Anatomy practical

1. Practical anatomy
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2.  Phalanx (phalanges):
In (Equine) horse
The digit of the manus consists of three phalanx and sesamoid
bones.
 Proximal phalanx:
The proximal or first phalanx is a long bone and situated between
the large metacarpal bone proximally and the middle phalanx
distally, it consists of a body and two extremities. The body is
wider and much thicker proximally than distally.
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4.  Middle phalanx:
The middle or second phalanx is situated between the proximal
and distal phalanges, the dorsal surface is convex, and on each side
of its distal part is a rough depression for attachment of collateral
ligament.
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5.  Distal phalanx:
The distal or third phalanx is entirely enclosed by the hoof; it
consists of three (3) surfaces, three (3) borders and two (2) angles.
The articular surface adapted to the head of the middle phalanx,
but a narrow flattened area along the palmar border articulates
the distal sesamoid bone .The coronary or proximal border bears
a central eminence, the extensor process for common digital
extensor tendon attachment. On either side is a depression for
collateral ligament attachment.
The parietal or dorsal surface is rough and porous; it is perforated
by numerous foramina of various sizes, a series of larger one
being on or near the solar border, on each side the parietal sulcus
passes dorsally from the angle and ends at one of the large
foramina. The solar border is thin, sharp, and irregularly notched.
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6. The solar surface is arched and divided into two unequal parts by a
curved line, the semilunar line, the flexor surface it presents a
central prominence rough area.
On either side of which is a solar groove leading toward the solar
foramina. (Crena).The palmar processes (angles) are prismatic
masses which project palmary on either side, the medial one is
short.
Each is divided into proximal and distal parts by a notch which
leads to the parietal sulcus. The dorsal border carries the
cartilage.
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8. In Ruminants (ox):
Four digits are present in the ox. Of these two- the third and fourth
are fully developed and have three phalanges and three
sesamoids. The second and fifth are vestige and are placed palmar
to the fetlock as dew claws, each contains one or two small bones
which don’t articulate with the rest of the skeleton.
Proximal phalanx:
Is shorter and narrower than in the horse.
Middle phalanx:
Is narrower than in the horse.
Distal phalanx:
On the solar surface there is no semilunar line.
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10. In carnivores (dog):
The digits have three phalanges, each except the first which has
two. The third and fourth digits are the longest; the first is very
short and doesn’t come in contact with the ground during walking.
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11.  Sesamoid bones:
In (Equine) horse:
• Two proximal palmar sesamoid bones are present.
• One palmar distal sesamoid (navicular bone) is present.
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12. In Ruminants (ox):
• Four proximal (palmar) sesamoids are present, two for each
digit.
• Two distal sesamoids are present one for each digit
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13. In carnivores (dog):
Nine palmar sesamoids are usually present.
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