The document is the Covenant of the League of Nations, which established the League after World War I to promote international cooperation and peace. It outlines the organization and functions of the League, including provisions for membership, governance through the Assembly and Council, dispute resolution procedures, and measures to deter war between nations. The League aimed to reduce armaments and respect territorial boundaries in order to maintain peace and security worldwide.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The constitution of the united states academicFredrick Smith
The document contains excerpts from the United States Constitution. It establishes the structure of the U.S. federal government and divides power into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch is Congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. The executive branch is led by the President. The judicial branch is the federal court system. It also outlines citizen rights and states' powers. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and the states.
The document summarizes sections 11-24 of Article VI of the Philippine Constitution, which outlines the powers and duties of the Senate and House of Representatives. Some key points covered include privileges of members such as immunity from arrest for speech and disclosure of financial interests. It also describes the composition and powers of bodies like the Electoral Tribunals and rules regarding legislative sessions, proceedings, and inquiries.
This document summarizes information about the national legislature from Chapter 10. It discusses the reasons for a bicameral legislature established by the Constitution, including historical precedent from the British Parliament and the need for compromise between state plans. It also describes terms of Congress, sessions of Congress, the size and terms of the House and Senate, how representation is apportioned, congressional elections, and qualifications and compensation for members of Congress.
Constitution of the neo confederate states of americaDavid Boose
The document outlines the proposed constitution for the NeoConfederate States of America. It establishes the structure of the government, which will have three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch will be a unicameral Congress with each state getting one representative. The executive branch will be led by a President who is elected by popular vote. There will be a Supreme Court as the highest judicial body. The constitution protects various civil liberties and establishes the states as sovereign entities that delegate some powers to the central government. It provides mechanisms for amendments and guarantees a republican form of government for the member states.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This document outlines the original Articles of Confederation that established the structure and powers of the United States government after declaring independence from Britain. It establishes the United States as a confederation with each state retaining sovereignty. It outlines the limited powers granted to Congress, including conducting diplomacy and war, coining money, and settling disputes between states. It also establishes requirements for representation in Congress and voting procedures.
The document discusses the term of office and privileges of Senators in the Philippines. It notes that Senators serve 6-year terms, with half being elected every 3 years to provide continuity. Senators enjoy parliamentary immunities like privilege from arrest while Congress is in session and freedom from liability for legislative speeches and debates. The purpose of these privileges is to allow Senators to perform their legislative duties without fear of prosecution and encourage open discussion of issues.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The constitution of the united states academicFredrick Smith
The document contains excerpts from the United States Constitution. It establishes the structure of the U.S. federal government and divides power into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch is Congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. The executive branch is led by the President. The judicial branch is the federal court system. It also outlines citizen rights and states' powers. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and the states.
The document summarizes sections 11-24 of Article VI of the Philippine Constitution, which outlines the powers and duties of the Senate and House of Representatives. Some key points covered include privileges of members such as immunity from arrest for speech and disclosure of financial interests. It also describes the composition and powers of bodies like the Electoral Tribunals and rules regarding legislative sessions, proceedings, and inquiries.
This document summarizes information about the national legislature from Chapter 10. It discusses the reasons for a bicameral legislature established by the Constitution, including historical precedent from the British Parliament and the need for compromise between state plans. It also describes terms of Congress, sessions of Congress, the size and terms of the House and Senate, how representation is apportioned, congressional elections, and qualifications and compensation for members of Congress.
Constitution of the neo confederate states of americaDavid Boose
The document outlines the proposed constitution for the NeoConfederate States of America. It establishes the structure of the government, which will have three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch will be a unicameral Congress with each state getting one representative. The executive branch will be led by a President who is elected by popular vote. There will be a Supreme Court as the highest judicial body. The constitution protects various civil liberties and establishes the states as sovereign entities that delegate some powers to the central government. It provides mechanisms for amendments and guarantees a republican form of government for the member states.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This document outlines the original Articles of Confederation that established the structure and powers of the United States government after declaring independence from Britain. It establishes the United States as a confederation with each state retaining sovereignty. It outlines the limited powers granted to Congress, including conducting diplomacy and war, coining money, and settling disputes between states. It also establishes requirements for representation in Congress and voting procedures.
The document discusses the term of office and privileges of Senators in the Philippines. It notes that Senators serve 6-year terms, with half being elected every 3 years to provide continuity. Senators enjoy parliamentary immunities like privilege from arrest while Congress is in session and freedom from liability for legislative speeches and debates. The purpose of these privileges is to allow Senators to perform their legislative duties without fear of prosecution and encourage open discussion of issues.
The document discusses the structure and powers of the Philippine government. It is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others to prevent arbitrary rule. Officials of each branch have qualifications like age, residency, and term limits. The legislative branch has the power to enact laws, taxation, confirm appointments, declare war, and impeach. The executive branch includes the President and exercises powers like veto and pardon. The judicial branch settles disputes and determines constitutionality of laws.
This document is the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted in 1968. It contains 11 Articles that establish the framework of Pennsylvania's state government, including the Declaration of Rights, the structure and powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and provisions related to taxation, finance, local government, corporations, and amendments. The document provides an outline and table of contents for the contents of each Article.
The Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. It outlines the composition and election process for both chambers, as well as their powers and responsibilities. These include the ability to create laws, approve the federal budget, declare war, and impeach and remove the president from office. The Constitution also establishes the basic framework for how legislation is passed and how the president can veto bills.
The Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. It outlines the composition and election process for both chambers, as well as their powers and responsibilities. These include the ability to create laws, approve the federal budget, declare war, and impeach and remove the president or other federal officials from office. The Constitution also establishes the basic framework for how legislation is passed and how the executive branch, through the president, can veto bills.
This document outlines the Ward Tribunals Act of 1985 which establishes Ward Tribunals in Tanzania. Some key points:
- Ward Tribunals are established for each ward to mediate and settle disputes at the local level. They have jurisdiction over certain civil and criminal matters as outlined in a schedule.
- Tribunals are composed of 4-8 members elected by the Ward Committee plus a Chairman appointed from those members. A Secretary is also appointed.
- Tribunals have the power to impose fines up to 2000Tsh, commit individuals to communal work for up to 10 days, or refer matters to the Primary Court. They must pursue mediation and settlement before imposing penalties.
- The
The Philippine Congress is divided into two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 24 senators elected to six-year terms, with half elected every three years. Senators must be natural-born citizens at least 35 years old who can read and write, are registered voters, and have lived in the Philippines for at least two years prior to the election. The House of Representatives has no more than 250 members with three-year terms. Congress has legislative powers like passing bills, oversight of the executive branch, and confirming appointments. It also has non-legislative powers like impeachment and advising and consenting to treaties.
The document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution. Some key points:
- The executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural-born citizen over 40.
- The Vice President has the same qualifications and is elected jointly with the President.
- The President and Vice President serve 6-year terms and the President cannot serve more than one.
- The President appoints cabinet members and other government officials with congressional approval.
- Presidential powers include commanding armed forces, declaring martial law, granting pardons, and entering treaties with congressional approval.
NATO Intervention in Libya: Does Law Matters?Emmanuel Edward
On 19th March 2011, a multi- state NATO coalition started a military intervention against Libya. This paper tries to examines the legitimateness of the use of force in Libya under international law as approved by the United Nations Security Council through Resolution 1973.
This document outlines the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judiciary - and key principles of separation of powers and checks and balances between the branches. It also summarizes the structure and powers of the Philippine legislative branch based on the country's constitution, including composition of the Senate and House of Representatives, terms of office, privileges of members, legislative process, and presidential veto power over bills.
The document discusses international laws and conventions regarding human rights and the treatment of refugees and foreigners, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1951 Refugee Convention, European laws on fundamental rights and freedoms, and Austrian laws on the right to stay and residence and integration requirements. Key points covered include definitions of refugees, non-discrimination principles, rights to life, liberty, and security of person, and conditions for obtaining residence permits in Austria.
Role of ICC in Promoting International Humanitarian LawAnurag Chakma
The International Criminal Court investigates and prosecutes individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. It was established in 2002 and has 120 member states. The Court complements national courts and only investigates crimes within its jurisdiction when states are unwilling or unable to prosecute. If convicted, individuals face up to 30 years imprisonment or life imprisonment for the most serious crimes.
This document outlines sections related to the legislative department in the Philippine Constitution. It describes the structure and composition of the Senate and House of Representatives. Some key points include:
- The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.
- The Senate has 24 senators elected at large by qualified voters. The House has between 200-250 representatives elected from legislative districts based on population.
- It establishes qualifications for senators and representatives, including age limits and residency requirements.
- It discusses terms of office, election dates, salaries, privileges of members, procedures of each house, and other powers and duties of Congress.
The document summarizes key sections of Article I of the US Constitution, which establishes the legislative branch. It describes how Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people and representation is based on population. The Senate has two members from each state who are elected by the state legislature to six-year terms, with one-third being elected every two years. Article I also establishes Congress's powers, including taxation, borrowing, commerce, and currency regulation.
This document discusses two mechanisms for enforcing international law - the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the United Nations Security Council. It outlines the ICJ's jurisdiction over contentious cases between states and its ability to issue advisory opinions. It also describes the Security Council's role in peacefully settling disputes under Chapter VI of the UN Charter and its expanded powers under Chapter VII to address threats to international peace and security, including authorizing military force.
- Each house of Congress elects its own presiding officers and other officers as it deems necessary.
- A majority of members constitutes a quorum to conduct business, though a smaller number may convene daily sessions and compel absent members' attendance.
- Congress holds regular annual sessions from July to 30 days before the next session, and the President may call special sessions.
- Each house determines its own proceedings and may suspend or expel disorderly members.
The document provides an overview of the evolution and key aspects of international criminal law. It discusses how international criminal law began with the Nuremberg trials after WWII, which established crimes like war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. Since then, several ad hoc tribunals have been created to prosecute international crimes in conflicts like Rwanda and Yugoslavia. More recently, the permanent International Criminal Court was established in 2002 to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression, while respecting the principle of complementarity giving domestic courts priority.
The document provides information about the structure and powers of the US legislative branch:
- The Senate has 100 members with 2 per state, 6-year terms, and equal representation among states. The Vice President serves as President of the Senate.
- The House of Representatives has 435 members that vary by state population and 2-year terms. It has proportional representation among states.
- Both houses can impeach officials, set membership qualifications, elect leaders, and make rules/laws as long as they don't override constitutional powers.
- The legislative branch has enumerated powers like taxation and spending, as well as implied powers like regulating commerce between states.
Week 1 - Setting Up the League of NationsJason Fowler
The League of Nations was founded in 1920 with the goal of maintaining world peace. It was established through the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties after World War I. The League operated through an Assembly of member states and a Council of permanent and rotating members that made decisions on issues to be voted on. However, key countries like Germany, the US and Soviet Union were not members, and all decisions required unanimity. As a result, the League struggled to resolve disputes and enforce collective security, contributing to its inability to prevent the start of World War II.
The League of Nations was the first international organization established after World War I in 1919. Its primary mission was to maintain world peace through collective security, disarmament, and peaceful resolution of disputes. However, it struggled due to a lack of military force, non-participation of major countries like the US and Germany, and weakened member states after WWI. The US did not join because the Senate opposed being obligated to defend other nations as outlined in the League covenant.
The document discusses the structure and powers of the Philippine government. It is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others to prevent arbitrary rule. Officials of each branch have qualifications like age, residency, and term limits. The legislative branch has the power to enact laws, taxation, confirm appointments, declare war, and impeach. The executive branch includes the President and exercises powers like veto and pardon. The judicial branch settles disputes and determines constitutionality of laws.
This document is the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted in 1968. It contains 11 Articles that establish the framework of Pennsylvania's state government, including the Declaration of Rights, the structure and powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and provisions related to taxation, finance, local government, corporations, and amendments. The document provides an outline and table of contents for the contents of each Article.
The Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. It outlines the composition and election process for both chambers, as well as their powers and responsibilities. These include the ability to create laws, approve the federal budget, declare war, and impeach and remove the president from office. The Constitution also establishes the basic framework for how legislation is passed and how the president can veto bills.
The Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. It outlines the composition and election process for both chambers, as well as their powers and responsibilities. These include the ability to create laws, approve the federal budget, declare war, and impeach and remove the president or other federal officials from office. The Constitution also establishes the basic framework for how legislation is passed and how the executive branch, through the president, can veto bills.
This document outlines the Ward Tribunals Act of 1985 which establishes Ward Tribunals in Tanzania. Some key points:
- Ward Tribunals are established for each ward to mediate and settle disputes at the local level. They have jurisdiction over certain civil and criminal matters as outlined in a schedule.
- Tribunals are composed of 4-8 members elected by the Ward Committee plus a Chairman appointed from those members. A Secretary is also appointed.
- Tribunals have the power to impose fines up to 2000Tsh, commit individuals to communal work for up to 10 days, or refer matters to the Primary Court. They must pursue mediation and settlement before imposing penalties.
- The
The Philippine Congress is divided into two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 24 senators elected to six-year terms, with half elected every three years. Senators must be natural-born citizens at least 35 years old who can read and write, are registered voters, and have lived in the Philippines for at least two years prior to the election. The House of Representatives has no more than 250 members with three-year terms. Congress has legislative powers like passing bills, oversight of the executive branch, and confirming appointments. It also has non-legislative powers like impeachment and advising and consenting to treaties.
The document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution. Some key points:
- The executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural-born citizen over 40.
- The Vice President has the same qualifications and is elected jointly with the President.
- The President and Vice President serve 6-year terms and the President cannot serve more than one.
- The President appoints cabinet members and other government officials with congressional approval.
- Presidential powers include commanding armed forces, declaring martial law, granting pardons, and entering treaties with congressional approval.
NATO Intervention in Libya: Does Law Matters?Emmanuel Edward
On 19th March 2011, a multi- state NATO coalition started a military intervention against Libya. This paper tries to examines the legitimateness of the use of force in Libya under international law as approved by the United Nations Security Council through Resolution 1973.
This document outlines the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judiciary - and key principles of separation of powers and checks and balances between the branches. It also summarizes the structure and powers of the Philippine legislative branch based on the country's constitution, including composition of the Senate and House of Representatives, terms of office, privileges of members, legislative process, and presidential veto power over bills.
The document discusses international laws and conventions regarding human rights and the treatment of refugees and foreigners, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1951 Refugee Convention, European laws on fundamental rights and freedoms, and Austrian laws on the right to stay and residence and integration requirements. Key points covered include definitions of refugees, non-discrimination principles, rights to life, liberty, and security of person, and conditions for obtaining residence permits in Austria.
Role of ICC in Promoting International Humanitarian LawAnurag Chakma
The International Criminal Court investigates and prosecutes individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. It was established in 2002 and has 120 member states. The Court complements national courts and only investigates crimes within its jurisdiction when states are unwilling or unable to prosecute. If convicted, individuals face up to 30 years imprisonment or life imprisonment for the most serious crimes.
This document outlines sections related to the legislative department in the Philippine Constitution. It describes the structure and composition of the Senate and House of Representatives. Some key points include:
- The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.
- The Senate has 24 senators elected at large by qualified voters. The House has between 200-250 representatives elected from legislative districts based on population.
- It establishes qualifications for senators and representatives, including age limits and residency requirements.
- It discusses terms of office, election dates, salaries, privileges of members, procedures of each house, and other powers and duties of Congress.
The document summarizes key sections of Article I of the US Constitution, which establishes the legislative branch. It describes how Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people and representation is based on population. The Senate has two members from each state who are elected by the state legislature to six-year terms, with one-third being elected every two years. Article I also establishes Congress's powers, including taxation, borrowing, commerce, and currency regulation.
This document discusses two mechanisms for enforcing international law - the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the United Nations Security Council. It outlines the ICJ's jurisdiction over contentious cases between states and its ability to issue advisory opinions. It also describes the Security Council's role in peacefully settling disputes under Chapter VI of the UN Charter and its expanded powers under Chapter VII to address threats to international peace and security, including authorizing military force.
- Each house of Congress elects its own presiding officers and other officers as it deems necessary.
- A majority of members constitutes a quorum to conduct business, though a smaller number may convene daily sessions and compel absent members' attendance.
- Congress holds regular annual sessions from July to 30 days before the next session, and the President may call special sessions.
- Each house determines its own proceedings and may suspend or expel disorderly members.
The document provides an overview of the evolution and key aspects of international criminal law. It discusses how international criminal law began with the Nuremberg trials after WWII, which established crimes like war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. Since then, several ad hoc tribunals have been created to prosecute international crimes in conflicts like Rwanda and Yugoslavia. More recently, the permanent International Criminal Court was established in 2002 to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression, while respecting the principle of complementarity giving domestic courts priority.
The document provides information about the structure and powers of the US legislative branch:
- The Senate has 100 members with 2 per state, 6-year terms, and equal representation among states. The Vice President serves as President of the Senate.
- The House of Representatives has 435 members that vary by state population and 2-year terms. It has proportional representation among states.
- Both houses can impeach officials, set membership qualifications, elect leaders, and make rules/laws as long as they don't override constitutional powers.
- The legislative branch has enumerated powers like taxation and spending, as well as implied powers like regulating commerce between states.
Week 1 - Setting Up the League of NationsJason Fowler
The League of Nations was founded in 1920 with the goal of maintaining world peace. It was established through the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties after World War I. The League operated through an Assembly of member states and a Council of permanent and rotating members that made decisions on issues to be voted on. However, key countries like Germany, the US and Soviet Union were not members, and all decisions required unanimity. As a result, the League struggled to resolve disputes and enforce collective security, contributing to its inability to prevent the start of World War II.
The League of Nations was the first international organization established after World War I in 1919. Its primary mission was to maintain world peace through collective security, disarmament, and peaceful resolution of disputes. However, it struggled due to a lack of military force, non-participation of major countries like the US and Germany, and weakened member states after WWI. The US did not join because the Senate opposed being obligated to defend other nations as outlined in the League covenant.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th century French political philosopher, educationist, and essayist. He was born in Geneva in 1712 and had little formal education. Rousseau believed that mankind is naturally good but corrupted by society. He advocated for education that follows natural human development and allows children to remain uncorrupted. Rousseau's most influential work was Emile, published in 1762, which outlined the ideal education of the title character Emile and his female counterpart Sophie through following their natural development.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau fue un polímata, escritor, filósofo y naturalista francés cuyas ideas políticas influyeron en la Revolución Francesa y el desarrollo de las teorías republicanas y el nacionalismo. En su obra más famosa "El contrato social", propuso que la soberanía recae en el pueblo y no en un líder individual, y que el poder debería basarse en la voluntad general de la sociedad. También argumentó en favor de una educación basada en los intereses naturales de los niños en lugar de una
The League of Nations was an international organization formed after World War I to promote international cooperation and preserve world peace. Its goals were to prevent war through collective security, disarmament, and settling disputes through negotiation. However, it lacked power and influence due to major countries like the US, Germany, and Russia not joining or later withdrawing, and it failed to prevent the start of World War II.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau escreveu o Contrato Social, que argumenta que a legitimidade do governo vem do consentimento dos governados, e Discurso sobre a Origem e os Fundamentos da Desigualdade entre os Homens, que examina as origens da desigualdade social. Rousseau enfrentou perseguição por suas ideias progressistas.
The document discusses the founding of the League of Nations after World War 1 and its aims of preserving peace through collective security and international cooperation. Key aspects included open membership, requirements to submit disputes to arbitration and respect other nations' sovereignty, mandates to administer former colonies, and the establishment of related organizations like the International Labour Office and World Court. However, the United States never joined and the League's decisions lacked enforcement mechanisms.
Collective security aims to deter aggression by having all nations commit to jointly opposing any act of aggression. It emerged as an idea after WWI and was a core principle of the League of Nations and UN. However, collective security has proven difficult to implement in practice due to nations prioritizing their own interests over collective action, and the failure to adequately develop collective security mechanisms within international organizations. While the concept of collective opposition to aggression remains valid, the assumptions required for its effective functioning have generally not been met.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher born in 1712 who developed important political and educational theories. He believed that humans in a state of nature are good but are corrupted by society. His major works examined the origins of inequality and proposed the social contract as the basis of legitimate political authority. He argued that the goal of education should be to allow students to develop naturally according to their interests. Rousseau faced criticism and exile for his controversial ideas and died in 1778.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau foi um importante filósofo suíço do século XVIII que defendia que o homem nasce bom, mas a sociedade o corrompe. Suas ideias influenciaram a Revolução Francesa, especialmente a soberania popular e o contrato social. Rousseau acreditava que um Estado justo poderia ser construído se as pessoas vivessem de acordo com a vontade geral da comunidade.
Rousseau believed that humanity fell from a state of natural freedom and goodness with the emergence of social relations and private property. As people became more social and dependent on one another, they lost their independence and became corrupted by amour propre. Rousseau prescribed a virtuous and cooperative society informed by the general will as a way to redeem humanity and recapture some of its original freedom. His ideas greatly influenced the French Revolution and demonstrated the power of political philosophy to change history.
The League of Nations was formed after World War 1 to prevent future wars. However, it failed due to structural weaknesses and the post-war attitudes of major powers. The League's General Assembly was ineffective as it required unanimity, while the Council was dominated by Britain and France. Additionally, the United States did not join and pursued isolationism, while Britain and France prioritized appeasement over collective security. As a result, the League was unable to stop Japan and Italy from invading Manchuria and Abyssinia, contributing to its decline.
The document summarizes information about the League of Nations, including its founding in 1919 after World War I to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. It describes the League's goals, organizational structure with the Secretariat, Council and Assembly, and some early successes in resolving disputes between Sweden/Finland, Germany/Poland, and Greece/Bulgaria. However, the League also faced weaknesses such as a lack of military force, the U.S. not joining, an ineffective structure, the economic depression, few overall successes, poor communication between members, and exclusion of countries like Russia and Germany.
The document provides information about the formation and objectives of the League of Nations, as well as its structure, membership, powers, and successes and failures. The League of Nations was formed after World War 1 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. However, it struggled to achieve its goals due to weaknesses like its lack of an army to enforce its decisions, an changing membership as countries left, and its inability to stop aggression by Japan and Italy in the early 1930s. This signaled that the League was ineffective at fulfilling its most important purpose of maintaining international peace.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in 1712 to a poor family. He received some formal education but became an apprentice to several trades, none of which he found success in. After running away from Geneva, he held several jobs before focusing on writing. His most famous works, The Social Contract and Emile, proposed radical ideas about democracy and education that led to his exile from France. Rousseau believed people are inherently good but corrupted by society, and that citizens should be trained to be good through education. He died in 1778 after suffering from mental and physical health problems.
The document discusses the ideas of several prominent historical figures in education such as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Horace Mann. It outlines their views on child-centered education, learning through senses and experience, the importance of outdoor education, and their belief that public education can help drive social reform. These educational innovators rejected traditional teaching methods and saw relationships and experience as key to learning.
The United Nations was established in 1945 with the goals of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing nations' actions. The six main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. The General Assembly consists of all UN members and discusses any issues within the UN's scope, while the Security Council has primary responsibility for international peace and security.
The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945 in San Francisco. It established the UN and its main organs including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The Charter outlines the purposes of the UN in maintaining international peace and security. It also establishes principles of sovereign equality among states and peaceful settlement of disputes. Subsequent amendments expanded UN membership on certain organs.
This document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. The key points are:
1) The preamble states the aims of the UN to save future generations from war, promote human rights and justice, and establish conditions for social and economic progress.
2) Chapter 1 outlines the purposes of the UN including maintaining international peace and security through collective action, developing friendly relations, achieving cooperation on economic and social issues, and promoting human rights.
3) The charter establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others and outlines basic principles of sovereignty, peaceful dispute resolution, and non-intervention.
The document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. It lays out the purposes of the UN which include maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing actions to attain common ends. It establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others. It provides that membership in the UN is open to peace-loving states that accept the charter's obligations, and allows for suspension or expulsion of member states for violating the charter.
The document is the Charter of the United Nations that was agreed upon in San Francisco in 1945 to establish the UN. It lays out the purposes of the UN which include maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing actions to attain common ends. It establishes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others. It provides that membership in the UN is open to peace-loving states that accept the charter's obligations, and allows for suspension or expulsion of member states for violating the charter.
INTER-AMERICAN TREATY OF RECIPROCAL ASSISTANCE (TIAR)VogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
On September 11, 2019, the USA’s OAS engaged in FRIVOLOUS Meeting in an effort to UNDERMINE the provisions of INTER-AMERICAN TREATY OF RECIPROCAL ASSISTANCE
In the USA’s CONTINUED “FAILED” efforts to INVADE Venezuela and OVERTHROW its Government! This document has been created in support of the N.A.Z.I. Trials and/or N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission that the Utica INTERNATIONAL Embassy’s Official(s) are working on to support the INVESTIGATIONS and PROSECUTIONS of the United States of America’s/United States Officials (Heads Of State, Congressional Members, Supreme Court Justices…) Legal Counsel Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and their Nazis/Zionists Members, etc. that CONTROL and RUN the United States of America’s DESPOTISM Government Empire under the guise of “United States”…
After the Nuremberg Trials which involved the PROSECUTION of Adolf Hitler and his NAZI Followers, the World VOWED to “NEVER” allow such ATROCITIES… to ever occur again! However, here we are in the 21st Century and Adolf Hitler’s “WORLD ORDER” Agenda is in FULL Implementation under the guise of Nazi/Zionist Members serving as Legal Counsel to the United States THROUGH the Law Firm of Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and others DEVOUT Hitler Followers, etc.
The UIE with supporting other Nations-Of-Color look forward to using similar processes (as the UN War Crimes Commission) to Implement the N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission as well as the N.A.Z.I. Trials…
This document provides information on three regional arrangements for human rights:
1) The European Convention on Human Rights established the European Commission on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights to protect rights in Europe.
2) The American Convention on Human Rights created the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for the Americas.
3) The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was created in 1981 to promote rights in Africa.
Read the Articles of Confederation document by clicking on the lin.docxwilliel5
Read the Articles of Confederation document by clicking on the link below. After taking time to think about its contents and connection to English settlers demanding independence from Britain, discuss three (3) distinct ways that the Articles establish a new governmental identity compared to British rule.
Your response should be a minimum of 250 words. It should NOT include any quotations or internet material. If any part of your response is unoriginal, you will receive a zero.
The document will appear lengthy, especially if you ignore instructions and attempt to do this work on a cell phone! I recommend that you take your time and go through each of the articles individually, making note of its meaning. Once you review your notes, take more time to think about the task of explaining three (3) distinct ways that the articles establish a new governmental identity compared to British rule.
Transcript of Articles of Confederation (1777)
To all to whom these Presents shall come, we, the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting. Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy seven, and in the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia in the Words following, viz. “Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Article I. The Stile of this confederacy shall be, “The United States of America.”
Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
Article III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.
Article IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other st.
The Tlateoloclco Treaty established Latin America and the Caribbean as a nuclear-weapon-free zone. Key points:
- Signed in 1967, it prohibits nuclear weapons in the region and requires countries to only use nuclear material for peaceful purposes.
- It establishes an Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons to ensure compliance through inspections and reports.
- Countries must negotiate safeguards agreements with the IAEA to apply its inspections to their nuclear activities.
- Semi-annual reports are submitted to verify no prohibited nuclear activities have occurred and that peaceful explosions comply with the treaty.
This document is the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties from 1969. Some key points:
- It establishes rules and guidelines governing treaties between states, including how treaties are concluded, entered into force, amended, and terminated.
- It covers topics like what constitutes a treaty, who has authority to negotiate and sign treaties, how states express consent to be bound by treaties through actions like signature, ratification, and accession, and rules around reservations.
- The convention aims to codify international law regarding treaties and promote peaceful cooperation between states, in line with the UN Charter. It has been widely accepted, with over 100 state parties.
The International Law Commission (ILC) was established by the UN General Assembly in 1947 to promote the progressive development of international law and its codification. The ILC consists of 34 members elected for 5-year terms who meet annually to study topics referred to it by the GA. The ILC drafts conventions and treaties on topics of international law, seeking input from governments throughout its work. Final drafts are submitted to the GA, which may decide to adopt draft conventions or refer them to diplomatic conferences. Key treaties resulting from ILC work include the Vienna Conventions and Rome Statute. Current topics under discussion include diplomatic protection, reservations to treaties, and shared natural resources.
The document describes the structure and functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Key points:
- ECOSOC is one of the six main organs of the UN and is responsible for promoting international economic and social cooperation.
- It has 18 member states that are elected by the General Assembly for 3-year terms. ECOSOC establishes commissions to advise it on issues like human rights, women, drugs, development, and more.
- ECOSOC coordinates the work of specialized UN agencies, makes recommendations, and drafts conventions on economic and social issues for the General Assembly. It also oversees the UN's work in these areas.
This document outlines sections 1-32 of the legislative department of the Philippines constitution. It discusses the structure and composition of the Senate and House of Representatives. Some key points include:
- The Senate will be composed of 24 Senators elected nationwide. The House will have no more than 250 members elected from legislative districts.
- It establishes qualifications for Senators and House members such as age, residency, and term limits.
- The powers and duties of Congress are defined, including the appropriations process, oversight of the executive branch, and impeachment powers. It also covers legislative procedures such as readings of bills and the president's veto powers.
The Core International Human Rights TreatiesDamon72
This document is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1965 and entered into force in 1969. The Convention recognizes that all humans are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection without discrimination. It aims to eliminate racial discrimination and promote understanding while rejecting theories of racial superiority. States parties agree to pursue a policy banning racial discrimination and guarantee equal treatment under the law.
The document provides information about the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It was established in 1945 to settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal questions. The ICJ is composed of 15 independent judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council who serve 9-year terms. Cases are heard either by the full court or chambers. States involved in a case can appoint a judge from their nationality if none of the court's judges are from that state. The court's registry provides administrative support and the court's official languages are English and French.
The document outlines key provisions from the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It discusses the ICC's jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It defines these crimes and outlines the conditions for the ICC to exercise jurisdiction. The ICC has jurisdiction over individuals, not states, and is intended to complement existing national judicial systems. The statute also discusses the ICC's relationship to the UN and where it will be located.
The document outlines key provisions from the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It discusses the ICC's jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It defines these crimes and sets out conditions for the Court's jurisdiction. The ICC has jurisdiction over natural persons and aims to complement national criminal jurisdictions. Its jurisdiction is limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.
The document discusses the history and development of international law regarding the use of force. It outlines various treaties and agreements that have shaped this area of law over time, including the UN Charter which prohibits the use of force except in cases of self-defense or when authorized by the UN Security Council. The UN Charter and General Assembly Resolution 2625 provide the current framework that bans the use of aggressive force by states in their international relations.
This document outlines sections 1-29 of the legislative branch article of the Philippines constitution. It details the composition and powers of the Senate and House of Representatives, the terms of office for senators and representatives, the process for passing legislation, the budget and appropriations process, taxing authority and exemptions, and oversight of the legislative branch. Key points include that the legislative power is vested in the 24-member Senate and the House of Representatives, the terms of office, qualifications for senators and representatives, the lawmaking process, and restrictions on spending and taxation.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the legislative branch as established in Article 1 of the US Constitution. It describes how Congress is comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people, while Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures. Congress has broad powers to regulate commerce, coin money, declare war, and make all laws necessary to execute its duties.
Similar to The covenant of the league of nations (20)
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
The document summarizes a case study of the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau and how the environmental NGO Greenpeace successfully pressured France to prevent the toxic ship from being dismantled in India. Greenpeace utilized globalization and media attention to raise awareness about the environmental and health issues. Despite France's military and political power, it was unable to overcome the domestic and international criticism generated by Greenpeace's campaign. This shows that NGOs can influence state policies, even powerful ones, on issues related to the environment and morality. However, NGOs face more constraints operating in authoritarian states where governments are less sensitive to public opinion.
This document discusses China's increasing economic involvement in Africa, known as the "Beijing Consensus," which offers an alternative to the "Washington Consensus" model of Western nations. The Beijing Consensus generally involves infrastructure loans and investment without political conditions. While critics argue China is engaging in a new colonialism focused on resource extraction, the document notes China pays market or above market prices and its involvement in Africa goes beyond resources to broader economic cooperation. It examines both China's historical involvement since the 1950s as well as current approaches and criticisms of its growing role in Africa.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of development assistance (DA). It discusses how DA began after World War II through institutions like the World Bank and Marshall Plan to help reconstruct Europe. It then expanded in the postwar period and Cold War era for political reasons. Major shifts occurred in the 1980s with structural adjustment programs and 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals. Effectiveness of DA has been debated and impacted by factors such as amounts given for political rather than development reasons and tying aid to goods from donor countries.
This document discusses different approaches to development issues and global inequality. It begins by outlining key questions in development and then examines global inequality since 1945. Several designations for developed and developing states are presented. Patterns of global inequality are shown relative to GDP per capita in 2010. Consequences of inequality like poverty and hunger are addressed. Definitions of relative and absolute poverty are provided. Explanations of hunger look at both absolute numbers and distribution of resources. Mainstream approaches to development like embedded liberalism, modernization theory, and neoliberalism are outlined as well as alternative approaches focusing on basic needs, sustainability, and human development.
The document discusses the shifting global power dynamics in the 21st century away from unipolarity dominated by the United States. While the US remains the only military superpower, its power has limitations as shown by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. China has emerged as an economic power and is translating that into growing military capabilities including an aircraft carrier. This expanded military reach has caused tensions as China claims territories in the South and East China Seas that overlap with others in the region. It remains uncertain whether China will integrate peacefully into the international system or become a rival to US power.
12a beyond bipolarity fukuyama and huntingtonfatima d
1) Francis Fukuyama argued that with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of Marxism-Leninism, Western liberal democracy had emerged victorious and its values would continue to spread globally, marking "the end of history."
2) Samuel Huntington rejected this optimistic view, arguing major conflicts would emerge along cultural and religious lines between civilizations, particularly between the Western and Islamic worlds due to a "clash of civilizations."
3) Critics like Edward Said dismissed Huntington's notion of monolithic civilizations and his prediction of inevitable conflict, arguing it promoted oversimplified stereotypes.
This document is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966 and entered into force in 1976. It recognizes a variety of economic, social, and cultural rights including the rights to work, form trade unions, social security, an adequate standard of living, health, education, and participation in cultural life. States that ratify the covenant agree to take steps to progressively realize these rights to the maximum of available resources and submit periodic reports on their implementation efforts.
This document outlines the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It establishes that all people have inherent dignity and equal rights. It requires states to respect these rights, including rights to self-determination, fair legal treatment, privacy, freedom of movement and religion. It prohibits torture, slavery, arbitrary detention and retroactive criminal laws. It protects rights to life, humane detention conditions, and freedom of expression and assembly. States must adopt laws to protect these rights and provide remedies for violations.
This document outlines the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which was adopted in 1990 to provide guidance on human rights to member states based on Islamic principles. It affirms that all humans are equal and have inherent dignity. It guarantees rights to life, safety from harm, marriage and family, education, work, and property ownership. Some rights are not absolute, such as the right to life which can be revoked for a reason allowed under Islamic law. Overall it aims to balance human rights with responsibilities under Islamic teachings.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims 30 articles outlining fundamental human rights that all people should universally enjoy. It recognizes that the inherent dignity and equal rights of all people are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace. The Declaration establishes rights such as the right to life, liberty, security, equal treatment, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of things like race or religion. It also covers rights relating to work, social security, education, participation in government, and cultural life. The goal of the Declaration is to have its principles achieved worldwide for all individuals and societies.
The document discusses integration, which is the reverse process of differentiation. It provides formulas for integrating polynomial expressions like xn and axn and explains how to find the constant of integration C. Examples are given for integrating expressions and finding the area under a curve by integrating between limits of integration.
1) The document discusses graph transformations of functions including shifting curves vertically or horizontally, reflecting in the x-axis or y-axis, and stretching or compressing graphs.
2) It provides examples of how to sketch the graph of a function after a transformation based on the original function and explains how to write the equation of a transformed curve.
3) The second half discusses using graphs to solve economics problems like finding the equilibrium price and quantity in a market with a demand and supply function. It also shows how a tax changes the supply curve.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Lecture 4, including:
1. How to sketch quadratic and cubic curves by finding intercepts and stationary points.
2. How to use the second derivative to determine if a stationary point is a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection.
3. Rules for simplifying expressions using indices and how to convert numbers to and from standard form.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Lecture 3 of a Calculus I course, including:
- Evaluating functions and using trial and improvement to find solutions to equations
- Differentiating polynomial expressions and finding the gradient of a curve at a given point
- Key terms like function, polynomial, curve, tangent, and derivative
- Examples of using trial and improvement to find solutions between values and determining points where the gradient of a curve is zero
This document provides a summary of lecture 2 on quadratic equations and straight lines. It covers how to factorize, complete the square, and use the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. It also discusses how to find the equation of a straight line given its gradient and y-intercept, or two points on the line. Additionally, it explains how to sketch lines, find the midpoint and distance between two points. Key terms defined include quadratic, surd, gradient, and intercept. Methods demonstrated include solving quadratic equations, finding lines from gradient/point and two points, and calculating midpoints and distances on a graph.
C2 st lecture 8 pythagoras and trigonometry handoutfatima d
This document provides an overview of Pythagoras' theorem, trigonometric ratios, and formulas for working with triangles. It defines different types of triangles, introduces Pythagoras' theorem, and provides examples of using it to find missing sides of right triangles. It also defines the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios and includes examples of using trigonometric functions to find angles and sides. Finally, it presents the sine rule, cosine rule, and formulas for finding the area of various triangles.
The document discusses probability and related concepts:
- Probability can be expressed as a percentage, fraction, or decimal between 0 and 1.
- The probability of an event is the number of ways it can occur divided by the total possible outcomes.
- The probabilities of all possible outcomes sum to 1.
- Probability trees can model multiple dependent or independent events.
C2 st lecture 10 basic statistics and the z test handoutfatima d
This document provides an overview of basic statistics concepts including averages, measures of dispersion, hypothesis testing, and the z-test. It defines the mode, median, mean, interquartile range, standard deviation, and absolute deviation. It explains how to perform a z-test including writing the null and alternative hypotheses, looking up the critical value, calculating the test statistic, and making a decision. Two examples of z-tests are provided to demonstrate the process.
1. The document discusses hypothesis testing using the Z-test and T-test. It provides examples and explanations of key concepts for performing a Z-test or T-test, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions.
2. The examples demonstrate how to perform a T-test on sample data, including calculating the sample mean and standard deviation, determining degrees of freedom, finding the critical value, computing the test statistic, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis.
3. The document emphasizes the differences between a Z-test and T-test, notably that a Z-test is used for large samples where the population standard deviation is known, while a
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The covenant of the league of nations
1. The Covenant of the League of Nations
(Including Amendments adopted to December, 1924)
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES,
In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security
by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war,
by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations,
by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct
among Governments, and
by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
organised peoples with one another,
Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 1
The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in
the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede
without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited
with the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall
be sent to all other Members of the League.
Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of
the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the Assembly, provided that it shall give
effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept
such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and
armaments.
Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the
League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall
have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
ARTICLE 2
The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an
Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat.
ARTICLE 3
The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the League.
The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as occasion may require at the
Seat of the League or at such other place as may be decided upon.
The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or
affecting the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have
one vote, and may have not more than three Representatives.
2. ARTICLE 4
The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, together
with Representatives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall
be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment of the
Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives
of Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Greece shall be members of the Council.
With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the
League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council, with like
approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for
representation on the Council.
The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the
Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon.
The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or
affecting the peace of the world.
Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative
to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially
affecting the interests of that Member of the League.
At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the Council shall have one
vote, and may have not more than one Representative.
ARTICLE 5
Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty,
decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the
Members of the League represented at the meeting.
All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of
Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council
and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting.
The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the
President of the United States of America.
ARTICLE 6
The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall
comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required.
The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary General
shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly.
The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the
approval of the Council.
3. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council.
The expenses of the League shall be borne by the Members of the League in the proportion decided
by the Assembly.
ARTICLE 7
The Seat of the League is established at Geneva.
The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established elsewhere.
All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open equally
to men and women.
Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when engaged on the
business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.
The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives
attending its meetings shall be inviolable.
ARTICLE 8
The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of
national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by
common action of international obligations.
The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall
formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such
plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years.
After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments
therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council.
The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and
implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant
upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members
of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for
their safety.
The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of
their armaments, their military, naval and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries
as are adaptable to war-like purposes.
ARTICLE 9
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions
of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval and air questions generally.
4. ARTICLE 10
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the
territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any
such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon
the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
ARTICLE 11
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is
hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that
may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency
should arise the Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith
summon a meeting of the Council.
It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention of the
Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which
threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which
peace depends.
ARTICLE 12
The Members of the League agree that, if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead
to a rupture they will submit the matter either to arbitration or judicial settlement or to enquiry by the
Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the
arbitrators or the judicial decision, or the report by the Council. In any case under this Article the
award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report
of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute.
ARTICLE 13
The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they
recognise to be suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement and which cannot be
satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration or judicial
settlement.
Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the existence
of any fact which if established would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among those
which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement.
For the consideration of any such dispute, the court to which the case is referred shall be the
Permanent Court of International Justice, established in accordance with Article 14, or any tribunal
agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.
The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award or decision that
may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war against a Member of the League which complies
therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award or decision, the Council shall propose
what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.
5. ARTICLE 14
The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the
establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear
and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The
Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or
by the Assembly.
ARTICLE 15
If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is
not submitted to arbitration or judicial settlement in accordance with Article 13, the Members of the
League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such
submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all
necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.
For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as promptly as
possible, statements of their case with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith
direct the publication thereof.
The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a
statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the
terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate.
If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and
publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are
deemed just and proper in regard thereto.
Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of
the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same.
If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the
Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree that
they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the
report.
If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof, other
than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League
reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the
maintenance of right and justice.
If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out
of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the
Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.
The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be
so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within
fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council.
6. In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12 relating to the
action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that
a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the
League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive
in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a
report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one
or more of the parties to the dispute.
ARTICLE 16
Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13 or
15, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the
League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial
relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-
breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial or personal intercourse between the
nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of
the League or not.
It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned
what effective military, naval or air force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the
armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.
The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial
and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimise the loss and
inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in
resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that
they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the
Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League.
Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be no
longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the
other Members of the League represented thereon.
ARTICLE 17
In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the
League, or between States not Members of the League, the State or States not Members of the
League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of
such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the
provisions of Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed
necessary by the Council.
Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the
circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the
circumstances.
If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the
purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of
Article 16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.
7. If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the
League for the purposes of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make such
recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute.
ARTICLE 18
Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the League shall
be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such
treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.
ARTICLE 19
The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties
which have become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose continuance
might endanger the peace of the world.
ARTICLE 20
The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all
obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly
undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.
In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken
any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to
take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations.
ARTICLE 21
Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements, such as
treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the
maintenance of peace.
ARTICLE 22
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the
sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet
able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be
applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of
civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant.
The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should
be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their
geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that
this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.
The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the
geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.
Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development
where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering
8. of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand
alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the
Mandatory.
Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be
responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of
conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of
abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the
establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for
other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for
the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.
There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing
to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of
civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances,
can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject
to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.
In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to
the territory committed to its charge.
The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not
previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the
Council.
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the
Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates.
ARTICLE 23
Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to
be agreed upon, the Members of the League:
(a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women, and
children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial
relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international
organisations;
(b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control;
(c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements with regard
to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;
(d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the
countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and
equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special
necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind;
(f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of
disease.
9. ARTICLE 24
There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already established
by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all
commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed
under the direction of the League.
In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general convention but which are not
placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall,
subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant
information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable.
The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or
commission which is placed under the direction of the League.
ARTICLE 25
The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation of
duly authorised voluntary national Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of
health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.
ARTICLE 26
Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose
Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose
Representatives compose the Assembly.
No such amendments shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but
in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League.