been setup, the European scheme is analysed and taken as exam-ple in other regions of the world where emissions trading starts being implemented.
This course aims at giving a presentation of the EU ETS Directive, the main features of the sys-tem, the balance with other pieces of EU legislation and at offering perspectives for the on-coming review of the scheme.
Although the European Union had legislated in the area of energy policy for many years, the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was for a long time not approved. With the Treaty of Lisbon this changed. The Treaty includes legal solidarity in matters of energy supply and gives the EU the right to change energy policy within the EU.
Following the adoption of the Kyoto protocol, the EU set out in implementing the greenhouse gas reductions goals. Given the flagship initiative at the time of Europe 2020, the climate and energy package that was proposed in 2007 and adopted in 2009 took the form of the 20 20 20 by 2020 goals. The package is a set of binding legislation to ensure the EU meets its climate and energy targets by the year 2020. It includes three key targets:
* 20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)
* 20% of EU energy from renewables
* 20% improvement in energy efficiency
Carbon Neutrality in the Energy Community - Green Policy CenterTibor Schaffhauser
While a growing number of countries announce their 2050 climate neutrality pledges and Contracting Parties of the Western Balkans have already committed to this target by the adoption of the Sofia Declaration, concrete long-term plans of action are still to be made. A new study of the Green Policy Center provides recommendations on how to set up long-term strategies to reach a climate-neutral future in the Energy Community.
Keynote by Hans van Steen, Principal Advisor, European Commission, Directorate General for Energy, Smart Energy Systems Conference, Copenhagen, September 2023
More than 20 years ago, the EU vowed to fight the newly identified danger of climate change. Over time, it has developed a policy which is two-fold: on one hand, it looks at ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions inside EU borders and now has 2050 as horizon; on the other hand, it tends to lead by example and to push other big emitters to gather around similar emission reduction objectives.
Pursuing the idea of giving a price to carbon, the EU has put in place an instrument that would lead it towards decarbonisation: the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Launched in 2005, it has today become a complex system which is being reproduced in other parts of the world. The ultimate vision is one of a global carbon market leading to a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and thus mitigating the impact of climate change.
Roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy by 2050Leonardo ENERGY
If global warming is to be held below 2°C compared to pre-industrial times, then all major economies will need to make deep emissions reductions. By 2050, the European Union could cut most of its greenhouse gas emissions. The European Commission has looked at cost-efficient ways to make the European economy more climate-friendly and less energy-consuming. With its Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050, the European Commission has looked beyond short-term objectives and set out a cost-effective pathway for achieving much deeper emission cuts by the middle of the century.
The Roadmap is the main long-term policy initiative put forward to move the EU towards using resources in a sustainable way. It states that, by 2050, the EU should cut its emissions to 80% below 1990 levels through domestic reductions alone. It sets out milestones which form a cost-effective pathway to this goal - reductions of 40% by 2030 and 60% by 2040. It also shows how the main sectors responsible for Europe's emissions - power generation, industry, transport, buildings and construction, as well as agriculture - can make the transition to a low-carbon economy most cost-effectively.
Energy Efficiency Resolution Lib Int Congress 2009Centerpartiet
Resolution to the Liberal International Congress in Cairo 2009. Resolution on Energy Efficiency.
Resolution till Liberala Internationalens kongressi Kairo 2009. Resolution om Energieffektivisering.
Table-ronde sur "La relance de l'efficacité énergétique en Europe" : relancer, mais aussi financer !
Avec :
Francisco Zuloloaga
Luca Bergamaschi
Adrian Joyce
Antongiulio Marin
Michel Lepetit
Matthieu Auzanneau
Ateliers du Shift du 11 décembre 2014
The European Union has agreed on a new 2030 Framework for climate and energy, which includes EU-wide targets and policy objectives for the period between 2020 and 2030. The targets aim to help the EU achieve a more competitive, secure and sustainable energy system and to meet its long-term 2050 greenhouse gas reductions target as set out in the 2050 Low Carbon Roadmap.
The framework was created to communicate to the market a clear commitment by the EU in view of encouraging private investment in new networks and low-carbon technologies. The targets themselves are based on a thorough analysis made by the European Commission that measured how to cost-effectively achieve decarbonisation by 2050.
The key targets are:
* 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels);
* at least 27% of EU energy from renewables in terms of final consumption;
* and, at least 27% energy savings compared to business-as-usual.
Jenny Deakin from the EPA Catchments Unit gave a Teagasc Signpost Seminar on April 20 2021. The seminar covered water quality, focused on the agricultural sector, and the solutions needed to improve water quality, and new tools to target the right measure in the right place. This includes upgraded Pollution Impact Potential Maps for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, together with overland flow and focused delivery points.
On 25 November 2020 the EPA published Ireland’s Environment - An Integrated Assessment 2020 which provides an assessment of the overall quality of Ireland's environment, the pressures being placed on it and the societal responses to current and emerging environmental issues.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s rivers.
Ireland has more than 73,000 km of river channels. If placed end-to-end, they could encircle the Earth almost twice. Three-quarters of these channels are very small streams that typically flow into larger rivers.
Biological monitoring has been carried out in Irish rivers since 1971. The current national river monitoring programme covers more than 13,000 km of river channel.
The national monitoring programme is run by the EPA and focuses on the main river channels rather than the smaller streams. The programme includes more than 2,800 sites sampled for biology, with almost half of these being sampled for physical and chemical parameters.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s lakes.
A total of 225 lakes are currently included as part of the national surface waters monitoring programme run by the EPA, this covers around 80% of the surface area of all lakes in Ireland.
This includes:
• all lakes greater than 50 hectares
• lakes that are used for supplying drinking water
• lakes that are of regional, local or scientific interest
This Plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring aquatic plants in Irish lakes.
Aquatic plants are good at showing if the quality of the water is good or bad and play an important role in lake ecology by providing food and a habitat for many smaller plants, animals and birds.
They also:
• provide shelter for young fish
• help to improve the clarity of the water
• help stabilise lake shore banks
• reduce the amount of sediment being suspended in the water
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors these aquatic plants at more than 10,000 sites in over 200 lakes once every three years.
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This presentation was by Con McLaughlin, Donegal County Council and Andy Griggs, Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
More from Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The European Green Deal - towards a climate neutral EU by 2050
1. The European Green
Deal –
Towards a climate
neutral EU by 2050
Dublin, February 6, 2020
Artur RUNGE-METZGER, Director, European Commission
2. The European Green Deal
Climate change is happening
• Global warming
already reached at
1C
• 18 of the warmest
years in the last 2
decades and extreme
heat waves in EU for
4 of the last 5 years
• Real impact on EU
economy &
environment
• IPCC warns about
global eco-systems in
danger already at 2C
• Climate change
undermines security
and prosperity in the
broadest sense
4. Caveat:
This estimate does not take into account differences in
climate change damages, nor adaptation costs between
baseline and 1.5° C.
Development of GDP and greenhouse gas emissions,
1990 - 2050
The European Green Deal
Invest in the modernisation of the EU economy
• Modernising the EU's economy will
stimulate significant additional
investment:
1. Energy efficiency
2. Deployments of renewables
3. Clean, safe & connected mobility
4. Competitive industry and circular economy
5. Infrastructure and inter-connections
6. Bio-economy and natural carbon sinks
7. Tackle remaining emissions with carbon
capture and storage
• From 2% of EU GDP invested in
the energy system today to 2.8%
to achieve a net-zero greenhouse
gas emissions economy
• Positive for growth and jobs, with
GDP impact up to +2%
• Co-benefits: energy imports down,
public health, etc.
5. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
Financing the transition
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
Mainstreaming
sustainability in all EU policies
6. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Mobilising industry
for a clean and circular economy
Preserving and restoring ecosystems
and biodiversity
From ‘Farm to Fork’: a fair, healthy
and environmentally friendly food
system
Building and renovating in an energy
and resource efficient way
Accelerating the shift to sustainable
and smart mobility
Increasing the EU’s Climate ambition
for 2030 and 2050
Supplying clean, affordable
and secure energy
A zero pollution ambition
for a toxic-free environment
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
7. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• European ‘Climate Law’ enshrining the 2050 climate neutrality
objective in legislation by March 2020
• Comprehensive plan to increase the EU’s climate target for 2030
to at least 50% and towards 55% in a responsible way by October
2020
• Review and revise where needed all relevant legislative measures
to deliver on this increased ambition by June 2021
• Proposal for a revision of the Energy Taxation Directive by June
2021
• Carbon border adjustment mechanism for selected sectors by
2021
• A new EU Strategy on Adaptation in 2020/2021
Increasing the EU’s Climate ambition
for 2030 and 2050
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
8. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• Assess the ambition of the final National Energy and
Climate Plans by June 2020
• Strategy for smart sector integration in 2020
• Renovation wave for the building sector in 2020
doubling the renovation rate
• Review and revise where needed the Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency Directive by June 2021
• Offshore wind initiative in 2020
• Review the TEN-E Regulation
Supplying clean, affordable
and secure energy
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Building and renovating in an energy
and resource efficient way
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
9. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• EU Industrial Strategy by March 2020
• A new circular economy action plan by March 2020,
including a sustainable products policy
• Clean Steel breakthrough: proposal in 2020 to support
zero carbon steel-making processes by 2030.
• Legislation in support of the Strategic Action Plan on
Batteries and the circular economy in 2020
• Propose legislative reforms tackling waste
Mobilising industry
for a clean and circular economy
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
10. Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• Strategy for Sustainable and smart mobility in 2020
• Revise the CO2 emissions performance legislation for light duty
vehicles by June 2021
• Extend EU’s Emissions Trading to the maritime sector, and to
reduce the free allowances for airlines by June 2021
• Support public charging points: 1 million by 2025
• Boost the production and supply of sustainable alternative fuels
for the different transport modes
• Review the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive and the
TEN-T Regulation in 2021
• More stringent air pollutant emissions standards for
combustion-engine vehicles
Accelerating the shift to sustainable
and smart mobility
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
11. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• Farm to Fork Strategy in Spring 2020
• Measures, including legislative, to significantly reduce the use
of chemical pesticides, fertilizers and antibiotics
• Examination of the draft national strategic plans, to meet the
ambitions of the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork
Strategy in 2020/2021
From ‘Farm to Fork’: a fair, healthy
and environmentally friendly food
system
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
12. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 in March 2020
• Follow up with concrete measures in 2021 to address
the main drivers of biodiversity loss
• A new EU Forest Strategy in 2020
• Measures to support deforestation-free value chains
from 2020
Preserving and restoring ecosystems
and biodiversity
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
13. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
• Zero pollution action plan for air, water and soil in 2021
• Address industrial pollution from large industrial installations
in 2021
• Chemicals strategy for sustainability in summer 2020
A zero pollution ambition
for a toxic-free environment
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
14. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• European Green Deal integral part of
Commission’s strategy to implement the
UN 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable
Development Goals
15. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• Meeting the additional investment needs
• Proposal for a Sustainable Europe Investment Plan and a Just
Transition Mechanism (EUR 100 bn) in January 2020
• 25% target for climate mainstreaming across all EU programmes
within the proposed MFF 2021-2027
• Proposed new revenue streams (“Own resources”) and review of the
Innovation and Modernisation funds to deploy climate neutral
solutions
• Mobilisation of InvestEU in support of the Green Deal objectives
• Work with the EIB group (climate target to 50% by 2025) and other
financial institutions (NPBs, other int’l financial institutions)
• Renewed Sustainable Finance Strategy in Autumn 2020
• Taxonomy, Corporate governance framework
• Review of Non-Financial Reporting Directive
• Support natural capital accounting
• Labels for retail financial investment products
• Developing EU green bond standard; integration of environmental
risks in EU prudential framework
Pursuing
green finance and investment
and ensuring a just transition
16. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• Initiatives to screen and benchmark green budgeting practices of the
Member States and of the EU from 2020
• Inclusion of reference to green public investment in context of
quality of public finance in review of European economic
governance framework
• Creation of a context for fit-for-purpose tax reforms
• Review of the State aid guidelines for environment and energy, as
well as other relevant guidelines in 2021
• Integration of the Sustainable Development Goals in the European
Semester from 2020Greening national budgets and
sending the right price signals
17. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• At least 35% of Horizon Europe funding for
climate solution
• Four “Green Deal missions” (related to
climate change, oceans, cities and soil)
• Partnerships with industry and Member
States
• Role of European Institute of Innovation and
Technology
• Role of European Innovation Council
• Data and digital infrastructure in support of
ecological transition
Mobilising research and
Fostering innovation
18. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• European Competence Framework
• EU networks of teacher-training programmes
• Leveraging €3 billion for investment in school
infrastructure
• Pro-active re-skilling and up-skilling through
the proposed European Social Fund+
Activating
education and training
19. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Mainstreaming sustainability in all EU policies
Financing the transition
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
• Align all new Commission initiatives with
European Green Deal objectives
• Use of better regulation tools
• Invitation of stakeholders to use available
platforms to simplify legislation and identify
problematic cases
• Improve ways better regulation guidelines
and supporting tools address sustainability
and innovation issues
A green oath: ‘do no harm’
21. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
The EU as a
global leader
• EU to continue to lead the international climate
and biodiversity negotiations, further
strengthening the international policy
framework
• Strengthen the EU’s Green Deal Diplomacy in
cooperation with Member States
• Green Agenda for the Western Balkans
• Proposal to make the respect of the Paris
agreement an essential element for all future
comprehensive trade agreements
22. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
A European
Climate Pact
• Launch of the European Climate Pact in March
2020
• Proposal for an 8th Environmental Action
Programme in 2020
23. The European Green Deal
The
European
Green
Deal
Leave no one behind
(Just Transition)
Financing the transition
A European
Climate Pact
The EU as a
global leader
Transforming the
EU’s economy for a
sustainable future
And leaving
no one behind
Designing a set of
deeply transformative policies
Mainstreaming
sustainability in all EU policies