3. ๏ฎ Earth component: atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere/ecosphere
๏ฎ Biosphere (living things) depends and
interrelated with 3 others spheres (non living
things)
Biosphere
Lithosphere
4. Atmosphereโฆ
๏ฎ Composed of gas molecules held closed to earthโs
surface (balance between gravity and thermal
movement of air molecules)
๏ฎ Composition: gases, particulate/aerosol and water
vapor
๏ฎ Dynamic system: changing continuously
๏ฎ Circulate due to heating and cooling
๏ฎ Moves horizontally to the earth surface
๏ฎ Combination of air movements create wind and
weather pattern
๏ฎ Divided into 4 layers: troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere & thermosphere
7. Troposphereโฆ
๏ฎ Lower part of atm (10-12km above the
earth)
๏ฎ Weather occurs
๏ฎ Compose 75% of atm mass
๏ฎ Temperature declines 6oC for every km above
the surface
๏ฎ Decrease to -60oC at top of troposphere
(tropopause)
๏ฎ Produce cold trap that causes condensation
of atm water vapor
๏ฎ Condensation of water vapor produces clouds
8. Stratosphereโฆ
๏ฎ Extent from the top of troposphere
for about 50km
๏ฎ Warms with increasing altitude
๏ฎ Composition: similar to troposphere
except water vapor (1000x lower)
and Ozone (1000x greater)
๏ฎ Ozone (O3) protects lives in lower
atm from receiving harmful doses
of uv radiation
10. Thermosphereโฆ
๏ฎ Compose of highly ionized gases
๏ฎ Extent up to 300km
๏ฎ Increase in temperature (>800oC)
๏ฎ Heated by high energy solar
11. Processes that removes materials
from the atmosphere
๏ฎ Sedimentation
๏ฎ Particles heavier than air settle out as a
result of gravitational attraction to earth
๏ฎ Ex. Particulates from volcanic eruptions or
burning coal
12. ๏ฎ Rain out
๏ฎ Precipitation (rain, ice, snow) can
physically and chemically flush material
from atmosphere
๏ฎ Ex. CO2 + H2 H2CO3
๏ฎ Oxidation
๏ฎ Oxygen chemically combined with another
substance
๏ฎ Ex. Sulfur dioxide oxides to sulfur trioxide
(SO3) dissolved in water form sulfuric acid
13. ๏ฎ Photodissociation
๏ฎ Solar radiation can break down
chemical bonds
๏ฎ Ex. Ozone O3 in the atmosphere may
break down to O2
16. Hydrologic Cycle
๏ฎ Explain movement of water between aquatic,
atmospheric and terrestrial compartments
driven by solar energy
Source: Enger & Smith, pg. 353
17. Hydrologic Cycle
๏ฎ All water is locked into a constant recycling
process - Hydrologic Cycle.
๏ฎ Solar energy evaporates water.
๏ฎ Evapotranspiration - Plants giving off water.
โWarm, moist air rises, cools, condenses, and
falls as precipitation.
๏ฎ Some precipitation remains on the
surface and evaporates, while most sinks
into the soil or returns to the oceans.
18. Hydrologic Cycle
๏ฎ Runoff - Surface water that moves across
the surface of the land and enters streams
and rivers.
๏ฎ Groundwater - Water that fills spaces in the
substrate.
๏ฎ Water entering the soil is either taken up by
plants roots or moves downward until it reaches
an impervious layer of rock, and accumulates in
porous strata called an aquifer.
19. Aquifers
๏ฎ Aquifer - Porous soil saturated with water.
๏ฎ Unconfined Aquifer - Usually near landโs surface.
Lower boundary is impermeable layer of clay or
rock. Water at atmospheric pressure and
recharged by rainfall and percolation.
๏ฎ Water Table - Top layer.
๏ฎ Vadose Zone (Zone of Aeration) - Area above
water table unsaturated with water.
20. Aquifers
๏ฎ Confined Aquifer - (Artesian) Bounded on
top and bottom by impermeable layer.
๏ฎ Water stored under high pressure and
recharged from a geologic recharge zone.
๏ฎ Aquiclude - Impervious confining layer.
๏ฎ Aquitard - Permeable confining layer.
๏ฎ Porosity - Measure of size and number of
spaces in the substrate.
22. Human Influences on
Hydrologic Cycle
๏ฎ Water used for cooling in power plant or
irrigate crops evaporation will increase
๏ฎ Affect local atm conditions
๏ฎ Remove vegetation increase runoff and
decrease infiltration: More erosion
๏ฎ Urban: high impervious and paved surfaces
increase runoff and reduced infiltration:
flooding problems
23. Lithosphereโฆ
๏ฎ Compose of crust and upper layer of
mantle
๏ฎ Earth can be divided into 3 layers
๏ฎ Crust
๏ฎ Mantle
๏ฎ Core
25. Core
๏ฎ Inner layer
๏ฎ Consist of mineral eg. Fe (dense and
hot)
๏ฎ Thousand diameter in km
๏ฎ Inner core is solid , outer core is
semisolid
๏ฎ Produced electromagnetic field of earth
26. Mantle
๏ฎ Rock layered
๏ฎ Less dense compared to core
๏ฎ Consist of Oxygen, Silicon and Magnesium
Crust
๏ฎ Outermost layer: cool, lightweight, brittle
rock
๏ฎ Consist > 200 types of mineral
๏ฎ Major element O2, Silicon, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg,
Na, K
27. Rock Cycleโฆ
๏ฎ Consist of processes of creation,
destruction and metamorphosis
๏ฎ Each rock types can converted to other
types
๏ฎ Three major rock classification
๏ฎ Igneous rocks
๏ฎ Sedimentary rocks
๏ฎ Metamorphic rocks
28. Igneous Rocksโฆ
๏ฎ Igni (Latin) means fire
๏ฎ Solidified from hot, molten magma or lava
๏ฎ Most rock in earthโs crust is igneous
๏ฎ Magma extruded from volcanic vents cool
quickly formed finely crystalline rocks (basalt,
rhyolite, andesite)
๏ฎ Magma cools slowly makes coarsely
crystalline rocks such as gabro (rich in iron
and silica), granite (rich in Al and silica)
29. Sedimentary Rocksโฆ
๏ฎ Go through weathering process
๏ฎ Mechanical weathering: physical breakup of rocks into
smaller particle without change in chemical composition
๏ฎ Chemical weathering: removal or alteration of specific
components led to weakening and disintegration of rock
(oxidation and hydrolysis)
๏ฎ Produced when loose grain or other consolidated by time
and pressure (involved erosion and sedimentation)
๏ฎ Sandstone from layers of sand
๏ฎ Mudstone consist of hardened mud and clay
๏ฎ Tuff formed from volcanic ash
๏ฎ Conglomerates are aggregates of sand and gravel
๏ฎ Limestone composed of cemented remains of marine
organisms
30. Metamorphic Rocksโฆ
๏ฎ Form from melting, contorting and
recrystalizing of other rocks (by heat and
pressure)
๏ฎ Chemical reactions alter both composition
and structure
๏ฎ Extreme pressure and heat form diamonds,
jade
๏ฎ Moderate condition: graphite, talc
๏ฎ Common: marble (limestone), quartzite
(sandstone) and slate (mudstone and shale)
32. Soilโฆ
๏ฎ Thin covering over the land
๏ฎ Consist of minerals, organic material,
living organism, air, water
๏ฎ Formed from combination of physical,
chemical and biological events over the
time
๏ฎ Good soil:45% mineral, 25% air, 25%
water and 5% organic
34. Soil Properties..
๏ฎ Include soil texture, structure, moisture biotic
content and chemical composition
๏ฎ Soil texture determined by size of particle
๏ฎ Gravel (>2mm in diameter), sand (0.05-
2.0mm), silt (0.002-0.05) and clay
(<0.002mm)
๏ฎ Many different soil classification
๏ฎ Ideal: loam for agriculture
36. Soil Profileโฆ
๏ฎ A series of horizontal layers in soil that
differ in chemical composition, physical
properties, particle size and organic
matter
๏ฎ Each layer know as horizon
O Horizon
๏ฎ Layer of litter (undecomposed or
decomposed organic matter)
๏ฎ Forest soil have an horizon O
37. A Horizon
๏ฎ Topsoil
๏ฎ Organic matter decomposed
๏ฎ Most of living organism and nutrients found
๏ฎ Dark color: humus
๏ฎ As water moves down in carries dissolved
organic matter and mineral to lower layer:
leaching
E Horizon
๏ฎ E: eluviations; contains few nutrient because
water flowing down through soil dissolves
and transport nutrient to B horizon
๏ฎ Lighter-colored layer
38. B Horizon
๏ฎ Called subsoil
๏ฎ Contains less organic material and fewer
organism than A horizon
๏ฎ Contains accumulation of nutrient from higher
level
๏ฎ Rich with Fe, Al and Ca, clay mineral
๏ฎ Yellow reddish in color
C Horizon
๏ฎ Weathered parent material
๏ฎ Contain no organic matter
