ABSTRACT: Increase in the level of structural damage, following the fire after the earthquake could cause damages more than the face of the earthquake alone. Because the fire after the earthquake includes several fires at the same time and is complex which occur due to the earthquake and can cause social and economic damages. Experience gained from past earthquakes showed that steel structures were very vulnerable against the risk of fire spread. If a steel frame placed under high heat, quickly due to reduced mechanical properties of steel at high temperature its safety seriously threatened frame. Steel frames have been formed of beams and columns that are connected by the connections. Therefore, one of the most important components of steel structures that transmit force of members to each other and mainstays are responsible for connections among members. Strong earthquake can cause significant damages to infrastructure and possible structures of the urban areas. Past events have proven that lack of attention created a lot more damages than the earthquake itself and will cause catastrophic accidents with high fatalities and casualties. This article intended to review the effects of fire after the earthquake on steel frames. In order to collect data, two methods of use of library and documents searching and sources were used to identify different aspects of the topic and the results were presented.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...IAEME Publication
This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Building with Light Weight and Conve...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In recent decades, the lightweight materials are used
in construction instead of conventional material. Lightweight
construction is considered to be favourable due to the saving
in construction cost and materials. AAC block is a lightweight
structural material with excellent acoustic and thermal
insulation properties. Due to the use of lightweight material in
construction in seismic zone reduce the percentage of
damages. In this paper the attempt has been made to carry out
the project comparative study of seismic analysis of building
with lightweight and conventional material. Structural model
of multi storey building (G+3) and analysis is carried out in
STAAD-Pro by RSM (Response Spectrum Method). Building
using infill AAC (Autoclaved aerated concrete) block and
conventional clay brick masonry are designed for the same
seismic hazard in accordance with the applicable provisions
given in Indian codes. The analytical results of the buildings
will be compared. The project is also aimed at getting
familiarity with STAAD-Pro.2008.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...IAEME Publication
This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Building with Light Weight and Conve...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In recent decades, the lightweight materials are used
in construction instead of conventional material. Lightweight
construction is considered to be favourable due to the saving
in construction cost and materials. AAC block is a lightweight
structural material with excellent acoustic and thermal
insulation properties. Due to the use of lightweight material in
construction in seismic zone reduce the percentage of
damages. In this paper the attempt has been made to carry out
the project comparative study of seismic analysis of building
with lightweight and conventional material. Structural model
of multi storey building (G+3) and analysis is carried out in
STAAD-Pro by RSM (Response Spectrum Method). Building
using infill AAC (Autoclaved aerated concrete) block and
conventional clay brick masonry are designed for the same
seismic hazard in accordance with the applicable provisions
given in Indian codes. The analytical results of the buildings
will be compared. The project is also aimed at getting
familiarity with STAAD-Pro.2008.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
Effect of Impulsive Loads on G+3 RCC BuildingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study of response of structures subjected to impulse loads is of utmost importance in civil engineering. These are the forces with large magnitude that act for relatively very short interval of time. These forces are dynamic in nature that may impart out of plane deformations to the building and hence the stability of the building may be under scrutiny. Bomb blast is the best example for impulsive load. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the response of a G+3 RCC building modeled in STAAD Pro subjected to triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal impulsive force for 0.5 seconds with maximum magnitude of 100kN. The effect of such loads on front, roof and side surface of the building was studied. It was observed that the critical deformations were obtained on the front and roof surface of the building. The variation of deformation along the height of the building were parabolic in nature with maximum deformations at the top surface of the building. It was also concluded that sufficient reinforcement should be provided in beam, columns and slabs to impart ductility to the building against impulse loads..
Structural Response of Steel High Rise Buildings to Fire: System Characterist...Franco Bontempi
Due to the significant vertical elevation and complexity of the structural system, high rise buildings may suffer from the effects of fire more than other structures. For this reason, in addition to evacuation strategies and active fire protection, a careful consideration of structural response to fire is also very important. In this context, it is of interest to
investigate the characteristics of the structural system that could possibly reduce local damages or mitigate the progression of failures in case of fire. In this paper, a steel high rise building is taken as case study and the response of the building is investigated up to the crisis of the structure with respect to a standard fire in a lower and in a higher storey: the comparison of the fire induced failures at the different height allows highlighting the role played in the resulting collapse mechanisms by the beam-column stiffness ratio and by the loading condition.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapseQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the advancement of science in all fields, particularly the discovery of electricity and gas, that created urban installations, plumbing and power plants with urban life of the people, along with all the advantages and comfort to the human race, had also associated risks. Among these are fire hazards. That this incident alone caused losses of life and property also and it can be imagined that in accompany of earthquakes and fires what kinds of the tragedy occurs. In this article, it can be attempted that first, to introduce Plasco Building and its history to speak briefly to explain the reasons for the collapse of this old and massive structures.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
Effect of Impulsive Loads on G+3 RCC BuildingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study of response of structures subjected to impulse loads is of utmost importance in civil engineering. These are the forces with large magnitude that act for relatively very short interval of time. These forces are dynamic in nature that may impart out of plane deformations to the building and hence the stability of the building may be under scrutiny. Bomb blast is the best example for impulsive load. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the response of a G+3 RCC building modeled in STAAD Pro subjected to triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal impulsive force for 0.5 seconds with maximum magnitude of 100kN. The effect of such loads on front, roof and side surface of the building was studied. It was observed that the critical deformations were obtained on the front and roof surface of the building. The variation of deformation along the height of the building were parabolic in nature with maximum deformations at the top surface of the building. It was also concluded that sufficient reinforcement should be provided in beam, columns and slabs to impart ductility to the building against impulse loads..
Structural Response of Steel High Rise Buildings to Fire: System Characterist...Franco Bontempi
Due to the significant vertical elevation and complexity of the structural system, high rise buildings may suffer from the effects of fire more than other structures. For this reason, in addition to evacuation strategies and active fire protection, a careful consideration of structural response to fire is also very important. In this context, it is of interest to
investigate the characteristics of the structural system that could possibly reduce local damages or mitigate the progression of failures in case of fire. In this paper, a steel high rise building is taken as case study and the response of the building is investigated up to the crisis of the structure with respect to a standard fire in a lower and in a higher storey: the comparison of the fire induced failures at the different height allows highlighting the role played in the resulting collapse mechanisms by the beam-column stiffness ratio and by the loading condition.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Shot firing the Plasco Building and Reasons for the collapseQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the advancement of science in all fields, particularly the discovery of electricity and gas, that created urban installations, plumbing and power plants with urban life of the people, along with all the advantages and comfort to the human race, had also associated risks. Among these are fire hazards. That this incident alone caused losses of life and property also and it can be imagined that in accompany of earthquakes and fires what kinds of the tragedy occurs. In this article, it can be attempted that first, to introduce Plasco Building and its history to speak briefly to explain the reasons for the collapse of this old and massive structures.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
Numerical analyses for the structural assessment of steel buildings under exp...Franco Bontempi
This paper addresses two main issues relevant to the structural assessment of buildings subjected
to explosions. The first issue regards the robustness evaluation of steel frame structures: a procedure is
provided for computing “robustness curves” and it is applied to a 20-storey steel frame building, describing
the residual strength of the (blast) damaged structure under different local damage levels. The second issue
regards the precise evaluation of blast pressures acting on structural elements using Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD) techniques. This last aspect is treated with particular reference to gas explosions, focusing
on some critical parameters (room congestion, failure of non-structural walls and ignition point location)
which influence the development of the explosion. From the analyses, it can be deduced that, at least for the
examined cases, the obtained robustness curves provide a suitable tool that can be used for risk management
and assessment purposes. Moreover, the variation of relevant CFD analysis outcomes (e.g., pressure) due to
the variation of the analysis parameters is found to be significant.
Analysis Of RC Structures Subject To Vibration By Using AnsysIJERA Editor
Recent historic events have shown that buildings that are designed in compliance with conventional building codes are not necessarily able to resist blast effects. It was observed in the past events that progressive or disproportionate collapse generally occurred due to deficient blast performance of the structure, albeit in compliance with conventional design codes. In the past, safety of structures against blast effects was ensured, to a limited extent, through perimeter control; which minimizes damage by preventing the direct impact of the blast effects on the building. With the emergence of blast resistant structural design, methodologies to inhibit progressive collapse through the structural components performance can be developed, although there are no available adequate tools to simulate or predict progressive collapse behavior of concrete buildings with acceptable precision and reliability. This paper presents part of an effort to find an affordable solution to the problem. State of the art review of the blast analysis and progressive collapse analysis procedures will be presented. Preliminary analysis has been carried out to establish the vulnerability of a typical multistory reinforced concrete framed building in Riyadh when subjected to accidental or terrorist attack blast scenarios. In addition, the results of the blast vulnerability assessment will be used to develop mitigation approach to control or prevent progressive collapse of the building. For protective structures, reinforced concrete is commonly used. Concrete structures subjected to explosive loading in a combination of blast and fragments will have very different response than statically loaded structure. During the blast and the fragment impacts the structure will shake and vibrate, severe crushing of concrete occurs and a crater forms (spalling) in the front of the concrete; for large penetration, scabbing may occur at the backside of the wall, or even perforation, with a risk of injury for people inside the structure. This thesis is intended to increase the knowledge of reinforced concrete structures subjected to explosive loading, i.e. effects of blast and fragmentation. A further aim is to describe and use the non-linear finite element (FE) method for concrete penetration analyses. Particular attention is given to dynamic loading, where the concrete behavior differs compared to static loading. The compressive and tensile strengths increase due to the strain rate effects. Initial stiffness increases, and moreover the concrete strain capacity is increased in dynamic loading. Traditionally, for prediction of the depth of penetration and crater formation from fragments and projectiles, empirical relationships are used, which are discussed here together with the effects of the blast wave that is caused by the explosion. To learn more about the structural behavior of concrete subjected to severe loading, a powerful tool is to combine advanced non-linear FE analyses and exper
MODE II FRACTURE PARAMETERS FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF BEAMS IN PLAIN CONCRETEIJERA Editor
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate concrete is a thrust
area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic eruptions.Cinder is a waste
material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of major significance for wide
range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear failures particularly in deep beams,
in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and catastrophic than other types of
failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For investigating shear type of failures, from the
literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and
V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present experimental investigation an attempt is
made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended aggregate cement concrete combining both
the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of DCN test specimen geometry . By blending
the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light
weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property such as in plane shear strength is studied.
Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that
the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate
content. It is also observed that the ultimate stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage
increase in cinder aggregate content.
The aim of this project was to investigate and evaluate corrosion using computer modelling for investigating causes of failure on specimen which had similar behavior to nature of failures, used in petroleum industry. A nipple-connecter reducer made from malleable cast iron used to carry liquid and gas in a petro chemical company located in Bahrain was used as sample.
The problem was also modeled to study the effect of the flow in causing the corrosion, in the nipple-connecter reducer assembly which concludes that the main cause of this attack is the flow turbulence, shear stress and pressure.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. The Effect Of Fire After Earthquake On Bending Steel Frame Structures
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
17 | Page
III. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Fire is always a serious threat to all aspects of human life and is an environmental factor detrimental to
the structure every year in most countries that cause loss of life and damages, heavy financial losses to residential
and commercial buildings. In terms of economic losses, structure damages are very high and the repair of such
structures requires a high economic burden that in most cases is higher than the amount of cost to prevent the
occurrence of damage, and as the loss of life is more important than financial losses. The main aim in designing
structures that are exposed to fire, is to void failures and structural damage at high temperatures (Christian et al,
2004) [4]. One of the other important issues is the occurrence of post-earthquake fire that in most cases due to fire
damage after the earthquake, has severe damage than the earthquake itself. Given the fact that Iran is one of the
most earthquake-prone countries in the world, the damages to municipal power plant and gas pipeline during an
earthquake could cause a fire; so that the damages caused by the fire burn more than earthquakes themselves.
Many of collapses create due to loss of cover of damaged structural members and deformation and resulting
residual earthquake stresses (Yassin et al, 2008). Therefore, in the last two decades, design and retrofit of
structures against fire was considered in structural design standards and specific regulations were considered to
this case (Badamchi, 1393). Steel frame have been formed from beams and columns that are connected by the
connections. One of the most important components of steel structures that transmit force members to each other,
are mainstays that are responsible for connections among members. The total yield structural steel joints affected
behavior in structural analysis should be considered. Also, a little attention on the failure of the majority of steel
structures under different loadings, it can be understood that a weak connection can be a determining factor in the
failure of steel structures (Wald et al, 2004). Depending on the type and location of the connector damage it can
cause local damage or malfunction of total progressive collapse of the structure. After the collapse of the World
Trade Center in collisions between aircraft and fires it, it can be seen that even if the structure can be subjected to
earthquake loads and loads unconventional, such as the giant aircraft proper conduct of the show, it is still very
weak in front of the fire afterwards (SAC Joint Venture, 2000). Cities with high density of wooden building or
buildings with high ranged of damaged and also, cities with distribution network of natural gas or pressurized air
power network are more vulnerable to earthquakes and fires are one of the most important secondary hazards.
Fire after the earthquake includes complex and synchronic fires at the same time and a large number that occur
due to earthquake and can cause extensive socio-economic damages. For example, fire after the earthquake that
occurred in the past and had significant and devastating consequences, can be pointed as the fire of 1906 in San
Francisco. Of the researches on fire after the earthquake, can mention research on the risk of its occurrence and
modeling how to extend and extinguish it from the perspective of fire and often less attention has been given to
the effect of construct of buildings fire (Behnam and Ronagh, 2014).Also from the point of view of structural,
structural behavior, is more important, because when large structures are under earthquake their capacities
decrease.
If such structure exposes to fire, the possibility of loss of stability increases and the durability of the
structure decreases. This feature of structure is important in steel structure because by increasing temperature the
steel quickly deteriorates. Of the researches that has been done about effect of fire after earthquake on steel
structure behavior, can mention to Delakorte et al (Mousavi et al, 2008). In this study, the behavior and flexural
strength of steel frame in front of the fire after the earthquake was investigated. Another study by Yasin et al in
the performance of steel frame under fire after the earthquake, was carried out. Analysis of frames, two-
dimensional steel in this study showed that the behavior of these frames under fire after the earthquake strongly
affected by lateral deformation caused by the earthquake in the frames (Raul Zaharia and Dan Pintea,
2009).Studies showed that although steel elements that are covered with fire insulation, have good performance
against normal fire nor fire after an earthquake and this issue delays the collapse of the steel structures of the
elements. This coating may be vulnerable for elements that are exposed to earthquakes and lose their protective
role. Under fire after the earthquake, the earthquake steel members for load-bearing of earthquake enter to their
performance range of plastics and plastic hinges in beams and columns are formed. This leads to cracking of cover
position of fire resistance on the plastic hinge in these members and their mechanical properties decrease rapidly
(Fig 1).
3. The Effect Of Fire After Earthquake On Bending Steel Frame Structures
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
18 | Page
Figure 1. The collapse of fire insulation cover in place of plastic hinge [12]
According to previous studies, in relation to the fire after the earthquake, structure in point of sufficient
cover attention in different conditions has been considered (Memari et al, 2013). Basically, performance of
structures after the earthquake against fire depends on several parameters. In addition, a lot of uncertainty in
predicting the mechanical behavior of structures are located under the load. One of the main issues under such
circumstances, is to estimate reliably the building structure, after the earthquake. Structural situation after the
earthquake, will be the initial conditions of the structures for loading the fire after the earthquake. Structure that
will be affected by the quake, suffered two injuries of geometric and mechanical damages. The lateral
displacement that indicates of the highest displacement, with regard to the history of earthquake duration in
structure can to be constructed, that is very important. In addition to mechanical damage as well as changes in the
mechanical properties of materials of structure that enter from that to plastic range, are considered. The fire load
to study the effects of fire on steel structures, fire resistance capability to construct various elements must be taken
into account (Yahyai and Hasanpour Ghamsari, 2012).In the special bending frame steel structures, due to the
large formation, under severe earthquakes can significant permanent transfer that under the effect of these
displacements, structural strength against fire after the earthquake compared to non-injury, reduce significantly.
Therefore, this issue could be considered in the design of these frames (FEMA356, 2000).Thus, it can accelerate
the damage caused by the earthquake in the building in addition to the structural, non-structural damages (Zaharia
and Pintea, 2009).Experience obtained showed that steel structures against the risk of fire spread are very
vulnerable. If a steel frame placed under high heat quickly due to reduced mechanical properties of steel at high
temperature, its safety seriously threatened frame. In the event of a fire in a steel frame after the earthquake, the
impact will be far worse. For this reason, the behavior of the steel frame in high temperature after the earthquake
could be of great importance to understanding the behavior of the frame (Della Corte et al, 2003) [17].Despite the
many benefits of steel construction, steel sensitivity to temperature is one of its most notable weaknesses.
Mechanical properties of steel at high temperatures decreases significantly (Fig 2).
Figure 2. How to change the behavior of the steel with increasing temperature [18]
4. The Effect Of Fire After Earthquake On Bending Steel Frame Structures
*Corresponding Author: Mohsen Gerami2*
19 | Page
Due to the lack of heating steel to simulate the effects of fire on steel structures is of great importance.
therefore, in the last two decades, design and retrofit of structures against fire have been studied and taken into
consideration in the design codes of structures, and specific criteria to this case was considered (Yasin et al,
2008).Because of the recent attention of researchers to more past due to the fact that the standards and regulations,
perhaps ignore under fire after the earthquake (Borden, 1996).Since the probability of failure of a structure fire
and lateral loads resulting from earthquakes are not properly designed, so danger of structure that has minor
damages caused by the earthquake under fire after it exist. Fires after the earthquake should be considered as a
structural loading with high possibility that needs more investigations and should be mentioned in structural
standards (Mohammadi, and Alysian, 1992).There are several historical examples where fires after the earthquake
led to significant losses, some of them included Kobe earthquake in 1995 and 1933, the Tokyo earthquake of 1906
and the San Francisco earthquake in 1989. Since the occurrence of an earthquake and subsequent events cannot
be prevented, proper design can minimize injuries and damages. In severe earthquakes, buildings designed for
seismic zones, may experience plastic deformation without collapse. However, such an earthquake with starting
a fire may be uncontrollable and causes damage to the main water networks and gases. Once upon earthquake,
fire occurs in buildings with stiffness decreased due to the earthquake, may have the capacity to withstand extreme
events after an earthquake such as fire (Chen et al, 2004).So, fire after the earthquake is a threat that carefully
should be considered as the damages caused by the earthquake vulnerability increases damages to structures
against fire that is due to the transformation of waste and reduction of the strength and stiffness caused by the
earthquake in structure affected by fires (Gupta and Krawinkler, 1999).Previous researches on the performance
of structures in fire after the earthquake have investigated the subject through the issue of certain (fixed) and in
different programming environments for seismic and thermal analysis. Ignoring drop of materials resistance after
the earthquake would reduce the accuracy of the results. The second concern is that although performance-based
seismic design guidelines are as good as new ones and to a large extent the regulations have been developed,
however, the current fire design methods, are relatively common prior or performance-based instruction and these
guidelines require certain input variables (modal).However, available information suggests that there are a lot of
uncertainty defined densities, once fire and properties of materials at high temperatures. Therefore a method based
on reliability assessment of structures in fire is required (European Committee for Standardization, 2005a).
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the discussions, it is concluded that in steel structures, many factors depend on resistance
against fire after an earthquake such as factors created as various seminars of fire, there are also the effects of
loading cycle including new topics and arguably considered as the last word that can be noted in steel structures
that are very different behavior and unpredictable in the fire after the earthquake that need more research in this
field.
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