Its easy and in simple words

1. Course: Radiographic positioning and Clinical
Practice
Instructor: Khadija Mustafa
Lecture No.04 BS-RT- 4th
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2. UPPER LIMB ANATOMY
Instructor: Khadija Mustafa
COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Shoulder Glenohumeral joint: humerus, scapula,
clavicle
Arm Bones: humerus
Nerves: they all originate from the brachial plexus
Arteries: branches of the brachial artery
Elbow Bones: humerus, radius, ulna
Movements: flexion, extension, pronation,
supination
Forearm Bones: radius, ulna
Nerves: radial, ulnar, median nerves
Arteries: branches of the radial and ulnar arteries
Hand Bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform,
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate,
metacarpals (5), phalanges (proximal, middle,
distal)
Nerves: radial, ulnar, median nerves
Arteries: terminal branches of the radial and
ulnar arteries

5. Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joint)
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and socket joint
between the scapula and the humerus. It is the major joint
connecting the upper limb to the trunk.
It is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, at the cost of
joint stability.
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8. UPPER ARM
The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint and elbow
joint. It contains four muscles –
three in the anterior compartment (biceps brachii, brachialis,
coracobrachialis)
one in the posterior compartment (triceps brachii).
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10. ELBOW
The elbow is the joint connecting the upper arm to the forearm. It
is classed as a hinge-type synovial joint.
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12. FOREARM
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13. HAND
The bones of the hand provide support and flexibility to the soft
tissues. They can be divided into three categories:
Carpal bones (Proximal) – A set of eight irregularly shaped bones.
These are located in the wrist area.
Metacarpals – There are five metacarpals, each one related to a
digit
Phalanges (Distal) – The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three
phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two.
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15. CARPAL BONES
Proximal Row (lateral to medial) Distal Row (lateral to medial)
Scaphoid Trapezium
Lunate Trapezoid
Triquetrum Capitate
Pisiform Hamate
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The carpal bones are a group of eight, irregularly shaped bones. They are organized into two rows: proximal
and distal.

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17. METACARPAL BONES
The metacarpal bones articulate proximally with the carpals, and distally
with the proximal phalanges. They are numbered, and each associated
with a digit:
Metacarpal I – Thumb.
Metacarpal II – Index finger.
Metacarpal III – Middle finger.
Metacarpal IV – Ring finger.
Metacarpal V – Little finger.
Each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft and a head.
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19. PHALANGES
The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. The thumb has a
proximal and distal phalanx, while the rest of the digits have
proximal, middle and distal phalanges.
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21. SHOULDER
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22. INTRODUCTION
The shoulder is a strong and flexible ball-and-socket joint that
connects the arm to the torso, and it is considered one of the most
mobile parts of body. It is responsible for:
Moving and rotating the upper arm
Overhead weight-bearing
Reaching behind the back
The shoulder is composed of a network of bones, joints, and soft
tissues that make this large range of motion possible
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23. SHOULDER BONES
The shoulder bones include the scapula (shoulder blade), humerus
(upper arm bone), and clavicle (collarbone).
The joints between these bones are flexible and allow for a wide
range of motion.
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24. SCAPULA
The scapula is a large, flat, and somewhat triangular bone that sits
between the humerus (upper arm bone) and collarbone.
It is responsible for stabilizing the
upper arm bone, which sits
in a shallow socket on the outer
edge of the shoulder blade.
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25. HUMERUS
This is the bone of the upper arm.
The top of the humerus is rounded and fits into the shallow socket
of the scapula, called the glenoid cavity, creating the shoulder’s ball-
and-socket joint.
This ball-and-socket construction allows
for the arm’s large range of motion.
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26. CLAVICLE
The collarbone is a long and thin bone located between the
shoulder and top of the ribcage.
The collarbones help support and keep the arms in place when
away from the body.
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27. ELBOW
The elbow is a hinged joint made up of three bones,
The Humerus
Ulna
Radius
The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage.
Cartilage has a rubbery consistency that allows the joints to slide
easily against one another and absorb shock.
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29. JOINTS
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30. FINGER JOINTS
Joints are formed wherever two or more of these bones meet. Each of
the fingers has three joints:
metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) – the joint at the base of the
finger
proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) – the joint in the middle of the
finger
distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) – the joint closest to the fingertip.
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32. JOINTS OF THUMB
The three joints are as follows:
Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) Joint
Interphalangeal (IP) Joint
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34. WRIST JOINT
Radiocarpal joint
Ulnocarpal Joint
Distal radioulnar
Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint (STT)
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37. ELBOW JOINTS
ULNOHUMERAL JOINT
RADIOHUMERAL JOINT
RADIOULNAR JOINT
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38. SHOULDER JOINT
GLENOHUMERAL
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR (AC)
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT (SC)
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40. THANK YOU
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