On June 23rd 2016 the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union.
Prime Minister David Cameron resigned the morning after the vote
A few weeks later, Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister.
The terms of the UK’s new economic relationship with the EU remain uncertain.
Hard Brexit
Means that the United Kingdom leaves the EU Single Market and trades under World Trade Organization rules
Under WTO rules, each member must grant the same market access—including charging the same tariffs—to all other members as the most favoured nation
Soft Brexit
Involves the option of staying in the Single Market (like Norway)
As a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), Norway has a free trade agreement with the European Union, which means that there are no tariffs on trade between the two
Withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), often shortened to Brexit is a political aim of some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in the United Kingdom.
In 1975 a referendum was held on the country's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), a precursor to the EU.
The outcome of the vote was that the country continued to be a member of the EEC.
More recently the European Union Referendum Act 2015 has been passed to allow for a referendum on the country's membership of the EU, with a vote to be held on 23 June 2016.
BREXIT (Britain Exit) The Reasons & ImpactsSlide Gen
BREXIT_The Reasons & Impacts
Brexit is an abbreviation of "British exit". In 23 June 2016 Britain came out from European Union (EU) by the Vote of Britain’s people.
After Having 43 years of membership this great country makes this big decision. In 1973 United Kingdom got the membership in EU to expand the business among 28 members and share a common economical system.
Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Following a referendum held on 23 June 2016 in which 51.9 percent of those voting supported leaving the EU, the Government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, starting a two-year process which was due to conclude with the UK's exit on 29 March 2019. That deadline has since been extended to 31 October 2019.
The United Kingdom (UK) intends to withdraw from the European Union (EU), a process commonly known as BREXIT, as a result of June 2016 referendum in which 52% voted to leave EU. The term “BREXIT” is the short form of the words “BRITISH” and “EXIT”.
Working with Toby, Harry and Robbie we created a Brexit presentation for our economic exam talking about different macro economic factors and political parties.
80% Pass
Withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), often shortened to Brexit is a political aim of some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in the United Kingdom.
In 1975 a referendum was held on the country's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), a precursor to the EU.
The outcome of the vote was that the country continued to be a member of the EEC.
More recently the European Union Referendum Act 2015 has been passed to allow for a referendum on the country's membership of the EU, with a vote to be held on 23 June 2016.
BREXIT (Britain Exit) The Reasons & ImpactsSlide Gen
BREXIT_The Reasons & Impacts
Brexit is an abbreviation of "British exit". In 23 June 2016 Britain came out from European Union (EU) by the Vote of Britain’s people.
After Having 43 years of membership this great country makes this big decision. In 1973 United Kingdom got the membership in EU to expand the business among 28 members and share a common economical system.
Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Following a referendum held on 23 June 2016 in which 51.9 percent of those voting supported leaving the EU, the Government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, starting a two-year process which was due to conclude with the UK's exit on 29 March 2019. That deadline has since been extended to 31 October 2019.
The United Kingdom (UK) intends to withdraw from the European Union (EU), a process commonly known as BREXIT, as a result of June 2016 referendum in which 52% voted to leave EU. The term “BREXIT” is the short form of the words “BRITISH” and “EXIT”.
Working with Toby, Harry and Robbie we created a Brexit presentation for our economic exam talking about different macro economic factors and political parties.
80% Pass
I did a presentation about the problem in UK known as BREXIT in detail and about EUROPEAN UNION. It will be helpful if u want to know about BREXIT and EU a little. Thank you
The Business of Brexit: How Will You Be Impacted?Gowling WLG
The U.K. has voted to leave the European Union. And while Brexit likely won't happen for at least two years, organizations around the world are anxiously wondering what it will mean for their business.
To address these questions in a Canadian context, Gowling WLG recently offered a series of Brexit seminars in our offices across Canada, titled “The Business of Brexit: How will you be impacted?”
With over 1,400 legal professionals in 18 cities worldwide — including across Canada, the U.K. and Europe — Gowling WLG is uniquely positioned to help clients navigate the challenges that Brexit may present.
Led by Gowling WLG’s Brexit experts, this on-demand seminar focuses on:
The process for the U.K. to withdraw from the EU
How the U.K. legal landscape may change
The potential impact of Brexit on Canadian businesses and key global industry sectors.
it is all about UK leaving the European union.
the process and the impact on india is discussed in this presentation.
this presentation is only for education purpose.
On June 23rd 2016 the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. Prime Minister David Cameron resigned the morning after the vote and a few weeks later, Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister
The process of Brexit has begun although the timing of the decision to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty remains uncertain
Once Article 50 is invoked, there is a maximum period of two years before the UK finally leaves the EU. The terms of the UK’s new economic relationship with the EU also remain uncertain.
With Britons voting to take their country out of the European Union will reduce the politico-economic bloc to 27 members from 28. No corner of the global financial structure will remain unscathed. Market horses like currencies, commodities and equities are the first to find their courses altered, even as economic jockeys riding them - monetary policies, bank rates and macro-economic markers - will find it hard to adapt to the altered course.
I did a presentation about the problem in UK known as BREXIT in detail and about EUROPEAN UNION. It will be helpful if u want to know about BREXIT and EU a little. Thank you
The Business of Brexit: How Will You Be Impacted?Gowling WLG
The U.K. has voted to leave the European Union. And while Brexit likely won't happen for at least two years, organizations around the world are anxiously wondering what it will mean for their business.
To address these questions in a Canadian context, Gowling WLG recently offered a series of Brexit seminars in our offices across Canada, titled “The Business of Brexit: How will you be impacted?”
With over 1,400 legal professionals in 18 cities worldwide — including across Canada, the U.K. and Europe — Gowling WLG is uniquely positioned to help clients navigate the challenges that Brexit may present.
Led by Gowling WLG’s Brexit experts, this on-demand seminar focuses on:
The process for the U.K. to withdraw from the EU
How the U.K. legal landscape may change
The potential impact of Brexit on Canadian businesses and key global industry sectors.
it is all about UK leaving the European union.
the process and the impact on india is discussed in this presentation.
this presentation is only for education purpose.
On June 23rd 2016 the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. Prime Minister David Cameron resigned the morning after the vote and a few weeks later, Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister
The process of Brexit has begun although the timing of the decision to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty remains uncertain
Once Article 50 is invoked, there is a maximum period of two years before the UK finally leaves the EU. The terms of the UK’s new economic relationship with the EU also remain uncertain.
With Britons voting to take their country out of the European Union will reduce the politico-economic bloc to 27 members from 28. No corner of the global financial structure will remain unscathed. Market horses like currencies, commodities and equities are the first to find their courses altered, even as economic jockeys riding them - monetary policies, bank rates and macro-economic markers - will find it hard to adapt to the altered course.
This is a revision presentation on aspects of the privatisation of the Royal Mail - an important milestone in the history of privatisation in the UK economy.
Updated revision presentation covering price volatility in commodity markets and the economics of buffer stock "price stabilisation" schemes. designed for unit 1 micro course
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
These slides are from our January 2014 revision workshops for unit 3 microeconomics. They focus on some of the arguments surrounding the possible introduction of a £7 per hour national minimum wage in the UK
Students should be able to:
Discuss how and why firms grow
Distinguish between forward, vertical and conglomerate integration, and know reasons for mergers/ takeovers.
Know why some firms remain small and others grow
Understand the reasons for demergers
A revision presentation on the economics of producer and consumer subsidies as forms of government intervention in markets. There are a number of up to date examples highlighted together with an evaluation of the benefits and costs of subsidy payments. This is designed as a revision aid for unit 1 students taking their microeconomics papers.
Three issues dominated much of the Brexit referendum debate: trade, investment and migration; and they will continue to dominate during the exit negotiations. Uncertainty is the key word when analysing the outlook for the UK, with much depending on the UK government’s ability to negotiate trade agreements in a timely manner. Here we investigate the post-referendum economic landscape and explore the potential impact on the UK of a disorderly exit, as well as the impact on key economic indicators should the UK have a change of heart and remain in the EU.
Intellectual Property after Brexit - The Big picture, Brexit Models and state...T. Alexander Puutio
While it is certain that Brexit will affect Intellectual Property Rights holders much is yet uncertain. This presentation explores the different Brexit models and highlights their pertinent consequences for IP. The presentation also presents the trade context in which the Brexit will be conducted.
Brexit what are the implications for eu based exporters to the ukPeter Tomlinson
This presentation aims to identify the agenda ítems that exporters to the UK and UK importers need to consider when designing futute marketing and pricing strategies post Brexit in 2019. This is for teaching purposes only-
Trade liberalization and GVC participation: an EU perspectivePierfrancescoZeoli
The digital artefact that I have created aims to inform the general public on how and why trade liberalization policies and deep trade agreements may give a significant boost to GVCs development. As Master's student in European Affairs I adopted an EU perspective. I first convey the general information on how trade liberalization policies and the elimination of tariffs and nontariff barriers could provide developing countries with greater market access for their exports. Then I use two contrasting case studys, the EU's Everything but Arms (EBA) initiative of 2001 and the Brexit saga to examine why deep trade agreements are not only important for GVC integration between the countries involved in the agreement, but they also have spillovers for countries not directly involved in the deal. As the Brexit saga shows, policy uncertainty can have serious consequences for industries and businesses involved in GVC. Policymakers must therefore consider the impact that different kind of UK-EU trade agreements would have on industries and GVC integration.
Brexit update and the Impact on Digital health startups. Includes Introduction, Advantages of Doing Business in the UK, The Three Likely Scenarios, The “Chequers Deal”, Canada Plus, No Deal, Contingency Planning
The EU Referendum - what's the big dealWorld First
World First's chief economist, Jeremy Cook, talks about the history of Britain in Europe, the arguments for and against Brexit, and what impact it will have on businesses.
In this revision presentation we look at recent trends in UK trade union membership, consider how trade unions can affect both pay and employment and challenge the textbook view that union-negotiated pay increases inevitably have negative consequences for employment.
In this revision presentation we cover key examples of pure and quasi public goods and consider the arguments for and against an increase in government spending on public goods.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
You don’t need to produce a lot of evidence in your macroeconomics exams but knowing some basic and key facts and figures can make your answers stand out from the crowd! Here is a quickfire journey through twenty important economic numbers that won’t change before the exam – use them to support your answer and impress the examiner!
Microeconomics - Great Applied Examples for Examstutor2u
In this presentation, I have chosen loads of current examples that you might want to use as context in your microeconomics exams. We look at examples from different market structures, recent mergers and takeovers, the world's most valuable companies, the largest employer, unicorn business, de-mergers, the biggest initial public offerings (IPOs) and much else. Hopefully a useful video to go through to add some super examples into your revision notes.
This revision presentation considers the variety of stakeholders impacted by business activity. How will a change in objectives, such as a move from profit maximisation to revenue maximisation have an effect on different stakeholders?
This revision presentation looks at profit satisficing as an alternative objective for businesses. Why might firms satisfice? What are some of the possible consequences for economic welfare and efficiency?
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist said twenty fives years ago that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything,”
In this presentation we consider the theory of wage-setting with a monopsony employer and the possible impact that a trade union might have on wages and employment. We also look at efficiency wage theory and mutual gains from pay bargaining between stakeholders.
For many economists, the labour market is the most important market of all to study, analyse and evaluate. Like product markets for goods and services, labour markets can also fail. The main types of labour market failure are labour immobility including skills gaps, inequality, disincentives to be economically active, labour market discrimination and the effects of monopsony power of employers.
Updated revision presentation on aspects of behavioural economics and topical issues where behavioural nudges are being used to change the choices of consumers and businesses.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
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The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Main Characteristics of the EU Single Market
• The EU single market is built upon four key freedoms:
1. Free Trade in Goods: Businesses can sell their products
anywhere in the EU’s member states and consumers
can buy where they want with no penalty
2. Mobility of Labour: Citizens of EU member states can
live, study and work in any other country. The aim is to
improve the mobility of labour.
3. Free Movement of Capital: Financial capital can flow
freely between member states and EU citizens can use
financial services such as insurance in any EU state.
4. Free Trade in Services: Professional services such as
pensions, architecture, telecoms and advertising can be
offered in any member state.
3. Enlargement of the European Union
• Since 1957 then there have been six main waves of
enlargement of the European Union
• 1973 (UK, Ireland and Denmark)
• 1981 (Greece)
• 1986 (Portugal and Spain)
• 1995 (Austria, Finland and Sweden)
• 2004 (Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia,
Estonia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland)
• 2007 (Bulgaria and Romania)
• 2013: (Croatia)
• In June 2016 the UK became the first member nation to
vote to leave the European Union
• Article 50 was pressed in March 2017
4. Brexit – The UK’s decision to leave the European Union
• On June 23rd 2016 the UK
voted in a referendum to
leave the European Union.
• Prime Minister David
Cameron resigned the
morning after the vote
• A few weeks later, Theresa
May was elected leader of
the Conservative Party
and new Prime Minister.
• The terms of the UK’s new
economic relationship
with the EU remain
uncertain.
Article 50 was invoked in March
2017, there is a maximum period of
two years before the UK finally
leaves the European Union.
5. Major Export Markets for UK Goods and Services
Export Sources
Country Value % of Total Cumulative
£ million UK Exports Percentage (%)
1 United States 37 364 12.7 12.7
2 Germany 30 730 10.5 23.2
3 Netherlands 22 367 7.6 30.8
4 France 19 089 6.5 37.3
5 Irish Republic 18 145 6.2 43.5
6 China 15 511 5.3 48.8
7 Belgium & Luxembourg 12 317 4.2 53.0
8 Switzerland 10 318 3.5 56.5
9 Spain 9 299 3.2 59.7
10 Italy 8 808 3.0 62.7
Nearly a quarter of total UK overseas trade in goods and services is
done with the United States and Germany. Seven of the top ten
export markets for Britain are with European Union countries. This
emphasises the importance of a trade agreement after Brexit.
6. Major Import Sources for the UK Economy
Import Sources for the UK
Country Value % of Total Cumulative
£ million UK Imports Percentage (%)
1 Germany 60 820 14.6 14.6
2 China 36 900 8.9 23.5
3 Netherlands 33 160 8.0 31.5
4 United States 28 283 6.8 38.3
5 France 25 274 6.1 44.4
6 Belgium & Luxembourg 21 443 5.1 49.5
7 Norway 18 489 4.4 53.9
8 Italy 16 581 4.0 57.9
9 Spain 13 813 3.3 61.2
10 Irish Republic 11 911 2.9 64.1
Germany is the biggest source of UK imported products, Germany is
the world’s biggest exporter of manufactured products and UK
consumers have a high income elasticity of demand for them. China
is now the second biggest source of imported products for the UK.
7. UK Trade Balance in Goods and Services with the EU
The UK runs a trade surplus with Ireland but large trade deficits
with countries such as Germany and Spain.
Source: Office for National Statistics
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
UK trade in goods and services balance with selected EU countries,
2003 to 2014, annual balance, £ billion
France Germany Ireland Netherlands Spain Rest of EU
8. Hard and Soft Brexit
• Hard Brexit
• Means that the United Kingdom leaves the EU Single Market
and trades under World Trade Organization rules
• Under WTO rules, each member must grant the same market
access—including charging the same tariffs—to all other
members as the most favoured nation
• Soft Brexit
• Involves the option of staying in the Single Market (like
Norway)
• As a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), Norway
has a free trade agreement with the European Union, which
means that there are no tariffs on trade between the two
10. A Future Outside of the EU – the Norway Option
• The so-called Norway option allows for the free
movement of goods, services, capital, and people
• But Norway has no formal input into shaping the rules of
the single market although all new rules must be adopted
• Annual fee is paid by Norway for access to EU single
market
• Under the Norway option, all UK banking and financial
service regulation would be ‘mutually recognised’ as good
enough, and thus all EU members would have to
automatically grant full access to UK-based firms
• Norway option does not include free trade in food, or
participation in EU agriculture subsidies (CAP) or in the
EU’s regional policy, and nor does it require Norway to
adopt EU trade policies with respect to non-EU nations.
11. A Future Outside of the EU – Joining EFTA
• EFTA is the European Free Trade Area
• EFTA membership provides the UK with less access to the
Single Market beyond goods trade
• Switzerland is the most prominent EFTA member and is
required to strike bilateral treaties with the EU to secure
access to the Single Market for specific services only.
• In 2014 the Swiss voted in favour of restricting migration.
The EU has made it clear that this is incompatible with
access to the Single Market.
• Switzerland makes a smaller per capita contribution to the
EU budget than Norway in the EEA, to reflect the lower
level of market access.
12. Outside of the EU – WTO Option & Unilateral Trade
• WTO is the World Trade Organisation
• UK will be completely out of the EU single market.
• It will face the EU’s external tariff on goods and services in the
absence of a comprehensive free trade agreement
• Gains in having more control over migration policy and freedom
to trade with rest of the world including establishing free trade
agreements with emerging countries
• Unilateral free trade is the option favoured by a group
called “Economists for Brexit”
• This involves the UK leaving the EU Single Market
• Elimination of EU trade barriers on imports – pressing for global
free trade
• Control of borders to support migration control
• Democratic control of UK laws and regulations
13. Will London retain competitive advantage in services?
• Pre-referendum, many argued that London’s pre-
eminence as a global / EU centre for financial and related
business services could be threatened by Brexit
• Impact depends crucially on the Brexit deal that is
eventually negotiated especially with passport rights
• Passport for banks and financial firms allows firms authorized by
any EU Member State (MS) to establish branches or provide
cross-border financial services in other MS
• London retains many strengths:
1. Large pool of highly skilled labour including critical mass
of knowledge on financial services, accounting and law
(comparative advantage based on strong human capital)
2. Language, strengths of the UK legal system and a highly
convenient time-zone
15. A Future Outside of the EU – Overview of some Options
EEA
(Norway)
EFTA
(Switzerland)
Customs
Union
(Turkey)
World Trade
Organisation
Option
Migration controls ❎ ❓ ✅ ✅
EU budget contribution ❎ ❎ ✅ ✅
Compliance with EU rules ❎ ❓ ❓ ✅
Free to negotiate with
third countries ❎ ✅ ❎ ✅
Passporting rights ✅ ❎ ❎ ❎
Direct access to Single
Market ✅ ❎ ❎ ❎
Import tariffs? ✅ ✅ ✅ ❎
16. EU Countries likely to be most affected by Brexit
Country
Trade with UK
measured as
% of GDP
% of
investment
from the UK
Comment
Netherlands 7.6% 27.6%
Closely aligned in many EU
policy debates; favours
liberalisation of EU
Ireland 11.8% 7.5%
Most deeply integrated with
the UK, only country with
(soft) land border
Germany 2.8% 2.4%
High total value of trade, UK
leaving increases political
power of French
Spain 2.5% 6.0%
Around 800,000 UK expats
living in Spain, big tourism
and trade linkages
17. Brexit – UK’s Net Contribution to the EU Budget
Forecasted net UK contributions to EU budget from 2014/15 to 2019/2020 (in £m)
9,054
8,385
10,178
8,049
8,908
9,374
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
NetcontributionsinmillionGBP
18. Possible Short-Term Impact of Brexit on the UK
Economy
Impact Comment
Weaker exchange
rate (depreciation)
Sterling fell against US dollar and Euro in wake of Brexit vote
Higher prices for imports
Over 50% of UK imports come from EU, about half of which are
intermediate goods such as component parts
High current
account deficit
External deficit of more than 5% of GDP requires strong net inflows of
capital on the financial account – perhaps to achieve this harder post-
referendum because of macroeconomic uncertainty
Short run real GDP
growth
Expected to take two years to negotiate EU exit terms after Article 50
There was a dip in confidence but the real economy stabilized fairly
quickly helped by the depreciation in sterling
Housing market Fall in confidence may lower mortgage demand
Possibility of decline in overseas demand although weaker pound
increases real purchasing power of US dollars in UK property market
Unemployment Unemployment tends to be a lagging indicator of the economic cycle –
a year after Brexit the unemployment rate fell to a new low of 4.6%
19. Impact of Brexit on Developing Countries
Trade
Foreign
investment
Economic
growth
Aid
Migration and
remittances
Global
collaboration
Brexit is likely to have effects on developing countries over time. Much depends on
the nature of the Brexit deals that the UK makes with the EU and other nations +
the impact of Brexit on UK growth and government finances.
“The UK’s vote to leave the EU comes at a time when many developing economies
are already facing multiple shocks: lower oil and commodity prices, a stronger US
dollar and a slowing Chinese economy.” Source: UK ODI Report, July 2016
20. Aspects of Brexit on Developing Countries
Slower UK growth
& weaker £
Contraction in
exports to UK from
developing nations
Countries such as
Bangladesh &
Kenya most
affected
Migration flows are
uncertain - possible
short term rise
Fall in external
value of £ reduces
value of
remittances
South Africa,
Uganda, Nigeria
especially affected
UK aid was $18.7
billion in 2015 -
falling £ cuts the
real value
10% of UK aid flows
through the EU
Key is whether the
UK maintains their
0.7% of GNI aid
target after Brexit
21. Micro & Macro impact of decision to leave single market
22. Brexit – Micro Impact of UK leaving the Single Market
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3
Some UK firms and industries
might suffer from a decline in
net inward migration from EU
The EU is a customs union and
leaving it may lead to higher
import tariffs on EU exports.
Leaving the EU might cause
delays at borders as UK firms
comply with EU rules
Higher import prices increase
costs for UK firms who then
experience lower profits.
Consumer welfare would suffer
The assumes that the UK is
unable to negotiate a wide-
ranging free trade deal with
the EU before Brexit is finalized
In sectors such as hospitality,
technology and construction,
EU workers have helped
overcome skills shortages.
A fall in UK net payments to
the EU could fund increased
investment in better technical
training for UK workers
Many products cross borders
several times. Just in time
delivery requires minimal
border delays, costs will rise
Most UK exporters already
comply with EU regulations.
Post Brexit, businesses will
have less red tape to deal with
23. Brexit – Macro Impact of UK leaving the Single Market
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3
Leaving the single market will
allow the UK economy to limit
net inward migration from EU
Leaving the EU will allow the
UK to make many free trade
agreements with other nations
Leaving single market
diminishes UK trade with EU
and will cut inward investment
Free trade deals with fast-
growing emerging economies
might see a surge in UK exports
which will add to GDP growth
However complex trade
agreements take time. The
recent EU-Canada free trade
deal took seven years to agree.
This will provide opportunities
for UK people to find work and
also lead to a slower growth of
house prices and rents
But the UK suffers from long
run skills shortages. Parts of
the economy and the NHS are
hugely reliant on migration
44% of Britain’s exports go to
the EU - £220bn out of £510bn.
Higher tariffs would make UK
exports harder to sell in the EU
This depends on the trade deal
we make with the EU. Inward
FDI depends on many factors
including tax & regulations
25. Brexit: Some “it depends on” evaluation points
Post Brexit
Will some
owners of labour
and capital
successfully
achieve their
own Brexodus
from the UK
once the terms
of trade with the
EU become
clearer?
Depends on scope / scale / timing of trade deals with EU and other
countries. How strong will the UK’s bargaining power be in
discussions with EU27?
Depends on whether UK can keep significant numbers of highly-
skilled EU workers post Brexit in industries in which the UK has
comparative advantage + staffing the NHS
Depends on the impact of Brexit on UK universities - in 2012,
universities generated an annual output of £73 billion, contributed
2.8% of GDP and supported over 750,000 jobs
Depends on the ability of UK manufacturing businesses to modify
their existing supply-chains and their success in pivoting export sales
to non-EU countries
Depends on the extent to which the UK government is able to replace
existing EU funding in areas such as research, farm support and
workplace training initiatives
Depends on the the impact of higher trade costs from being outside
the EU on UK productivity and innovation - the long-run dynamic
effects might be bigger than the static effects e.g. on consumer prices
Financial services is a key sector potentially affected by Brexit but a mass exodus from UK is most unlikely. UK gov’t will seek to protect other sectors heavily invested in UK – eg car industry
Most banks want to keep a foothold in the EU common market. The exact details are still evolving but Deutsche Bank for example is planning to relocate some 4,000 jobs to someplace else in the EU or Eurozone. Locations which could profit from the banker's Brexodus are Frankfurt and Paris but also Dublin, according to a report by Bloomberg.
UK will seek to strike trade deals with non-EU countries but these will take a long time to deliver
New UK-EU trade agreement likely to be based on ensuring market access for key industries which have already invested heavily in UK (eg cars, financial sector)