S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.
a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.
c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of Size relative to the earth Surface and atmospheric features Relative distance from the sun Ability to support life
d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position.
e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system.
f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
YERİN İÇİNDE HER BİR KARANLIK NOKTA DEPREMLERLE AYDINLIĞA ÇIKARILIYOR. HEM DÜNYA'DA HEM DE AY'DA. DEPREMLER OLMASA İNSANLIK OLARAK YERİN İÇLERİ HAKKINDA BİLGİCE SIFIR OLACAKTIK. KÂİNATTA YERİN İÇLERİNİ DEPREMLERLE AYDINLATIYORUZ. ÖNCE DÜNYA SONRA AY VE DAHA SONRA JEOFİZİK DEPREM KAYITÇISI KONULABİLEN HER YER AYDINLANACAK. JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ ÇALIŞMALARI EVRENDE YERİN İÇİNDE DEPREMLERİ İZLEYEREK VE İNCELEYEREK KARANLIKTA KALAN SIR PERDELERİNİ KALDIRIYOR. DEPREMLER OLDUKÇA VEYA OLAN DEPREMLER JEOFİZİK KAYITÇILARLA DİNLENEBİLDİKÇE GEZEGENLERİN İÇİ SIR OLMAKTAN ÇIKACAK. İYİ Kİ DEPREMLER VAR VE İYİ Kİ DEPREM BİLİMİ JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ VAR.
1969 YILINDA AY ÜZERİNE YERLEŞTİRİLEN 6 DEPREM İSTASYONU İLE AY DEPREMLERİ KAYIT EDİLMEYE BAŞLANDI VE AY BİZİM İÇİN JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ ÇALIŞMALARIYLA AYDINLANDI. DEPREMLER YER İÇİNİ AYDINLATAN IŞIKTIR. DOĞRU DEĞİL Mİ?
S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.
a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.
c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of Size relative to the earth Surface and atmospheric features Relative distance from the sun Ability to support life
d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position.
e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system.
f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
YERİN İÇİNDE HER BİR KARANLIK NOKTA DEPREMLERLE AYDINLIĞA ÇIKARILIYOR. HEM DÜNYA'DA HEM DE AY'DA. DEPREMLER OLMASA İNSANLIK OLARAK YERİN İÇLERİ HAKKINDA BİLGİCE SIFIR OLACAKTIK. KÂİNATTA YERİN İÇLERİNİ DEPREMLERLE AYDINLATIYORUZ. ÖNCE DÜNYA SONRA AY VE DAHA SONRA JEOFİZİK DEPREM KAYITÇISI KONULABİLEN HER YER AYDINLANACAK. JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ ÇALIŞMALARI EVRENDE YERİN İÇİNDE DEPREMLERİ İZLEYEREK VE İNCELEYEREK KARANLIKTA KALAN SIR PERDELERİNİ KALDIRIYOR. DEPREMLER OLDUKÇA VEYA OLAN DEPREMLER JEOFİZİK KAYITÇILARLA DİNLENEBİLDİKÇE GEZEGENLERİN İÇİ SIR OLMAKTAN ÇIKACAK. İYİ Kİ DEPREMLER VAR VE İYİ Kİ DEPREM BİLİMİ JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ VAR.
1969 YILINDA AY ÜZERİNE YERLEŞTİRİLEN 6 DEPREM İSTASYONU İLE AY DEPREMLERİ KAYIT EDİLMEYE BAŞLANDI VE AY BİZİM İÇİN JEOFİZİK SİSMOLOJİ ÇALIŞMALARIYLA AYDINLANDI. DEPREMLER YER İÇİNİ AYDINLATAN IŞIKTIR. DOĞRU DEĞİL Mİ?
Detailed Desription of Stars. What is a Star? , Classification of stars, Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, Spectral Classes, Luminosity, Variable Stars, Composite Stars, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, Star Clusters, Supernovae, Binary Star, Chandrashekhar Limit, Limit Value Calculation Formulae, Applications of the limit, Tolman-Openheimer Volkoff Limit, About Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar
An easy way to get started with git. I use these slides with my talk highlighting why we need git, a small command list to follow, and some more trivia and a ton of useful links.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The definitive presentation on Black Holes (School Level)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. When a Large Star runs out of Fuel it can no Longer
Support its Heavy Weight.
The Pressure from the star's massive layers of
hydrogen press down Forcing the Star to get
smaller and smaller and smaller.
Eventually the Star will get Smaller than an Atom.
Thus the mass of Star is Small and Volume is the
same this Build up Infinite Amount of Gravity and
BLACK HOLES are made when the Center of a very
Big Star Falls in upon itself, or Collapses.
12. In 1931, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated,
using Special Relativity, that a non-rotating body of
Electron-Degenerate Matter above a Certain Limit
1.4 Solar Masses) has No Stable Solutions.
A Star’s size is measured Solar Masses
The currently Accepted Value of the Limit is about
1.39 ( 2.765 × 1030 kg)
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. An accretion disc is a structure formed by diffuse
material in orbital motion around a massive central
body. The central body is typically a star. Gravity
causes material in the disc to spiral inward towards
the central body.
Accretion leads to release of gravitational energy.
Inner regions of disks rotate very rapidly – near the
speed of light.
The luminosity of a black hole is limited by its mass.
26. 26
On Earth, let’s say you weigh 150 kg.On the Moon,you’d weigh 25 kg.On Jupiter,you’d weigh 350 kg.On the Sun, you’d weigh4,000 kg.
Neara BlackHole,
you’d weigh over
20 TRILLONkg !!!