The reduction of the use of antibiotics and dependence on devices and tools that link between physics and
modern therapeutic medicine led to a modern leap in the treatment of patients. In this research was designed nonthermal
plasma needle system at the normal atmosphere pressure and working on argon gas, the system was applied to
gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from patients with burns from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital,
wounds and Burns Division. The bacteria were exposed to non-thermal plasma generated at different time intervals and
at two values of voltages (4.9, 8). The killing percentage depends on the non-thermal plasma needle system operating
conditions such as gas flow, applied voltage on bacteria and distance between tip needle and isolates (Staphylococcus
aureus) bacteria, the perfect and partial killing percentage increase with the applied voltage increasing. The result
showed various killing percentage were obtained for the bacteria. A perfect killing percentage of these bacteria was
obtained at time (6 min) and the applied voltage were (8 kV) and gas flow (5 l/min).
The effect of the non thermal plasma needle on pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaIbrahim Karim
The reduction of the use of antibiotics and dependence on devices and tools that link between physics and modern therapeutic medicine led to a modern leap in the treatment of patients. In this research was designed nonthermal
plasma needle system at the normal atmosphere pressure and working on argon gas, the system was applied to gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from patients with burns from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, wounds and Burns Division. The bacteria were exposed to non-thermal plasma generated at different time intervals and at two values of voltages (4.9, 8). The killing percentage depends on the non-thermal plasma needle system operating
conditions such as gas flow, applied voltage on bacteria and distance between tip needle and isolates (Staphylococcus
aureus) bacteria, the perfect and partial killing percentage increase with the applied voltage increasing. The result showed various killing percentage were obtained for the bacteria. A perfect killing percentage of these bacteria was obtained at time (6 min) and the applied voltage were (8 kV) and gas flow (5 l/min).
1. The document describes a novel technique for glucose sensing using a thin film made of collagen and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
2. Zinc oxide is synthesized using two methods, in ethylenediol medium and water medium, and characterized using FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy.
3. A glucose biosensor is created using the zinc oxide collagen thin film, with copper and tin electrodes. Testing shows it can distinguish between low and high glucose concentrations based on electrical output.
Combined application of sub-toxic level of silver nanoparticles with low powe...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
Electromagnetic radiations which have lethal effects on the living cells are currently also considered as a disinfective physical agent.
Materials and Methods:
In this investigation, silver nanoparticles were applied to enhance the lethal action of low powers (100 and 180 W) of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation especially against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. Silver nanoparticles were biologically prepared and used for next experiments. Sterile normal saline solution was prepared and supplemented by silver nanoparticles to reach the sub-inhibitory concentration (6.25 μg/mL). Such diluted silver colloid as well as free-silver nanoparticles solution was inoculated along with test microorganisms, particularly E. coli. These suspensions were separately treated by 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for different time intervals in a microwave oven operated at low powers (100 W and 180 W). The viable counts of bacteria before and after each radiation time were determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) method.
Results:
Results showed that the addition of silver nanoparticles significantly decreased the required radiation time to kill vegetative forms of microorganisms. However, these nanoparticles had no combined effect with low power electromagnetic radiation when used against Bacillus subtilis spores.
Conclusion:
The cumulative effect of silver nanoparticles and low powers electromagnetic radiation may be useful in medical centers to reduce contamination in polluted derange and liquid wastes materials and some devices.
Keywords
Electromagnetic Radiation; Silver nanoparticles; disinfection process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of Ni-Mg Ferrites IJERA Editor
Electrical conductivity of Ni-Mg ferrites of various compositions were investigated from room temperature to well beyond the curie temperature bytwo probe method.. Plots of conductivity versus temperature increases ith increasing temperature. On the basis of these results an explanation for the conduction mechanism in Ni-mg mixed ferrites is suggested
This document discusses biosensors and their use in medical diagnostics. It describes how electrochemical biosensors work using enzymes and how they can rapidly and cheaply detect substances like glucose, cholesterol, antigens, and other biomarkers. It provides examples of commercial glucose test strips that allow diabetic patients to easily monitor their blood glucose levels. Research is ongoing to develop more advanced biosensors, including non-invasive sensors and implantable glucose sensors to aid in artificial pancreas systems.
Nanomodeling of Nonlinear Thermoelastic Behavior of AA5454/ Silicon Nitride N...IJERA Editor
The aim of the present work was to estimate non-linear thermoelastic behavior of three-phase AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites. The thermal loading was varied from subzero temperature to under recrystallization temperature. The RVE models were used to analyze thermo-elastic behavior. The AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites have gained the elastic modulus below 0oC and lost at high temperatures.
The effect of the non thermal plasma needle on pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaIbrahim Karim
The reduction of the use of antibiotics and dependence on devices and tools that link between physics and modern therapeutic medicine led to a modern leap in the treatment of patients. In this research was designed nonthermal
plasma needle system at the normal atmosphere pressure and working on argon gas, the system was applied to gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from patients with burns from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, wounds and Burns Division. The bacteria were exposed to non-thermal plasma generated at different time intervals and at two values of voltages (4.9, 8). The killing percentage depends on the non-thermal plasma needle system operating
conditions such as gas flow, applied voltage on bacteria and distance between tip needle and isolates (Staphylococcus
aureus) bacteria, the perfect and partial killing percentage increase with the applied voltage increasing. The result showed various killing percentage were obtained for the bacteria. A perfect killing percentage of these bacteria was obtained at time (6 min) and the applied voltage were (8 kV) and gas flow (5 l/min).
1. The document describes a novel technique for glucose sensing using a thin film made of collagen and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
2. Zinc oxide is synthesized using two methods, in ethylenediol medium and water medium, and characterized using FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy.
3. A glucose biosensor is created using the zinc oxide collagen thin film, with copper and tin electrodes. Testing shows it can distinguish between low and high glucose concentrations based on electrical output.
Combined application of sub-toxic level of silver nanoparticles with low powe...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
Electromagnetic radiations which have lethal effects on the living cells are currently also considered as a disinfective physical agent.
Materials and Methods:
In this investigation, silver nanoparticles were applied to enhance the lethal action of low powers (100 and 180 W) of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation especially against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. Silver nanoparticles were biologically prepared and used for next experiments. Sterile normal saline solution was prepared and supplemented by silver nanoparticles to reach the sub-inhibitory concentration (6.25 μg/mL). Such diluted silver colloid as well as free-silver nanoparticles solution was inoculated along with test microorganisms, particularly E. coli. These suspensions were separately treated by 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for different time intervals in a microwave oven operated at low powers (100 W and 180 W). The viable counts of bacteria before and after each radiation time were determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) method.
Results:
Results showed that the addition of silver nanoparticles significantly decreased the required radiation time to kill vegetative forms of microorganisms. However, these nanoparticles had no combined effect with low power electromagnetic radiation when used against Bacillus subtilis spores.
Conclusion:
The cumulative effect of silver nanoparticles and low powers electromagnetic radiation may be useful in medical centers to reduce contamination in polluted derange and liquid wastes materials and some devices.
Keywords
Electromagnetic Radiation; Silver nanoparticles; disinfection process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of Ni-Mg Ferrites IJERA Editor
Electrical conductivity of Ni-Mg ferrites of various compositions were investigated from room temperature to well beyond the curie temperature bytwo probe method.. Plots of conductivity versus temperature increases ith increasing temperature. On the basis of these results an explanation for the conduction mechanism in Ni-mg mixed ferrites is suggested
This document discusses biosensors and their use in medical diagnostics. It describes how electrochemical biosensors work using enzymes and how they can rapidly and cheaply detect substances like glucose, cholesterol, antigens, and other biomarkers. It provides examples of commercial glucose test strips that allow diabetic patients to easily monitor their blood glucose levels. Research is ongoing to develop more advanced biosensors, including non-invasive sensors and implantable glucose sensors to aid in artificial pancreas systems.
Nanomodeling of Nonlinear Thermoelastic Behavior of AA5454/ Silicon Nitride N...IJERA Editor
The aim of the present work was to estimate non-linear thermoelastic behavior of three-phase AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites. The thermal loading was varied from subzero temperature to under recrystallization temperature. The RVE models were used to analyze thermo-elastic behavior. The AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites have gained the elastic modulus below 0oC and lost at high temperatures.
This document summarizes research on controlling the size of germanium nanowires through the use of ternary alloy catalysts. Specifically:
1) Au-Ag-Ge layered thin films were used to simultaneously manipulate the solute concentration and equilibrium concentration of Ge in the catalyst, increasing supersaturation and enabling the growth of high aspect ratio Ge nanowires.
2) Colloidal Au0.75-Ag0.25 nanoparticles deposited on a Ge film also manipulated concentration and equilibrium concentration, producing nanowires with more uniform diameters than thin films.
3) In situ TEM heating experiments on the nanowires directly determined the equilibrium concentrations of Ge in the Au-Ag-Ge
This document provides an overview of immunological laboratory techniques used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes common assays such as precipitation reactions, agglutination tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), fluorescent activated cell sorting, immunoblotting, and antibody microarrays. Specific techniques covered include radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition, indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, competitive ELISA, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. The document explains the principles, applications, and interpretations of these important immunological methods.
The document summarizes a study comparing the electrical properties of platinum interconnects deposited by electron beam induced deposition using two different precursors: a carbon-free precursor (Pt(PF3)4) and a standard organometallic precursor ((CH3)3Pt(CpCH3)). Interconnects deposited with the carbon-free precursor exhibited significantly improved electrical performance, including lower resistivity (0.24 x 10-3 Ω cm vs 0.2 Ω cm for the standard precursor) and higher maximum current density (1.87 x 107 A/cm2 vs 9.44 x 105 A/cm2). Post-deposition annealing was found to further improve the electrical properties by inducing crystallization and
1. The document discusses electrochemical sensors and their use in monitoring chloride ingress in concrete structures. It provides the allowed limits of chloride in concrete and steel.
2. It describes how a sensor was used to predict problems at one site and found another site's concrete to be good. It also discusses potentiometric, amperometric, and ChemFET sensors.
3. Various applications of electrochemical sensors are mentioned like medical testing, environmental monitoring, and process control industries. The Nernst equation relating sensor output and reaction conditions is also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study evaluated the use of high voltage pulsed, cold atmospheric plasma jets to decontaminate Salmonella enterica from the surface of eggshells. Eggshells were inoculated with S. enterica and then treated with plasma jets generated from a helium-oxygen gas mixture at atmospheric pressure. After 5 minutes of plasma treatment, samples from the treated eggshells showed no bacterial growth, indicating total inactivation of S. enterica, while untreated eggshell samples showed bacterial growth. No negative effects on egg quality were observed from the plasma treatment. The study demonstrates the potential of cold atmospheric plasma as a new technique for non-thermally decontaminating eggshell surfaces.
The document summarizes research characterizing the microstructure and ultrasonic properties of a duplex stainless steel (containing both ferrite and austenite phases) that was heat treated at 750°C. Microscopy revealed the precipitation of intermetallic phases (chi and sigma) over time, which preferentially formed at ferrite-austenite interfaces and within ferrite. Ultrasonic velocity increased with treatment time due to the higher modulus of the precipitates, while attenuation initially rose as precipitates increased but then decreased as the microstructure stabilized. Precipitation led to the partial transformation of ferrite to secondary austenite. Overall, ultrasonic evaluation effectively characterized the microstructural changes caused by precipitation during
Bio-sensors combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. They work by detecting analytes through principles like electrochemical, photometric, and piezoelectric detection. Electrochemical biosensors are based on enzymatic reactions that produce or consume electrons. Photometric biosensors use surface plasmon resonance to detect binding. Biosensors have applications in glucose monitoring, medical testing, environmental monitoring, and more.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique used to characterize coated metals and monitor the degradation of coatings over time. EIS involves applying an AC voltage to a coated metal sample immersed in an electrolyte and measuring the impedance over a range of frequencies. Changes in impedance parameters such as coating capacitance, pore resistance, and polarization resistance can provide information about the coating's condition and failure processes. EIS is able to detect coating deterioration earlier and more sensitively than traditional tests like salt spray testing. It generates quantitative data to evaluate coatings and optimize formulations while reducing testing time compared to other techniques.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NI0.4MG0.6FE2O4 SYNTHESIZED BY CONVENTIONAL SOLID-ST...IAEME Publication
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 samples are prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/ 2 h. These ferrites are characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (σac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller
USE OF HIGH VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER IN EXTRAPORATION FOR TRANSFECTION RELATED MEDIC...ELELIJ
This document discusses the use of a high voltage amplifier in electroporation for medical transfection applications. It begins by introducing electroporation and its use in transfection to introduce nucleic acids into cells. It then describes the design of a high voltage amplifier capable of generating alternating current pulses between 500 Hz and 5 MHz with an output of up to 4 kV for electroporation. The document goes on to discuss how transfection can be used to study and potentially treat cancer by introducing DNA to detect oncogenes, stop their mutation, and increase cell growth. It also discusses how transfection of insulin or anti-inflammatory genes into cells could potentially treat diabetes and autoimmune diseases, respectively.
This document summarizes research on infrared electroluminescence from GeSn heterojunction diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Specifically, it reports on p-n heterojunction diodes fabricated from boron-doped p-type GeSn layers containing 8% Sn grown on n-type Ge substrates. Electroluminescence was observed from these diodes with a peak emission at 0.57 eV (2.15 microns). The emission intensity increased with higher drive currents and lower device temperatures. Total emitted power from a single edge facet was measured to be 54 microwatts at an applied peak current of 100 mA at 100 K. These results suggest GeSn materials may be useful for practical light
This document summarizes various antigen-antibody binding tests used in serological techniques. It describes the basic interactions between antigens and antibodies like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions that allow their binding. It then categorizes serological tests into primary, secondary, and tertiary binding tests. Primary tests directly measure antigen-antibody binding and include radioimmunoassays, immunofluorescence assays, immunoenzyme assays, and disposable immunoassay devices. Common techniques discussed are RIA, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, precipitation tests, agglutination tests, and complement fixation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of antigens using radiolabeled antibodies. It was developed in 1959 by Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson for measuring insulin levels in plasma. RIA works by competitively binding radiolabeled antigen and unlabeled antigen to antibodies. The amount of bound versus unbound antigen is then measured to determine the concentration of antigen in a sample. RIA is a highly sensitive technique capable of detecting picogram quantities of antigens due to the specificity and high affinity of antigen-antibody binding.
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation in amorphous Fe74Co10B16 an...IJERA Editor
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation studies have been carried out on amorphous Fe74Co10B16 (S1) and Fe67Co18B14Si1 (S2) alloys using Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Electrical Resistivity (ER), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) to determine the thermal stability. Results show that the transformation to an equilibrium crystalline state occurs through a two step process. Crystallization process is associated with precipitation of two or more phases which are magnetic in nature. From DSC curves, the activation energy of sample S2 has been calculated using Kissinger, Matusita-Sakka and Augis-Bennet methods and the average value is found to be 211 kJ/mol. The detected phases upon crystallization in the samples are α–(Fe-Co) and (Fe-Co)2B. Exact compositions of these phases in the completely crystallized sample are found to be α–(Fe0.7Co0.3) and (Fe0.3Co0.7)2B.
This document describes the double immunodiffusion technique, which involves allowing antigens and antibodies to diffuse toward each other in a gel to form visible precipitate lines. It details the historical background, principle, methodology, interpretation of results, applications including pregnancy tests and fungal antigen identification, and recent research using modifications of the technique.
A biosensor is an analytical device containing a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with an analyte to produce a measurable signal. There are several types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric biosensors. Biosensors find various applications in pharmaceutical industries such as detection of pathogens in food and drugs, monitoring of bioprocesses, and environmental monitoring. They provide fast, accurate, and portable detection compared to conventional analytical methods.
Effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma needle on DNAiosrjce
Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental setup
was based on a simple and low cost electric components that generate a sufficiently high electric field at the
electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with
1.1Kv and 19.57KHz. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has much potential for medical applications.
The atmospheric pressure plasma needle contains almost equal amounts of positive and negative charges. In
this research we focused on the possible biomedical application of the atmospheric pressure plasma needle,
where we used plasma ignited in Argon (Ar) gas flow to cause strand breaks in DNA. However, the mechanism
by which plasma destroys DNA is not yet understood. In this study we investigated the effects of exposure time
and distance between the plasma source and the DNA sample. In this study we found that plasma does indeed
alter DNA. We came to this conclusion through qualitative interpretations using a standard gel electrophoresis
technique on DNA samples treated with the atmospheric pressure plasma needle.
Bio-impedance detector for Staphylococcus aureus exposed to magnetic fieldsجنة الربيع
This document discusses a study that used bioimpedance measurements to analyze the effect of magnetic fields on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The study found that exposure to DC magnetic fields caused impedance to fall, indicating inhibited bacterial growth. In contrast, exposure to AC magnetic fields caused impedance to increase, enhancing bacterial growth. An impedance system was constructed to measure the impedance of bacterial samples over time and under different magnetic field conditions. Statistical analysis found significant differences in impedance between control samples and samples exposed to DC or AC magnetic fields.
This document summarizes research on controlling the size of germanium nanowires through the use of ternary alloy catalysts. Specifically:
1) Au-Ag-Ge layered thin films were used to simultaneously manipulate the solute concentration and equilibrium concentration of Ge in the catalyst, increasing supersaturation and enabling the growth of high aspect ratio Ge nanowires.
2) Colloidal Au0.75-Ag0.25 nanoparticles deposited on a Ge film also manipulated concentration and equilibrium concentration, producing nanowires with more uniform diameters than thin films.
3) In situ TEM heating experiments on the nanowires directly determined the equilibrium concentrations of Ge in the Au-Ag-Ge
This document provides an overview of immunological laboratory techniques used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes common assays such as precipitation reactions, agglutination tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), fluorescent activated cell sorting, immunoblotting, and antibody microarrays. Specific techniques covered include radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition, indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, competitive ELISA, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. The document explains the principles, applications, and interpretations of these important immunological methods.
The document summarizes a study comparing the electrical properties of platinum interconnects deposited by electron beam induced deposition using two different precursors: a carbon-free precursor (Pt(PF3)4) and a standard organometallic precursor ((CH3)3Pt(CpCH3)). Interconnects deposited with the carbon-free precursor exhibited significantly improved electrical performance, including lower resistivity (0.24 x 10-3 Ω cm vs 0.2 Ω cm for the standard precursor) and higher maximum current density (1.87 x 107 A/cm2 vs 9.44 x 105 A/cm2). Post-deposition annealing was found to further improve the electrical properties by inducing crystallization and
1. The document discusses electrochemical sensors and their use in monitoring chloride ingress in concrete structures. It provides the allowed limits of chloride in concrete and steel.
2. It describes how a sensor was used to predict problems at one site and found another site's concrete to be good. It also discusses potentiometric, amperometric, and ChemFET sensors.
3. Various applications of electrochemical sensors are mentioned like medical testing, environmental monitoring, and process control industries. The Nernst equation relating sensor output and reaction conditions is also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study evaluated the use of high voltage pulsed, cold atmospheric plasma jets to decontaminate Salmonella enterica from the surface of eggshells. Eggshells were inoculated with S. enterica and then treated with plasma jets generated from a helium-oxygen gas mixture at atmospheric pressure. After 5 minutes of plasma treatment, samples from the treated eggshells showed no bacterial growth, indicating total inactivation of S. enterica, while untreated eggshell samples showed bacterial growth. No negative effects on egg quality were observed from the plasma treatment. The study demonstrates the potential of cold atmospheric plasma as a new technique for non-thermally decontaminating eggshell surfaces.
The document summarizes research characterizing the microstructure and ultrasonic properties of a duplex stainless steel (containing both ferrite and austenite phases) that was heat treated at 750°C. Microscopy revealed the precipitation of intermetallic phases (chi and sigma) over time, which preferentially formed at ferrite-austenite interfaces and within ferrite. Ultrasonic velocity increased with treatment time due to the higher modulus of the precipitates, while attenuation initially rose as precipitates increased but then decreased as the microstructure stabilized. Precipitation led to the partial transformation of ferrite to secondary austenite. Overall, ultrasonic evaluation effectively characterized the microstructural changes caused by precipitation during
Bio-sensors combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. They work by detecting analytes through principles like electrochemical, photometric, and piezoelectric detection. Electrochemical biosensors are based on enzymatic reactions that produce or consume electrons. Photometric biosensors use surface plasmon resonance to detect binding. Biosensors have applications in glucose monitoring, medical testing, environmental monitoring, and more.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique used to characterize coated metals and monitor the degradation of coatings over time. EIS involves applying an AC voltage to a coated metal sample immersed in an electrolyte and measuring the impedance over a range of frequencies. Changes in impedance parameters such as coating capacitance, pore resistance, and polarization resistance can provide information about the coating's condition and failure processes. EIS is able to detect coating deterioration earlier and more sensitively than traditional tests like salt spray testing. It generates quantitative data to evaluate coatings and optimize formulations while reducing testing time compared to other techniques.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NI0.4MG0.6FE2O4 SYNTHESIZED BY CONVENTIONAL SOLID-ST...IAEME Publication
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 samples are prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/ 2 h. These ferrites are characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (σac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller
USE OF HIGH VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER IN EXTRAPORATION FOR TRANSFECTION RELATED MEDIC...ELELIJ
This document discusses the use of a high voltage amplifier in electroporation for medical transfection applications. It begins by introducing electroporation and its use in transfection to introduce nucleic acids into cells. It then describes the design of a high voltage amplifier capable of generating alternating current pulses between 500 Hz and 5 MHz with an output of up to 4 kV for electroporation. The document goes on to discuss how transfection can be used to study and potentially treat cancer by introducing DNA to detect oncogenes, stop their mutation, and increase cell growth. It also discusses how transfection of insulin or anti-inflammatory genes into cells could potentially treat diabetes and autoimmune diseases, respectively.
This document summarizes research on infrared electroluminescence from GeSn heterojunction diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Specifically, it reports on p-n heterojunction diodes fabricated from boron-doped p-type GeSn layers containing 8% Sn grown on n-type Ge substrates. Electroluminescence was observed from these diodes with a peak emission at 0.57 eV (2.15 microns). The emission intensity increased with higher drive currents and lower device temperatures. Total emitted power from a single edge facet was measured to be 54 microwatts at an applied peak current of 100 mA at 100 K. These results suggest GeSn materials may be useful for practical light
This document summarizes various antigen-antibody binding tests used in serological techniques. It describes the basic interactions between antigens and antibodies like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions that allow their binding. It then categorizes serological tests into primary, secondary, and tertiary binding tests. Primary tests directly measure antigen-antibody binding and include radioimmunoassays, immunofluorescence assays, immunoenzyme assays, and disposable immunoassay devices. Common techniques discussed are RIA, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, precipitation tests, agglutination tests, and complement fixation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of antigens using radiolabeled antibodies. It was developed in 1959 by Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson for measuring insulin levels in plasma. RIA works by competitively binding radiolabeled antigen and unlabeled antigen to antibodies. The amount of bound versus unbound antigen is then measured to determine the concentration of antigen in a sample. RIA is a highly sensitive technique capable of detecting picogram quantities of antigens due to the specificity and high affinity of antigen-antibody binding.
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation in amorphous Fe74Co10B16 an...IJERA Editor
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation studies have been carried out on amorphous Fe74Co10B16 (S1) and Fe67Co18B14Si1 (S2) alloys using Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Electrical Resistivity (ER), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) to determine the thermal stability. Results show that the transformation to an equilibrium crystalline state occurs through a two step process. Crystallization process is associated with precipitation of two or more phases which are magnetic in nature. From DSC curves, the activation energy of sample S2 has been calculated using Kissinger, Matusita-Sakka and Augis-Bennet methods and the average value is found to be 211 kJ/mol. The detected phases upon crystallization in the samples are α–(Fe-Co) and (Fe-Co)2B. Exact compositions of these phases in the completely crystallized sample are found to be α–(Fe0.7Co0.3) and (Fe0.3Co0.7)2B.
This document describes the double immunodiffusion technique, which involves allowing antigens and antibodies to diffuse toward each other in a gel to form visible precipitate lines. It details the historical background, principle, methodology, interpretation of results, applications including pregnancy tests and fungal antigen identification, and recent research using modifications of the technique.
A biosensor is an analytical device containing a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with an analyte to produce a measurable signal. There are several types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric biosensors. Biosensors find various applications in pharmaceutical industries such as detection of pathogens in food and drugs, monitoring of bioprocesses, and environmental monitoring. They provide fast, accurate, and portable detection compared to conventional analytical methods.
Effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma needle on DNAiosrjce
Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental setup
was based on a simple and low cost electric components that generate a sufficiently high electric field at the
electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with
1.1Kv and 19.57KHz. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has much potential for medical applications.
The atmospheric pressure plasma needle contains almost equal amounts of positive and negative charges. In
this research we focused on the possible biomedical application of the atmospheric pressure plasma needle,
where we used plasma ignited in Argon (Ar) gas flow to cause strand breaks in DNA. However, the mechanism
by which plasma destroys DNA is not yet understood. In this study we investigated the effects of exposure time
and distance between the plasma source and the DNA sample. In this study we found that plasma does indeed
alter DNA. We came to this conclusion through qualitative interpretations using a standard gel electrophoresis
technique on DNA samples treated with the atmospheric pressure plasma needle.
Bio-impedance detector for Staphylococcus aureus exposed to magnetic fieldsجنة الربيع
This document discusses a study that used bioimpedance measurements to analyze the effect of magnetic fields on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The study found that exposure to DC magnetic fields caused impedance to fall, indicating inhibited bacterial growth. In contrast, exposure to AC magnetic fields caused impedance to increase, enhancing bacterial growth. An impedance system was constructed to measure the impedance of bacterial samples over time and under different magnetic field conditions. Statistical analysis found significant differences in impedance between control samples and samples exposed to DC or AC magnetic fields.
The study of electrical description for non thermal plasma needle systemIbrahim Karim
The document summarizes a study on the electrical characterization of a non-thermal plasma needle system. Key points:
- Researchers designed and manufactured a non-thermal plasma needle to operate with argon gas at atmospheric pressure.
- The electrical description of the system was studied using voltages of 4.9 kV and 8 kV. Results showed the system consumed small amounts (few microamps) of electrical current. Current increased with higher gas flow.
- At 8 kV and 4 L/min gas flow, a slight breakdown voltage occurred causing a small decrease in current. Overall, the study characterized the electrical properties and current-voltage relationship of the non-thermal plasma needle system.
Control of metabolic activities of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria by Electric ...researchinventy
Low electric currents generated using conductive electrodes have been used to increase the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, a phenomenon termed “the bioelectric effect” that formed metal ions and free radicals which can inhibit the growth of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) the effect is amplitude and frequency dependent, the aim of present study to define the parameters that are most effective against bacterial growth also to investigate the comparative study through inactivation of metabolic activities, growth rate, morphology, bacterial conductivity and antibiotic sensitivity between gram negative E.Coli and gram positive S.aureus bacteria by extremely low frequency electric field (ELF-EF). In this work, the frequency of electric impulses that interfere with the bioelectric signals generated during E.Coli and S.aureus cellular division is investigated in order to compare cell viability, number of colony forming units (CFU) and growth rate (optical density at 600nm) bacterial conductivity and antibiotic susceptibility. Also morphological cellular structure was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results revealed that a highly significant inhibition effect occurred when S.aureus and E.Coli was exposed to resonance of 0.8, 0.5 Hz square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) respectively for 2hours exposure .Moreover, exposed cells became more sensitive to the tested antibiotics compared to control. Significant ultra-structural changes occurred as observed by TEM which indicated morphological changes. It will be concluded that, the use of 0.8, 0.5 Hz QAMW in controlling the biological activity of S.aureus and E.coli respectively seems to be a new and promising medical activity
Control of metabolic activities of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria by Electric ...inventy
Low electric currents generated using conductive electrodes have been used to increase the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, a phenomenon termed “the bioelectric effect” that formed metal ions and free radicals which can inhibit the growth of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) the effect is amplitude and frequency dependent, the aim of present study to define the parameters that are most effective against bacterial growth also to investigate the comparative study through inactivation of metabolic activities, growth rate, morphology, bacterial conductivity and antibiotic sensitivity between gram negative E.Coli and gram positive S.aureus bacteria by extremely low frequency electric field (ELF-EF). In this work, the frequency of electric impulses that interfere with the bioelectric signals generated during E.Coli and S.aureus cellular division is investigated in order to compare cell viability, number of colony forming units (CFU) and growth rate (optical density at 600nm) bacterial conductivity and antibiotic susceptibility. Also morphological cellular structure was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results revealed that a highly significant inhibition effect occurred when S.aureus and E.Coli was exposed to resonance of 0.8, 0.5 Hz square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) respectively for 2hours exposure .Moreover, exposed cells became more sensitive to the tested antibiotics compared to control. Significant ultra-structural changes occurred as observed by TEM which indicated morphological changes. It will be concluded that, the use of 0.8, 0.5 Hz QAMW in controlling the biological activity of S.aureus and E.coli respectively seems to be a new and promising medical activity.
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FRS-G MSE-FP fan-coil end purifying and sterilizing deviceKenJiang11
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FRS-G cabinet FY-GA1600D air purifier BrochureKenJiang11
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The feasibility of a dimmer and neon transformer to provide power control to the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is presented in this paper. The standard neon transformer was previously shown applicable to power up a plasma torch to generate plasma irradiation of an APPJ at 8.64kv and 35kHz. However, the plasma emission is not controllable. In this study, a lamp dimmer was proposed to function as a power controller to the neon transformer which drives the generation of plasma and discharged with argon gas. With the dimmer output voltage adjustable from 60 - 220V, the power and current of the dimmer were variable from 8.4 to 83.6 W and 0.08 and 0.38 A, respectively. The temperature measured at the quartz tube and sample exposure site were less than 50oC suggested that the APPJ produced were non-thermal. A simple test by exposing plasma plume to a leaf sample showed that the plasma produced were non-damaging to the leaf. This portable system can provide control to the APPJ and applicable for bioengineering studies.
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The effect of nonthermal plasma needle on staphylococus aureus bacteria
1. THE EFFECT OF NON-THERMAL PLASMA NEEDLE ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS
AUREUS BACTERIA
Ibrahim KarimAbbas1
* and Mohammed Ubaid Hussein2
1
Department of Physics, College of Science, Anbar University, Iraq.
2
Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Anbar University, Iraq.
*e-mail: ibrahim.k.abbas.88@gmail.com
(Accepted 30 July 2018)
ABSTRACT : The reduction of the use of antibiotics and dependence on devices and tools that link between physics and
modern therapeutic medicine led to a modern leap in the treatment of patients. In this research was designed non-
thermal plasma needle system at the normal atmosphere pressure and working on argon gas, the system was applied to
gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from patients with burns from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital,
wounds and Burns Division. The bacteria were exposed to non-thermal plasma generated at different time intervals and
at two values of voltages (4.9, 8). The killing percentage depends on the non-thermal plasma needle system operating
conditions such as gas flow, applied voltage on bacteria and distance between tip needle and isolates (Staphylococcus
aureus) bacteria, the perfect and partial killing percentage increase with the applied voltage increasing. The result
showed various killing percentage were obtained for the bacteria. A perfect killing percentage of these bacteria was
obtained at time (6 min) and the applied voltage were (8 kV) and gas flow (5 l/min).
Key words : Non thermal plasma, plasma needle, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
INTRODUCTION
The term “plasma” is used to describe a partially or
completely ionized gas containing electrons, ions and
neutrals. Although, there is always a small degree of
ionization in any gas, a stricter definition of plasma is “a
quasi-neutral gas of charged and neutral particles, which
exhibits collective behavior”) (Chen, 1984; Nisreen et al,
2015). Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a weakly ionized
gas far from thermodynamic equilibrium. While electron
temperature is 1-10 eV, electrons are not able to transfer
their entire kinetic energy gained from an externally
applied electric field onto bigger particles and thus the
gas remains non-thermal (Te
>>Tg
; Tg
≈ 300 - 1000 K
(Wagner et al, 2003).
Accelerated electrons provide the basis for further
excitation, dissociation and reaction processes upon
collision with other bodies that leads to the
multicomponent nature of plasma: electrons, ions, excited
molecules, neutrals like radicals and light. Further
properties of plasma include a gas temperature range from
room to solar temperature, electron densities from (106
-
1018
) cm-3
and electron temperatures from (1 eV - 20 keV)
(1 eV ≈ 11600 K) (Fridman, 2008).
Because the ions and the neutrals remain relatively
cold, this characteristic provides the possibility of using
cold plasmas for the treatment of heat sensitive materials
including polymers and biological tissues (Stoffels et al,
2008).
Plasma needle is a type of non-thermal glow discharge
which operates under normal atmospheric pressure and
is composed of one pole or two poles, one called the
cathode and the other is named the anode and run on the
noble gases.one of the important characteristics of this
type of plasma approach it to room temperature and
operating under normal atmospheric pressure as it allows
for processing of sensitive surfaces, as well as can
penetrate small depths (Stoffels et al, 2012; Hamid et al,
2017).
Because of the large temperature and density ranges
of the plasma, so there are several applications in many
fields of research, including in technology, industry and
medicine, the plasma used in the industry widely
throughout the world for a broad variety of industrial
applications covering industries such as extractive
minerals, automotive, aerospace, batteries, electrical, food
packaging, electronics, fuel cells, glass, optics, plastics,
packaging, shipbuilding, space (Gomez et al, 2009).
These characteristics give great potential for the use
Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1767-1771, 2018 www.connectjournals.com/bca ISSN 0972-5075
2. of plasma needle in the field of bio-medicine, as it is able
to remove bacterial contamination topical cells without
causing any necrosis in neighboring cells during treatment
(Sladek, 2006).
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria, with
diameters of 0.5 – 1.5 µm and characterized by individual
cocci, which divide in more than one plane to form grape-
like clusters. To date, there are 32 species and eight sub-
species in the genus Staphylococcus, many of which
preferentially colonize the human body. Fig. 1 shows S.
aureus on trypticase soy agar (Harris et al, 2002).
Although, S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it’s a
typical reason for skin infections like a skin symptom,
metabolic process infections like inflammation, and
gastrointestinal disorder. Pathogenic strains usually
promote infections by manufacturing virulence factors
like potent super molecule toxins and also the expression
of cell-surface proteins that bind and inactivate antibodies
(Masalha et al, 2001).
Experiment setup
A non-thermal plasma needle was designed using
argon gas and at normal atmospheric pressure. The plasma
needle was manufactured from PYREX glass. The inner
electrode from metal stainless its diameter is 3 mm
represents the cathode. The external electrode made from
a copper represents anode thick (0.8 mm) placed outside
the tube at the front of the needle and was isolated by
silicon to prevent discharge at the tip of the needle. Fig. 2
shows the non-thermal argon plasma needle.
The non-thermal plasma needle system connected to
power supply (AC) range voltages (0-30) kV, the inner
electrode of the plasma needle linked to the cathode source
of power supply, whereas external electrode of the plasma
needle linked to the anode source of power supply. The
flow rate of the argon gas adjusted by a flow rotameter
(1-5 l/min). Fig. 3 illustrate the non-thermal plasma needle
system used to kill bacteria.
Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria
isolated and taken from Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital,
Department of Wounds and Burns, Microbiology
Laboratories. This bacteria is the most common types of
bacteria for patients, which infected by burns.
These bacteria have been selected to demonstrate the
effect of non-thermal plasma needle on these bacteria, by
exposing the bacteria isolate to the non-thermal plasma
at a certain time.
METHODS
The medium was inoculated with bacteria after taking
1768 Ibrahim Karim Abbas and Mohammed Ubaid Hussein
a colony from a fresh solid medium at 37°C and incubated
for overnight, from this suspension, suspension with a
number of bacteria about 1.5×108
(CFU/ml) were made
as determined by 0.5Mcfarland standard. 1: 1000
suspension used in this experiment to Staphylococcus
aureus bacteria to evaluate the effect of non-thermal
plasma needle system on Gram positive bacteria.
A petri dish containing (1ml) of bacterial suspension
was placed down plasma needle. The distance between
the non-thermal plasma needle and the bacterial petri dish
constant at 2cm. The operational conditions of the system
at the exposure were fixed at voltage (4.9, 8 kV).
Control isolates inoculated, but not exposed to non-
thermal plasma.After the treatment, the exposed bacteria
isolates for non-thermal plasma needle, planted in petri
dishes containing on the media which special for each
bacteria and then placed in the incubator for 24 hours at
370
C. After incubation, the colony forming units (CFU)
counted in order to check the efficiency of bacterial
inactivation using non thermal plasma needle system.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bacteria isolates of Gram positive (Staphylococcus
aureus) were exposed to non-thermal plasma needle at
two different values of voltages (4.9,8) kV and constant
distances (2cm). The killing percentage for bacteria was
different at these two values of voltages and at the different
Fig. 1 : S. aureus on trypticase soy agar (Nisreen et al, 2015).
Fig. 2 : Schematic for design non thermal argon plasma needle.
3. Effect of non-thermal plasma needle on S. aureus bacteria 1769
flow of gas (1-5 l/min). The results obtained for the
bacteria showed when increase. The voltage to 8 kV and
at a distance (2cm) obtained on complete killing at gas
flow (5 l/min), the Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus)
was killing in 6 min.
While the first voltages (4.9 kV) did not obtain a
complete killingpercentage, but a lower killingpercentage
was obtained, this indicates that the increase in voltages
has an effect on bacterial killing percentage. Fig. 4 shows
the relationship between killing percentage and time of
exposure bacterial isolates to non-thermal argon plasma
needle.
The results showed that the killing percentage of
(Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria increases by increasing
the gas flow when the voltages are (4.9kV), where the
killing percentage is more than (45%) at the gas flow (1
l/min) and at the sixth minute. While the killing percentage
(Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria more than (90%) when
the flow of gas (5 l/min) and the time six minutes. This
shows the obvious effect of the increasing gas flow on
bacteria killing percentage. Where, the number of passing
gas particles increases during the plasma tube, leading to
direct effect on the cell wall.When increasing the voltage
to (8kV) get on perfect killing percentage of the bacteria,
this shows the effect of increasing the value of the voltages
on the killing percentage of bacteria as in Fig. 5, where
the results showed that the killing percentage of
(Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria when exposed to plasma
directly proportional with the height applied voltage.
Fig. 3 : The non-thermal plasma needle system.
Fig. 4 : The effect the non-thermal argon plasma needle on bacteria Staphylococcus aureus at 4.9 kV and different flow rate in distance
2cm.
4. 1770 Ibrahim Karim Abbas and Mohammed Ubaid Hussein
The results showed that the killing percentage of
(Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria increases by increasing
the gas flow when the voltages are 8kV, where the killing
percentage is more than (48%) at the gas flow (1 l/min)
and at the sixth minute. While the killing rate
(Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were killed completely
(100%) when the flow of gas (5 l/min) and the time six
minutes.
Reactive species produced in electron-impact
excitation and dissociation in non-thermal plasma can
make a significant contribution to the plasma sterilization
process. Air plasmas, for example are excellent sources
of reactive oxygen-based and nitrogen-based species (ROS
and RNS), such as O, O–2
, O3
, OH, NO, NO2
, etc. These
species have direct chemical interactions with the
Fig. 5 : The effect of the non-thermal argon plasma needle on bacteria Staphylococcus aureus at 8 kV and distance 2cm at different flow
rate.
Fig. 6 : Staphylococcus aureus isolates before and after exposure to non-thermal argon plasma needle.
membrane of bacteria , where these species diffuse through
the bacterial cell wall causing the local damage possible
by the oxidation of cytoplasmic membrane (Laroussi,
2002). The effect of non-thermal plasma on bacteria is
linked to the charged particles found in plasma, as these
particles play a large role in tearing the outer membrane
of bacterial cells (Laroussi et al, 2009; Mohammed et al,
2015). Fig. 6 shows the bacteria isolates before exposure
to plasma and after exposure.
The special effects of the high voltage and high
velocity particle discharge penetrating through the external
structure of the bacterium is also play a dominant role
throughout the inactivation of the bacterium caused by
plasma. If bacterium area unit processing with a high
voltage, the cell membrane’s structure and charge
5. distribution consequence of the high velocity particle
discharge the outer structure of bacterium, namely cell
wall and cell membrane of culture from, coating of the
spore, could be destroyed and cytoplasm would be
released, which would cause the death of the bacteria
(Schobert and Jahn, 2012; Nisreen et al, 2015).
CONCLUSION
From the above results, one can conclude that:
1. A non-thermal plasma needle was designed to
operate at atmospheric pressure.
2. The killing percentage depends on the non-
thermal plasma needle system operating
conditions such as gas flow, applied voltage on
bacteria and distance between tip needle and
isolates (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, the
perfect and partial killing percentage increase
with the applied voltage increasing.
3. Increasing in gas flowlead to raising the killing
percentage in (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria,
as well as gas molecules during increased flow
velocity play a major role in increasing the killing
percentage.
4. Increasing the applied voltages means an increase
in the processed energy to non-thermal plasma
needle, thus increasing these voltages leads to
perfect killing, there was a complete killing of
bacteria at (8 kV) and the time (6 min.) with gas
flow (5 l/min.).
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