The document discusses renewable energy and the European Union's policies and targets regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency. It provides details on: - The EU's targets for 2020 and 2030 to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% and 27% respectively, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% and 40% from 1990 levels. - Key EU energy strategies and policies to meet these targets, including the 2020 Energy Strategy, 2030 Energy Strategy, 2050 Energy Strategy, and funding for energy technology and innovation through Horizon 2020. - The various renewable energy sources used in Europe like solar, wind, hydro, and biofuels, as well as strategies around energy storage, nuclear fusion, and a

1. EUROPEAN UNION
ASHWANI KUMAR BHARATI (17M701)
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
DEPT. OF CEEE
NIT HAMIRPUR

2. Abstract
Renewable energy can be produced from a wide variety of sources
including wind, solar, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and biomass. By using
more renewables to meet its energy needs, the EU lowers its
dependence on imported fossil fuels and makes its energy
production more sustainable. The renewable energy industry also
drives technological innovation and employment across Europe.

3. Content
•Introduction
•Renewable energy target
•Energy Strategy
•Technology and innovation
•National action plans
•Progress report
•Support schemes
•Heating and cooling
•Solar energy
•Biofuel
•Wind energy
•Nuclear energy

4. EU MAP

5. About EU
•The European Union is a unique economic and political union
between 28 European countries that together cover much of the
continent.
•The EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War.
•The European Economic Community (EEC), created in 1958, and
initially increasing economic cooperation between six countries:
Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
•EU launched a single European currency: the euro
•Name change from the European Economic Community (EEC) to the
European Union (EU) in 1993

6. Trade with India
 The EU and India are increase their bilateral
trade and investment through the Free Trade
Agreement negotiations that were launched in
2007.
 The EU is India's number one trading partner
(13.5% of India's overall trade with the world
in 2015-16), well ahead of China (10.8%), USA
(9.3%), UAE (7.7%) and Saudi Arabia (4.3%).
 India is the EU's 9th trading partner in 2016
(2.2% of EU's overall trade with the world),
after South Korea (2.5%) and ahead of Canada
(1.9%).
 The value of EU exports to India grew from
€24.2 billion in 2006 to €37.8 billion in 2016,
with engineering goods, gems and jewellery,
other manufactured goods and chemicals.
 The value of EU imports from India also
increased from €22.6 billion in 2006 to €39.3
billion in 2016, with at the top textiles and
clothing, chemicals and engineering goods.
 EU investment stocks in India amounted to
€51.2 billion in 2015, increasing from €44.2
billion in the previous year.

7. Energy Union
• The Commission has launched plans for a European Energy Union.
This will ensure secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy for EU
citizens and businesses.
• Europe will become a sustainable, low-carbon and environmentally-
friendly economy. It will lead the way in renewable energy
production and the fight against global warming.
• Energy Union will also help Europe speak with a single voice on
global energy matters.

8. EU energy targets
Targets for 2020:-
•Reducing greenhouse gases by at least 20% compared to 1990 levels
•20% of energy from renewable sources
•20% energy efficiency improvement
Targets for 2030:-
•40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
•At least 27% EU energy from renewables
•Increase energy efficiency by 27-30%
•15% electricity interconnection (i.e. 15% of electricity generated in the EU can be transported to other EU countries)
Target for 2050:-
•An 80-95% cut in greenhouse gases compared with 1990 levels.

9. The EU is on track to meet the 2020 targets:
•Greenhouse gases reduced by 18% between 1990–2012
•Renewables share reached 14.1% in 2012, up from 8.5% in 2005
•Energy efficiency expected to improve by 18–19% by 2020. This is
just short of the 20% target.

10. 2020 Energy Strategy
•By 2020, the EU aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20%, increase the share of
renewable energy to at least 20% of consumption, and achieve energy savings of 20% or more. All EU
countries must also achieve a 10% share of renewable energy in their transport sector.
Meeting the targets:-
•Making Europe more energy efficient by accelerating investment into efficient buildings, products,
and transport. This includes measures such as energy labelling schemes, renovation of public
buildings, and ecodesign requirements for energy intensive products.
•Building a pan-European energy market by constructing the necessary transmission lines, pipelines,
LNG terminals, and other infrastructure.
•Implementing the Strategic Energy Technology Plan – the EU's strategy to accelerate the development
and deployment of low carbon technologies such as solar power, smart grids, and carbon capture and
storage
•Protecting consumer rights and achieving high safety standards in the energy sector. This includes
allowing consumers to easily switch energy suppliers, monitor energy usage, and speedily resolve
complaints

11. 2030 Energy Strategy
•EU countries have a new 2030 Framework for climate and energy, including EU-wide targets and
policy objectives for the period between 2020 and 2030. These targets aim to the EU achieve a
more competitive, secure and sustainable energy system and to meet its long-term 2050
greenhouse gas reductions target.
Policies for 2030:-
•A reformed EU emissions trading scheme (ETS)
•New indicators for the competitiveness and security of the energy system, such as price
differences with major trading partners, diversification of supply, and interconnection capacity
between EU countries.
•First ideas for a new governance system based on national plans for competitive, secure, and
sustainable energy

12. 2050 Energy strategy
•The EU has set itself a long-term goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95%, when
compared to 1990 levels, by 2050.
•To achieve these goals, significant investments need to be made in new low-carbon
technologies, renewable energy, energy efficiency, and grid infrastructure.
•Because investments are made for a period of 20 to 60 years, policies that promote a stable
business climate which encourages low-carbon investments must start being made today.
Energy Roadmap:-
The European Commission's 2011 Energy Roadmap set out four main routes to a more
sustainable, competitive and secure energy system in 2050: energy efficiency, renewable energy,
nuclear energy, and carbon capture and storage. It combined these routes in different ways to
create and analyse seven possible scenarios for 2050.

13. Technology and innovation
Energy storage:-
•Energy storage can help deal with fluctuations in demand and generation by allowing excess
electricity to be 'saved' for periods of higher electricity demand.
•By using more energy storage, the EU can decrease its energy imports, improve the efficiency of
the energy system, and keep prices low by better integrating variable renewable energy sources.
•renewable electricity can be converted to heat or to hydrogen. Hydrogen can be combined with
CO2 to create synthetic methane, or combined with other elements to produce methanol,
ammonia, or other chemicals. These can be used to decarbonise other economic sectors, for
example in transport as fuel, in industries as material, and in agriculture for fertilisers.
• Technological innovation in storage falls under the Horizon 2020 programme and the Strategic
Energy Technology Plan.
•A variety of technologies exist to store electricity, including batteries, compressed air and
chemicals, but by far the most common technology to date is pumped hydro storage.

14. Strategic Energy Technology Plan:-
• The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) aims to accelerate the development and
deployment of low-carbon technologies. It seeks to improve new technologies and bring down costs by
coordinating national research efforts and helping to finance projects.
• The SET-Plan promotes research and innovation efforts across Europe by supporting the most impactful
technologies in the EU's transformation to a low-carbon energy system.
• The SET-Plan comprises the SET-Plan Steering Group, the European Technology and Innovation
Platforms, the European Energy Research Alliance, and the SET-Plan Information System (SETIS).
• Research, innovation and competitiveness are one of the five dimensions of the Commission's Energy
Union strategy. The integrated SET-Plan is part of a new European energy Research & Innovation (R&I)
approach designed to accelerate the transformation of the EU's energy system and to bring promising
new zero-emissions energy technologies to market.

15. Nuclear fusion :-
• Nuclear fusion energy is produced by fusing together light atoms, such as hydrogen, at extremely high
temperatures – around 150 million ºC – and elevated pressures, in a process like the nuclear reactions
that power the sun and stars. These conditions are reached by heating the atoms with high-energy
particles and waves and then by the energy produced by the reaction. Fusion energy has the potential
to provide a sustainable solution to European and global energy needs as it releases short-lived
radioactive waste and uses raw materials that are widely present in nature.
• To explore the creation of energy by nuclear fusion, the ITER Agreement setting up the ITER
Organisation was signed in Paris in 2006 by China, South Korea, the United States, India, Japan, Russia
and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
• The ITER Organisation established the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in the
south of France to demonstrate nuclear fusion energy.
• Fusion for Energy (F4E) coordinates the European Union's contribution to ITER and the development of
fusion energy.

16. Energy funding under Horizon 2020 and FP7
•Almost €6 billion goes towards energy projects in the EU's Research and Innovation Programme
Horizon 2020.
•projects aid the creation and improvement of clean energy technologies. They cover areas such
as energy efficiency, renewables, smart energy networks, and energy storage.
•Previously, energy projects were funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and
Technological Development (FP7), which ran from 2007 to 2013.

17. What is Horizon 2020?
•Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever with nearly
€80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020) .
•Horizon 2020 is the financial instrument implementing the Innovation Union, a Europe
2020 flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe's global competitiveness.
•Horizon 2020 has the political backing of Europe’s leaders and the Members of the
European Parliament. They agreed that research is an investment in our future and so
put it at the heart of the EU’s blueprint for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and
jobs.
•The goal is to ensure Europe produces world-class science, removes barriers to
innovation and makes it easier for the public and private sectors to work together in
delivering innovation.

18. National action plans
Individual EU countries have different available resources and their own unique energy
markets. This means that they will have to follow distinctive paths when it comes to meeting
their obligations under the Renewable Energy Directive, including their legally binding 2020
targets. In their national action plans, they explain how they intend to do this.
• individual renewable energy targets for the electricity, heating and cooling, and transport
sectors
• the planned mix of different renewables technologies
• policy measures to achieve national targets including cooperation between local, regional,
and national authorities
• any planned statistical transfers and joint projects with other countries
• national policies to develop biomass resources
• measures to ensure that biofuels used to meet renewable energy targets are in compliance
with the EU's sustainability criteria

19. Progress reports
Every two years, EU countries report on their progress towards the EU's 2020 renewable energy
goals. Based on the national reports and on other available data, the European Commission
produces an EU-wide report which gives an overview of renewable energy policy developments
in EU countries.
•In its final energy consumption, the EU as a whole achieved a 16% share of renewable energy in
2014 and an estimated 16.4% share in 2015.
•The vast majority of EU countries are well on track to reach their 2020 binding targets for
renewable energy, but all countries will have to continue their efforts to meet these targets.
•The transport sector achieved a 6% share of renewable energy in 2015, so some EU countries
will have to intensify their efforts to reach the 10% binding target for transport by 2020.

20. • Energy security: using more renewables resulted in a €16 billion saving in fossil fuel imports in 2015, and
this is projected to rise to €58 billion in 2030.
• Market integration: cheaper technologies and new proposals under the Commission's 'Clean Energy for all
Europeans' package will further enable renewables to participate in markets on an equal footing with
other energy sources.
• Energy efficiency: renewable power could help reduce primary energy consumption and improve energy
performance of buildings.
• Decarbonisation: in 2015, renewables contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent
of Italy's total emissions.
• Innovation: the EU has 30% of global patents in renewables, and is committed to prioritising research and
innovation to further drive the energy transition.
• Economic growth and added value: the turnover of the renewables industry in 2014 was €144 billion.
• Sustainable jobs: in the EU, there were more than one million jobs in renewables in 2014.
• Improved air quality, through fuel switching to renewables in all sectors.
• International development: renewables can help developing countries gain access to affordable and clean
energy.

21. Support schemes
•support schemes may be needed to overcome this market failure and spur increased investment in
renewable energy
Guidance for renewables support schemes:-
The EU adopted guidance for EU countries when designing and reforming renewable energy support
schemes.
•financial support for renewables should be limited to what is necessary and should aim to make renewables
competitive in the market
•support schemes should be flexible and respond to falling production costs. As technologies mature,
schemes should be gradually removed. For instance, feed in tariffs should be replaced by feed in premiums
and other support instruments that incentivise producers to respond to market developments
•unannounced or retroactive changes to support schemes should be avoided as they undermine investor
confidence and prevent future investment
•EU countries should take advantage of the renewable energy potential in other countries via cooperation
mechanisms. This would keep costs low for consumers and boost investor confidence.

22. Heating and cooling
•Heating and cooling in our buildings and industry accounts for half of the EU’s energy
consumption.
•In EU households, heating and hot water alone account for 79% of total final energy use (192.5
Mtoe). Cooling is a fairly small share of total final energy use.
•In industry, 70.6% of energy consumption (193.6 Mtoe) was used for space and industrial
process heating, 26.7% (73.3 Mtoe) for lighting and electrical processes such as machine motors,
and 2.7% (7.2 Mtoe) for cooling.
•84% of heating and cooling is still generated from fossil fuels while only 16% is generated from
renewable energy.
•Cutting the energy consumed by heating and cooling in buildings and industry can be achieved
through scaling up the use of advanced construction and design techniques and high-
performance insulation materials when renovating buildings.
•Energy use can also be cut by providing better information and control of energy use with
intelligent thermostats.

23. Solar energy
•During 2011, an additional 21.9 gigawatts (GW) of photovoltaics systems were connected to the
grid in the European Union, a steep increase from 13.4 GW in 2010.[2] Turnover of the European
PV market amounted to approximately €36 billion for this period.
Photovoltaic solar power:-
•In 2012, photovoltaic systems with a total capacity of 17.2 gigawatt (GW) were connected to the
grid in Europe, less than in 2011, when 22.4 GW had been installed. In terms of total installed
capacity, according to EPIA's 2012-report, Europe still lead the way with more than 70 GW, or
69% of worldwide capacity, producing 85 TWh of electricity annually.
• The solar power share in 2011 was around 3.6% in Italy, 3.1% in Germany and 2.6% in Spain.
•Denmark reached its governmental goal of achieving 200 MW of photovoltaic capacity by 2020
already in 2012, eight years in advance. Danish energy sector players estimate that this
development will result in 1000 MW by 2020.

24. Solar potential in Europe

25. PV growth in 'watts per capita' from 1992 to 2014
<0.1
0.1-1
1-10
10-50
50-100
100-150
150-200
200-300
300-450

26. Concentrated solar power:-
• Solar power, the production of electricity from solar energy, is performed either directly,
through photovoltaics, or indirectly, using concentrated solar power (CSP). One advantage that
CSP has is the ability to add thermal storage and provide power up to 24 hours a day.[16]
Gemasolar, in Spain, was the first to provide 24-hour power.
• There is considerable academic and commercial interest internationally in a new form of CSP,
called STEM, for off-grid applications to produce 24-hour industrial scale power for mining sites
and remote communities in Italy, other parts of Europe, Australia, Asia, North Africa and Latin
America. STEM uses fluidized silica sand as a thermal storage and heat transfer medium for
CSP systems. It has been developed by Salerno-based Magaldi Industries.
• The first commercial application of STEM will take place in Sicily from 2015.
CSP in Europe (MWpeak)
# Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 Spain 10.00 60.00 281.40 531.40 1,151.40 1,953.90 2,303.90
2 Italy 0 0 0 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.35
3 Germany 0 0 0 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
4 France 0 0 0 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75
EU 10 60 281 738 1,159 1,961 2,311

27. Solar thermal:-
• According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans the total solar thermal capacity in the EU will
be 102 GW in 2020 (while 14 GW in 2006).
• Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating. Worldwide the use was 88
GWthermal in 2005. The EU have been second after China in the installations.
Top solar module producers

28. Andasol solar power station
•The Andasol solar power station is Europe's first parabolic trough solar power facility.
Andasol will supply environmentally friendly solar power to about 500,000 residents in
Spain. The new plant will cut carbon emissions in the region by 450,000t per annum
compared with conventional coal-fired power plants.
•A partnership of Spanish and German companies constructed the first large-scale
commercial solar thermal power-plant in Europe, Andasol-1, which started operating in
the Spanish province of Granada in December 2008.
•Andasol-1 consists of many rows, each several hundred metres long, of precisely
aligned troughs with a parabolic cross-section. These act as mirrors to focus sunlight on
pipes carrying a fluid that is heated to around 400°C.

29. Biofuels
•Biofuels are liquid or gaseous transport fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol which are made
from biomass. They serve as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels in the EU's transport sector,
helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the EU's security of supply.
• By 2020, the EU aims to have 10% of the transport fuel of every EU country come from
renewable sources such as biofuels.
•Fuel suppliers are also required to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the EU fuel mix by 6%
by 2020 in comparison to 2010.
Land use change:-
•Growing biofuels on existing agricultural land can displace food production to
previously non-agricultural land such as forests. Because trees absorb CO2 from the
atmosphere, removing them for biofuel production may result in an increase in net
greenhouse gases instead of a decrease.

30. • Biofuels can serve as a renewable alternative to jet fuel in airliners but are currently not produced on a large
commercial scale for this purpose. To help spur the commercial development of biofuels for aviation, the
European Commission and its partners have launched the European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath.
Quality standards for biofuels:-
• Working together with the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), the EU aims to develop and
improve the technical quality standards of biofuels and biofuel blends for vehicle engines. The practical
work is carried out by CEN Technical Committee 19, consisting of experts from the automotive and fuel
industries, biofuels producers, and other stakeholders.

31. Wind energy
•The EU currently has around 140 GW of wind power, including just over 13 GW of offshore wind
power capacity, which could rise to 210 GW by 2020 and 350 GW by 2030. These levels of
capacity would cover 14% of the EU's electricity demand in 2020 and up to 24% of demand in
2030, according to the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA).
•As of December 2014, installed capacity of wind power in the European Union totaled 128,751
megawatts (MW).
•The European Wind Energy Association estimates that 210 gigawatts (GW) of wind capacity will
be installed in Europe by 2020, consisting of 180 GW onshore and 30 GW offshore. This would
produce 14-17% of the EU's electricity, avoiding 333 million tonnes of CO2 per year and saving
Europe €28 billion a year in fuel costs.

32. Country Power Production (GWh)
Germany 79,800
Spain 50,157
United Kingdom 37,251
France (w/o overseas) 20,700
Italy 17,455
Sweden 14,200
Denmark 12,782
Portugal 12,560
Poland 11,623
Netherlands 8,343
Romania 6,725
Ireland 6,115
Austria 5,700
Belgium 5,200
Greece 5,096
Leading EU countries by wind power production(2016)

33. EU-funded project demonstrates powerful onshore wind
turbines
•An EU-funded project, 7MW-WEC-BY-11, has demonstrated super powerful 7.5 MW onshore
wind turbines at a wind farm in Estinnes, Belgium.
•Per given wind park area these 198 metre turbines are 131% more powerful than the standard 2
MW onshore turbines used in many wind farms across Europe.
•During the construction phase of the project, the world's first giant crawler crane was used to
lift the turbine's nacelle which can weigh as much as a fully-fuelled jumbo jet.
•The total cost of the project is €6 170 217 including €3 270 285 in EU funding.

34. Nuclear Energy
•Nuclear power plants generate almost 30% of the electricity produced in the EU. There are 130
nuclear reactors in operation in 14 EU countries.
•Nuclear power currently being produced is released by a process called nuclear fission. It involves the
splitting of atoms using uranium to release energy.
•The peaceful use of nuclear energy within the EU is governed by the 1957 Euratom Treaty, which
established the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). While Euratom is a separate legal
entity from the EU, it is governed by the EU's institutions.
The European Commission deals with nuclear activities from three angles:-
•nuclear safety is about the safe operation of nuclear installations. It is complemented by radiation
protection and radioactive waste management
•nuclear safeguards are measures to ensure that nuclear materials are used only for the purposes declared
by the users
•nuclear security relates to the physical protection of nuclear material and installations against intentional
malicious acts.

35. Radioactive waste and spent fuel
•Radioactive waste is mainly generated from the production of electricity in nuclear power plants
or from the non-power-related use of radioactive materials for medical, research, industrial and
agricultural purposes. All EU countries generate radioactive waste, and 21 of them also manage
spent fuel on their territory.
•Progress has been made in safely disposing of very low level and low level waste in the EU, and
so far Finland, France and Sweden have selected sites for the deep geological disposal of
intermediate and high level waste from civilian facilities. It is likely that they will open the first
repositories for these kinds of waste between 2022 and 2030.

36. Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management Directive:-
• EU countries have a national policy
• EU countries draw up and implement national programmes for the management, including the disposal,
of all spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste generated on their territory
• EU countries should have in place a comprehensive and robust framework and competent and
independent regulatory body, as well as financing mechanisms to ensure that adequate funds are
available
• Public information on radioactive waste and spent fuel and opportunities for public participation are
available
• EU countries carry out self-assessments and invite international peer reviews of their national
framework, competent authorities and/or national programme at least every ten years (by August
2023)
• The export of radioactive waste for disposal in countries outside the EU is allowed only under strict
conditions.

37. References
1. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/technology-and-innovation
2. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energy-
strategy
3. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/energy_en
4. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/support-schemes
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies
6. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2050-energy-
strategy