The Cosmic Web
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The document discusses the cosmic web, which connects galaxies across the cosmos. It describes how dark matter forms dark halos that shape the filaments of the cosmic web and influence galaxy formation and distribution. It provides visual diagrams of the position of elements in the cosmic web and discusses discoveries made by studying the local cosmic web surrounding the Milky Way, including high-velocity clouds and the population of dwarf galaxies. The document notes that continuous new discoveries about the cosmic web through experiments like GAIA will provide more information to understand the origins of the Milky Way and Local Group galaxies and their connection to the larger cosmic web.
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Dark Matter:Energy
The document discusses the search for dark matter and dark energy, which together make up 95% of the universe. Dark energy is theorized to drive the accelerated expansion of the universe and accounts for 68.3% while dark matter accounts for 26.8% through its gravitational interactions. One theory for dark energy is chameleon fields, which change their properties based on local density. The XENON Collaboration experiments search for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles using a liquid xenon detector. Their XENON100 project ruled out some potential dark matter models and long-standing claims from other experiments. The ongoing search for dark matter and dark energy through laboratory experiments brings scientists closer to answering fundamental cosmological questions.
Dark matter.pptx
Dark matter is invisible matter that accounts for approximately 27% of the mass-energy in the universe. Although it cannot be directly observed, astronomers deduce its existence through its gravitational effects, such as the anomalous rotation curves of galaxies. Dark matter is classified as cold, warm, or hot depending on the size of protogalaxies, and may consist of either baryonic matter like protons and neutrons or nonbaryonic particles like axions. It plays a prominent role in science fiction works but descriptions are often inconsistent with scientific understanding.
Dark matter
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for about 85% of the matter in the universe. It was first proposed in 1933 to explain unexpected motions of galaxies, and its existence and properties have since been further confirmed by various observations, though its exact nature remains unknown. Dark matter is distinct from dark energy, which is driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. Leading candidates for dark matter include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) such as neutralinos and axions.
Dark matter ~ Introduction
How the concept was introduced by the astrophycists and examples that provide the base for the existence of dark matter. Basic introduction to types of dark matter according to standard cosmological theory.
Dark matter and dark energy
Dark matter makes up 73% of the universe and is composed of unknown particles that do not emit or absorb light but have gravitational effects. Dark energy is 23% and is a repulsive force that is driving the expansion of the universe. Both dark matter and dark energy were hypothesized to explain inconsistencies in cosmological theories and observations of the structure and acceleration of the expanding universe.
Dark Matter And Energy
The document discusses dark matter and dark energy in the universe. It states that the universe is estimated to consist of 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and less than 5% normal matter. Dark energy is blamed for the accelerating expansion of the universe, but its exact nature is unknown. Several hypotheses for dark energy are presented, including that it is a property of space or results from quantum fluctuations. More data is needed to discriminate between theories of dark energy. Dark matter is also not well understood, but is thought to not consist of normal matter like stars, planets, or black holes. Leading candidates for dark matter are axions or WIMPs. Recent telescope observations provide further evidence that dark matter interacts differently than
Dark matter presentation
Dark matter is matter that does not emit or absorb light or radiation and can only be detected through its gravitational effects. It makes up 23% of the universe's energy. Its exact particle nature remains unknown. Dark matter was first hypothesized to account for discrepancies between the mass of large astronomical objects determined by their gravitational influence versus the mass calculated from the visible matter they contain. Understanding dark matter is important because it and dark energy make up over 90% of the universe's total energy.
Dark matter
Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up about 21% of the universe. It cannot be seen directly but its existence and properties are known through its gravitational effects on visible matter. There are two main types of dark matter: ordinary matter made up of normal particles and extraordinary dark matter like black holes. Dark matter was first proposed in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky to explain discrepancies in galaxy motions but its exact nature remains mysterious. Current experiments aim to detect dark matter particles but have had conflicting results so far.
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Dark Matter:Energy
The document discusses the search for dark matter and dark energy, which together make up 95% of the universe. Dark energy is theorized to drive the accelerated expansion of the universe and accounts for 68.3% while dark matter accounts for 26.8% through its gravitational interactions. One theory for dark energy is chameleon fields, which change their properties based on local density. The XENON Collaboration experiments search for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles using a liquid xenon detector. Their XENON100 project ruled out some potential dark matter models and long-standing claims from other experiments. The ongoing search for dark matter and dark energy through laboratory experiments brings scientists closer to answering fundamental cosmological questions.
Dark matter.pptx
Dark matter is invisible matter that accounts for approximately 27% of the mass-energy in the universe. Although it cannot be directly observed, astronomers deduce its existence through its gravitational effects, such as the anomalous rotation curves of galaxies. Dark matter is classified as cold, warm, or hot depending on the size of protogalaxies, and may consist of either baryonic matter like protons and neutrons or nonbaryonic particles like axions. It plays a prominent role in science fiction works but descriptions are often inconsistent with scientific understanding.
Dark matter
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for about 85% of the matter in the universe. It was first proposed in 1933 to explain unexpected motions of galaxies, and its existence and properties have since been further confirmed by various observations, though its exact nature remains unknown. Dark matter is distinct from dark energy, which is driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. Leading candidates for dark matter include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) such as neutralinos and axions.
Dark matter ~ Introduction
How the concept was introduced by the astrophycists and examples that provide the base for the existence of dark matter. Basic introduction to types of dark matter according to standard cosmological theory.
Dark matter and dark energy
Dark matter makes up 73% of the universe and is composed of unknown particles that do not emit or absorb light but have gravitational effects. Dark energy is 23% and is a repulsive force that is driving the expansion of the universe. Both dark matter and dark energy were hypothesized to explain inconsistencies in cosmological theories and observations of the structure and acceleration of the expanding universe.
Dark Matter And Energy
The document discusses dark matter and dark energy in the universe. It states that the universe is estimated to consist of 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and less than 5% normal matter. Dark energy is blamed for the accelerating expansion of the universe, but its exact nature is unknown. Several hypotheses for dark energy are presented, including that it is a property of space or results from quantum fluctuations. More data is needed to discriminate between theories of dark energy. Dark matter is also not well understood, but is thought to not consist of normal matter like stars, planets, or black holes. Leading candidates for dark matter are axions or WIMPs. Recent telescope observations provide further evidence that dark matter interacts differently than
Dark matter presentation
Dark matter is matter that does not emit or absorb light or radiation and can only be detected through its gravitational effects. It makes up 23% of the universe's energy. Its exact particle nature remains unknown. Dark matter was first hypothesized to account for discrepancies between the mass of large astronomical objects determined by their gravitational influence versus the mass calculated from the visible matter they contain. Understanding dark matter is important because it and dark energy make up over 90% of the universe's total energy.
Dark matter
Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up about 21% of the universe. It cannot be seen directly but its existence and properties are known through its gravitational effects on visible matter. There are two main types of dark matter: ordinary matter made up of normal particles and extraordinary dark matter like black holes. Dark matter was first proposed in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky to explain discrepancies in galaxy motions but its exact nature remains mysterious. Current experiments aim to detect dark matter particles but have had conflicting results so far.
Dark matter and dark energy (1)
This document discusses gravity and its role in shaping astronomical structures like galaxies and galaxy clusters. It describes how gravity causes stars at the edges of spiral galaxies to rotate at similar speeds to those at the center, and how galaxy clusters contain 10 times more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The document also mentions how Einstein's theory of general relativity explains the accelerating expansion of the universe driven by dark energy, which exerts a repulsive force that counteracts gravity on large scales.
Dark matter
A kind of matter in astronomy and cosmology to account for gravitational effects that appear to be the result of invisible mass
Dark Matter
The document discusses dark matter and provides evidence for its existence from various astronomical observations. It notes that while ordinary matter makes up only about 4% of the universe, dark matter accounts for about 23%. Various properties of dark matter are described, including that it interacts gravitationally but does not emit or absorb light. Possible candidates for dark matter are discussed, including WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), which are favored from both astronomical data and particle physics models. The document outlines how WIMPs could have been thermally produced in the early universe to account for the observed dark matter abundance.
Dark matter
Dark matter makes up 27% of the universe, is an unidentified type of non-baryonic matter that does not interact with light but has gravitational effects. It cannot be detected with current instruments. Dark energy affects the expansion of the universe and makes up 68% of the universe, but is still a mystery. Early theorists like Fritz Zwicky and Vera Rubin provided evidence for dark matter through its gravitational effects on galaxy clusters and violations of Newton's laws of motion.
Dark Matter And Energy Final
Dark matter is believed to make up most of the mass in the universe based on discrepancies found when calculating galaxy masses. In the 1970s, scientists coined the term dark matter to describe this unknown matter. Dark matter could exist as either massive compact objects like black holes or weakly interacting massive particles. Its existence is important because a large amount of matter in the universe cannot be accounted for through other means. In addition, dark matter could influence theories about the universe's creation. Dark energy is a mysterious force that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. It is estimated to make up about 70% of the universe.
Dark matter
Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter that accounts for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe but does not emit, absorb, or interact with electromagnetic radiation. It is believed to play a key role in the formation of galaxies and their structure. While its existence and properties are well-established through its gravitational effects, its exact nature remains unknown. Several experiments are attempting to directly detect dark matter particles through methods like observing signals produced when dark matter particles interact or are destroyed, but so far none have succeeded, and dark matter's composition remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics.
Dark matter
Dark matter is an invisible phenomenon that acts on visible matter through gravity. It accounts for 6 times more mass in the universe than normal matter. Fritz Zwicky discovered evidence of "invisible matter" in galaxies in 1933 while Vera Rubin provided further evidence in the 1970s, though they were initially disregarded. String theory may help explain dark matter through postulated supersymmetric particles. Dark energy is a hypothetical form that permeates space, causing accelerated expansion of the universe, and may account for most of its mass. It produces an opposite effect to gravity. String theory also provides several potential explanations for dark matter through concepts like supersymmetric particles, branes, and extra dimensions.
Dark Matter And Dark Energy
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
Dark Matter And Energy P P
Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized forms of matter and energy that together account for approximately 95% of the universe. Dark matter is inferred from its gravitational effects and is thought to make up about 20% of the universe, while dark energy is causing the universe to expand and accounts for around 75%. Although not directly observable, both dark matter and dark energy are thought to play a major role in the structure and future of the universe.
Dark matter and Dark energy
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
Dark Matter, Physical Science Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3,500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: Matter, Dark Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadro's Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascal's Law, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light (Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faraday's Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics-Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy (The 11th Hour)
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Blackhole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon. Black holes form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. Supermassive black holes millions of times the mass of our sun may form at the centers of galaxies by absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes. While black holes themselves are invisible, their presence can be inferred through their interaction with surrounding matter like accretion disks and the orbits of nearby stars.
Gravitational waves and their detection
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light and are generated by massive accelerating objects like black holes and neutron stars. They have long wavelengths compared to the size of the objects that produce them. LIGO detects gravitational waves by measuring tiny changes in the lengths of its arms caused by passing gravitational waves. The first direct observation of gravitational waves in 2015 confirmed their existence and provided insights into black holes and the universe.
The universe
The document discusses the formation and structure of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang Theory states the universe began as a singularity over 14 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Galaxies are made up of billions of stars held together by gravity, and are moving farther away from each other due to the expansion of the universe. The document also discusses dark matter and dark energy, which make up most of the mass and energy in the universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
Gravitational waves and their detection
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime that are generated by massive accelerating objects like black holes and neutron stars. They travel at the speed of light and can be detected using sensitive instruments like LIGO that can detect tiny changes in length caused by passing gravitational waves. On September 14, 2015, LIGO directly detected gravitational waves for the first time, verifying a prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Studying gravitational waves provides a new way to learn about astrophysical objects and events like black holes and supernovae.
The State of the Universe
This document summarizes a lecture on observational cosmology and the current state of the standard cosmological model. It discusses key aspects of the standard model like the Robertson-Walker metric, ingredients like dark matter and dark energy, and questionable aspects. It also covers alternatives to cold dark matter models, the possibility that dark matter is quantum mechanical, and anomalies in the cosmic microwave background data. The document emphasizes that cosmology involves massive data compression and cautions against overinterpreting potential anomalies in the data.
Black hole
1) A black hole is a region of spacetime where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
2) The boundary of this region is called the event horizon. Although nothing can escape the event horizon, it appears to have no detectable features from within.
3) Black holes form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. They can continue growing by absorbing mass and merging with other black holes, potentially forming supermassive black holes containing millions of solar masses.
Introduction to Pulsar(Astrophysics)
This document discusses pulsars and provides information about them. It begins by listing the group members and topics to be discussed, including an introduction to pulsars, their properties, discovery, formation from neutron stars, examples of the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars, and their radiating mechanism. It then provides details on the properties of pulsars, their extremely high density, classification, and the discovery of the first pulsar PSR B1919+21. The document summarizes how pulsars are formed from the collapse and rotation of massive stars, and discusses the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars in more detail. It concludes by outlining some applications and milestones of pulsar research, including their use in gravitational wave
Mathematics patterns in the universe
1) The document discusses gravitational forces between planets and how they follow Kepler's laws, with closer planets moving faster around the sun.
2) It also describes comets and meteors, with comets composed of ice and rock that heat up close to the sun, and meteors being rocks that burn up entering a planet's atmosphere.
3) Finally, it talks about dark energy and dark matter, with dark energy being a property of space that causes it to expand, and dark matter being an unseen matter that accounts for 27% of the universe.
dark matter and dark energy.pdf very good morning
- Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for approximately 27% of the matter in the universe. Its existence and properties are inferred through its gravitational effects such as the motions of visible matter and gravitational lensing. However, the exact nature and composition of dark matter remains unknown.
- Dark energy is thought to be responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe, accounting for approximately 68% of the total mass-energy content. Its existence helps explain observations that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating rather than slowing down. However, the exact nature and properties of dark energy are not well understood.
- Future experiments aim to directly detect dark matter particles and gather more precise cosmological data to help distinguish between theories
08 lecture outline
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
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Dark matter and dark energy (1)
This document discusses gravity and its role in shaping astronomical structures like galaxies and galaxy clusters. It describes how gravity causes stars at the edges of spiral galaxies to rotate at similar speeds to those at the center, and how galaxy clusters contain 10 times more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The document also mentions how Einstein's theory of general relativity explains the accelerating expansion of the universe driven by dark energy, which exerts a repulsive force that counteracts gravity on large scales.
Dark matter
A kind of matter in astronomy and cosmology to account for gravitational effects that appear to be the result of invisible mass
Dark Matter
The document discusses dark matter and provides evidence for its existence from various astronomical observations. It notes that while ordinary matter makes up only about 4% of the universe, dark matter accounts for about 23%. Various properties of dark matter are described, including that it interacts gravitationally but does not emit or absorb light. Possible candidates for dark matter are discussed, including WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), which are favored from both astronomical data and particle physics models. The document outlines how WIMPs could have been thermally produced in the early universe to account for the observed dark matter abundance.
Dark matter
Dark matter makes up 27% of the universe, is an unidentified type of non-baryonic matter that does not interact with light but has gravitational effects. It cannot be detected with current instruments. Dark energy affects the expansion of the universe and makes up 68% of the universe, but is still a mystery. Early theorists like Fritz Zwicky and Vera Rubin provided evidence for dark matter through its gravitational effects on galaxy clusters and violations of Newton's laws of motion.
Dark Matter And Energy Final
Dark matter is believed to make up most of the mass in the universe based on discrepancies found when calculating galaxy masses. In the 1970s, scientists coined the term dark matter to describe this unknown matter. Dark matter could exist as either massive compact objects like black holes or weakly interacting massive particles. Its existence is important because a large amount of matter in the universe cannot be accounted for through other means. In addition, dark matter could influence theories about the universe's creation. Dark energy is a mysterious force that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. It is estimated to make up about 70% of the universe.
Dark matter
Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter that accounts for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe but does not emit, absorb, or interact with electromagnetic radiation. It is believed to play a key role in the formation of galaxies and their structure. While its existence and properties are well-established through its gravitational effects, its exact nature remains unknown. Several experiments are attempting to directly detect dark matter particles through methods like observing signals produced when dark matter particles interact or are destroyed, but so far none have succeeded, and dark matter's composition remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics.
Dark matter
Dark matter is an invisible phenomenon that acts on visible matter through gravity. It accounts for 6 times more mass in the universe than normal matter. Fritz Zwicky discovered evidence of "invisible matter" in galaxies in 1933 while Vera Rubin provided further evidence in the 1970s, though they were initially disregarded. String theory may help explain dark matter through postulated supersymmetric particles. Dark energy is a hypothetical form that permeates space, causing accelerated expansion of the universe, and may account for most of its mass. It produces an opposite effect to gravity. String theory also provides several potential explanations for dark matter through concepts like supersymmetric particles, branes, and extra dimensions.
Dark Matter And Dark Energy
Dark matter is believed to be made up of weakly interacting massive particles and holds galaxies together through gravity, though it does not emit or reflect light. Dark energy is the energy of empty space that is accelerating the expansion of the universe. Understanding dark matter and dark energy could allow for faster-than-light travel and more thorough astronomical research. Only 5% of the universe is visible matter - 25% is dark matter and 70% is dark energy.
Dark Matter And Energy P P
Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized forms of matter and energy that together account for approximately 95% of the universe. Dark matter is inferred from its gravitational effects and is thought to make up about 20% of the universe, while dark energy is causing the universe to expand and accounts for around 75%. Although not directly observable, both dark matter and dark energy are thought to play a major role in the structure and future of the universe.
Dark matter and Dark energy
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
Dark Matter, Physical Science Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3,500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: Matter, Dark Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadro's Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascal's Law, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light (Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faraday's Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics-Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy (The 11th Hour)
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Blackhole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon. Black holes form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. Supermassive black holes millions of times the mass of our sun may form at the centers of galaxies by absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes. While black holes themselves are invisible, their presence can be inferred through their interaction with surrounding matter like accretion disks and the orbits of nearby stars.
Gravitational waves and their detection
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light and are generated by massive accelerating objects like black holes and neutron stars. They have long wavelengths compared to the size of the objects that produce them. LIGO detects gravitational waves by measuring tiny changes in the lengths of its arms caused by passing gravitational waves. The first direct observation of gravitational waves in 2015 confirmed their existence and provided insights into black holes and the universe.
The universe
The document discusses the formation and structure of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang Theory states the universe began as a singularity over 14 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Galaxies are made up of billions of stars held together by gravity, and are moving farther away from each other due to the expansion of the universe. The document also discusses dark matter and dark energy, which make up most of the mass and energy in the universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
Gravitational waves and their detection
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime that are generated by massive accelerating objects like black holes and neutron stars. They travel at the speed of light and can be detected using sensitive instruments like LIGO that can detect tiny changes in length caused by passing gravitational waves. On September 14, 2015, LIGO directly detected gravitational waves for the first time, verifying a prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Studying gravitational waves provides a new way to learn about astrophysical objects and events like black holes and supernovae.
The State of the Universe
This document summarizes a lecture on observational cosmology and the current state of the standard cosmological model. It discusses key aspects of the standard model like the Robertson-Walker metric, ingredients like dark matter and dark energy, and questionable aspects. It also covers alternatives to cold dark matter models, the possibility that dark matter is quantum mechanical, and anomalies in the cosmic microwave background data. The document emphasizes that cosmology involves massive data compression and cautions against overinterpreting potential anomalies in the data.
Black hole
1) A black hole is a region of spacetime where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
2) The boundary of this region is called the event horizon. Although nothing can escape the event horizon, it appears to have no detectable features from within.
3) Black holes form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. They can continue growing by absorbing mass and merging with other black holes, potentially forming supermassive black holes containing millions of solar masses.
Introduction to Pulsar(Astrophysics)
This document discusses pulsars and provides information about them. It begins by listing the group members and topics to be discussed, including an introduction to pulsars, their properties, discovery, formation from neutron stars, examples of the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars, and their radiating mechanism. It then provides details on the properties of pulsars, their extremely high density, classification, and the discovery of the first pulsar PSR B1919+21. The document summarizes how pulsars are formed from the collapse and rotation of massive stars, and discusses the Crab pulsar and binary pulsars in more detail. It concludes by outlining some applications and milestones of pulsar research, including their use in gravitational wave
Mathematics patterns in the universe
1) The document discusses gravitational forces between planets and how they follow Kepler's laws, with closer planets moving faster around the sun.
2) It also describes comets and meteors, with comets composed of ice and rock that heat up close to the sun, and meteors being rocks that burn up entering a planet's atmosphere.
3) Finally, it talks about dark energy and dark matter, with dark energy being a property of space that causes it to expand, and dark matter being an unseen matter that accounts for 27% of the universe.
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Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...
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Similar to The Cosmic Web
dark matter and dark energy.pdf very good morning
- Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for approximately 27% of the matter in the universe. Its existence and properties are inferred through its gravitational effects such as the motions of visible matter and gravitational lensing. However, the exact nature and composition of dark matter remains unknown.
- Dark energy is thought to be responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe, accounting for approximately 68% of the total mass-energy content. Its existence helps explain observations that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating rather than slowing down. However, the exact nature and properties of dark energy are not well understood.
- Future experiments aim to directly detect dark matter particles and gather more precise cosmological data to help distinguish between theories
08 lecture outline
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The Schwadron Retention Theory
Synestia Model explains the origin of the earth and moon as well as planets and other objects
Ribbon in Space around our Solar Syxstem discovered by IBEX – NASA
Will it have an impact on the current solar system and planet formation theory ?
IBEX Ribbon in space is the first indication of boundary layers in space. Boundary layers in space very likely played a major role in planet formations.
Further:
Researchers from the University of Michigan announced today the discovery of tiny amounts of water in the moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions were native water, and not water brought by meteors or other objects from space crashing into it. This discovery could in turn invalidate the current theory of how our Moon was formed
Youxue Zhang -
Gravitational wave.pptx
1) Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime caused by accelerating massive objects like neutron stars or black holes.
2) Einstein predicted gravitational waves in his theory of general relativity and scientists have been working to detect them using detectors like LIGO.
3) In 2016, LIGO directly detected gravitational waves for the first time, confirming another prediction of general relativity and opening an new window to observe the universe.
Galaxies
A lecture I'd given on spiral galaxies, barred spirals, mass of galaxies, Sgr A, Elliptical galaxies, standard candles, dark matter, composition of the universe, back in my university days.
You probably need to download the file for the animations to work.
A1 23 The Universe
Galaxies are organized into clusters and superclusters that are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure known as the "cosmic web". The largest known structure is the Sloan Great Wall, which is nearly 1.5 billion light years in length. Dark matter seems to come in standard clumps of about 30 million solar masses and 300 parsecs across, with a temperature of about 10,000 K. The cosmological principle assumes the universe is uniform on large enough scales, both homogeneous meaning no preferred locations and isotropic meaning no preferred directions.
Astrophysics
This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
Galaxies (normal and active)
1) The document discusses different types of galaxies including elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies. It also discusses measuring properties of galaxies such as distance, diameter, luminosity, and mass.
2) Active galactic nuclei and supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies are described. Mass flowing into the black hole can form disks and jets that emit energy across the electromagnetic spectrum.
3) The evolution of galaxies over time is discussed, including how collisions and mergers of galaxies have shaped galaxy formation since the early universe. Galaxy clusters and interactions between galaxies are also summarized.
PhysCon Poster
This document describes the process of communicating scientific research to non-specialists through a magazine article about planetary system formation. It involves taking data and concepts from scientific papers and reworking them so a general audience can understand. Notes are taken on a paper discussing spiral density waves in protoplanetary disks caused by planets or other stars. A draft description of this is written for the magazine article. Graphics show the evolution of a hypothetical planetary system from the initial disk to fully formed planets. Spectra correspond to different evolutionary stages. The goal is to make scientific breakthroughs accessible to the public.
To The Edge of Infinity
This is a very broad overview of cosmology. It includes an introduction to galaxies, the large scale structure of the universe, black holes, and the fate of the universe. It is intended for teenagers and up.
Chapter 15 Test
The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook about galaxies. It contains multiple choice questions about the properties of different types of galaxies like elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and active galaxies. It discusses how Edwin Hubble discovered that more distant galaxies have greater redshifts, indicating the universe is expanding.
Chapter 16 Test
This document is a copyrighted excerpt from an astronomy textbook. It contains 8 multiple choice questions about various astronomy topics, including dark matter, galaxy collisions, quasars, the large-scale distribution of galaxies, and gravitational lensing. The questions assess understanding of these concepts as presented in the textbook.
Gravitational Waves
Powerpoint presentation given during my Astrophysics Seminar course at RPI, discussing gravitational waves
Quasars.ppt
The document discusses a lecture on quasars and active galaxies. It begins with announcements and then covers the discovery of quasars, what they are, and alternative cosmological models. Quasars were initially called quasi-stellar radio sources. They appear small but can be 1000 times brighter than their host galaxy. They were more common in the early universe and shine for hundreds of millions of years. Their immense energy is believed to come from matter falling into a black hole at the galaxy's center. This provides evidence for the Big Bang theory of cosmology over the Steady State theory.
The Schwadron IBEX Ribbon Retention Theory and its possible Impact on Astrono...
Ribbon in Space around our Solar Syxstem discovered by IBEX – NASA
Will it have an impact on the current solar system and planet formation theory ?
Further:
Researchers from the University of Michigan announced today the discovery of tiny amounts of water in the moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions were native water, and not water brought by meteors or other objects from space crashing into it. This discovery could in turn invalidate the current theory of how our Moon was formed
Youxue Zhang -
Peter Higgs - Higgs Boson - vacuum instability -
cylcle Universe formation - Galaxy formation
Joseph Lykken, a theoretical physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., said Monday (Feb. 18) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
A YOUNG PROTOPLANET CANDIDATE EMBEDDED IN THE CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK
Sascha P. Quanz1,2, Adam Amara2, Michael R. Meyer2, Matthew A. Kenworthy3, Markus Kasper4, and Julien H. Girard are currently observing a formation of a protoplanet
Hector Acre Yale University Herbig-Haro 46/47 ALMA Astrophysical Journal
NASA Van Allen Probes
Geoff Reeves
Andrew Hodges, mathematical physicist at Oxford University
Jacob Bourjaily, theoretical physicist at Harvard University
quantum field theory
Nima Arkani-Hamed, lead author, professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J.
Amplituhedron
David Skinner, theoretical physicist at Cambridge University
Parke and Taylor guessed a simple one-term expression
BCFW recursion relations, named for Ruth Britto, Freddy Cachazo, Bo Feng and Edward Witten.
leading mathematicians such as Pierre Deligne, Arkani-Hamed and his collaborators discovered that the recursion relations and associated twistor diagrams corresponded to a well-known geometric object. In fact, as detailed in a paper posted to arXiv.org in December by Arkani-Hamed, Bourjaily, Cachazo, Alexander Goncharov, Alexander Postnikov and Jaroslav Trnka, the twistor diagrams gave instructions for calculating the volume of pieces of this object, called the positive Grassmannian.
Hermann Grassmann, a 19th-century German linguist and mathematici
Arkani-Hamed and Trnka discovered that the scattering amplitude equals the volume of a brand-new mathematical object — the amplituhedron
Neal Turner and colleagues at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory developped a three dimensional model where magnetism plays a key role in planet formation.
Laura Mersini-Houghton has so far the best theory to answer for the formation of galaxies. The Theory of the Landscape Multiverse The theory and its predictions are derived from fundamental physics and first principles by using quantum cosmology for the wavefunction of the universe on the landscape and calculating decoherence and quantum entanglement among various surviving branches
Chariklo Felipe Braga-Ribas National Observatory in Brazil
Galaxy’s
The document summarizes information about different galaxies. It describes the Milky Way galaxy as a spiral galaxy approximately 13 billion years old. It notes that the Milky Way will collide with the Andromeda galaxy in about 3 billion years. It also describes the Andromeda galaxy and provides details about two galaxies colliding. It mentions other spiral galaxies like the Pinwheel galaxy and the Sombrero galaxy.
ILOA Galaxy Forum USA 2013 - Mariska Kriek
This document discusses different types of galaxies including elliptical and spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and Andromeda. It asks how these different galaxy types formed and if they are connected. Specifically, it explores how distant compact galaxies have increased in size over billions of years and if "spirals and ellipticals" underwent a "metamorphosis" or transformation from one type to the other over the lifetime of the universe.
DM(final)
- 99% of the universe is believed to be dark matter. Scientists are convinced that only 1% of the 5% of baryonic matter present in the universe can be seen.
- Evidence has accumulated that there is more matter in galaxies than what meets the eye through telescopes. As much as 90% of the matter in the universe must be in some "dark" form.
- Observations of galaxy rotation curves showed that stars at the outer edges of galaxies move at the same speed as inner stars, even though there isn't enough visible matter to account for the gravitational force needed to keep them in orbit, suggesting additional unseen "dark matter" is present.
Galaxies
This document discusses different types of galaxies including elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and irregular galaxies. It provides details on the Milky Way galaxy, describing it as a spiral galaxy located between type b and c, and notes that our solar system is located in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy, about 14 light years above the equatorial plane and 26,000-28,000 light years from the center. The document also discusses quasars and black holes, noting that quasars are very luminous and energetic distant galactic nuclei that get their energy from black holes.
Dark energy.pptx
This document discusses dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that does not emit or absorb light but has gravitational effects. Its existence can be inferred through gravitational lensing and the rotation curves of galaxies. Dark energy is theorized to be causing the accelerating expansion of the universe. Current research includes experiments trying to directly detect dark matter particles and gravitational wave observatories seeking to better understand dark energy. Future experiments such as LSST and Euclid aim to provide more data to study these mysterious components of the universe.
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The Schwadron IBEX Ribbon Retention Theory and its possible Impact on Astrono...
The Schwadron IBEX Ribbon Retention Theory and its possible Impact on Astrono...
More from Zoe Zontou
Zontos___EP_410___Particle_Motion
The document summarizes the results of a project investigating different types of particle motion, including cyclotron motion, gradient-B drift motion, magnetic mirroring, and motion due to a magnetic dipole. Analytical solutions were derived and compared to numerical simulations for each type of motion. Key results include plots showing cyclotron and gradient-B drift motion of protons and electrons match analytical solutions, and simulations demonstrating magnetic mirroring and orbits around a dipole match theoretical expectations. Periods were estimated from simulations and calculated from equations.
Zontos_ep410_Report1_SSN
This document analyzes daily sunspot number data from 1849 to 2015. It summarizes the author's process of inspecting, graphing, and smoothing the raw data. Various smoothing techniques are applied, including monthly, yearly, and Savitzky-Golay filtering. Maxima points in the data from 1860 and 2000 are identified and used to calculate the average sunspot cycle length of 11.07 years with a 0.96 year error. Fourier analysis is also applied to identify periodic components in the sunspot cycle.
Stardust
This document discusses stardust and its movement through space. Certain factors like supernovae and stellar winds contribute to the creation and movement of stardust. Dust-driven stellar winds push stardust into space, as gas masses are pushed outward by dust grains formed near stars. Testing methods have yielded measurements of dust grain sizes in the vicinity of stars, revealing an ideal grain radius of around 300 nm. The document concludes by discussing the role of aging stars in spreading stardust and chemical evolution throughout the cosmos.
Earliest Supernovae
1) The first stars formed in the early universe were population III stars, which played a key role in the initial transition of the early universe through their formation and deaths.
2) Studying remnants of population III stars that died in pair-instability supernovae (PISN) provided evidence of their hypothesized very high masses over 100 solar masses.
3) Comparing the chemical abundances in two ancient stars found significant differences matching the characteristic low abundances expected from PISN, supporting the occurrence of these events in the early universe.
Black Holes
Studies show that massive galaxies host massive black holes at their centers, and the mass of these "monster" black holes is related to the velocity of stars around the galaxy. Studies of two galaxies, NGC 3842 and NGC 4889, revealed they contain two of the most supermassive black holes known, with masses of around 9.7 billion and 9.8-27 billion solar masses respectively. Future research promises to provide better data on the growth of massive black holes in the universe through improved instrumentation.
Antimatter
The document discusses the history and properties of antimatter. It begins by explaining Paul Dirac's 1928 prediction of antimatter's existence when attempting to reconcile quantum mechanics and relativity. This led to the discovery of the positron in 1932 and other antiparticles over subsequent decades. While matter and antimatter mostly behave symmetrically, a small asymmetry means matter dominates the universe. Understanding antimatter could provide insights into the universe's origins and energy alternatives, though utilizing it faces challenges. The document also examines ongoing searches for natural or remaining antimatter.
LOFAR
LOFAR is a radio telescope array operated by ASTRON in the Netherlands that uses thousands of antennas to observe low frequency radio waves. It is being used for several key science projects including studying the Epoch of Reionization in the early universe, conducting deep surveys of galaxies to learn about their formation, and observing transient sources like exploding stars. One potential future use is detecting auroral activity on exoplanets through their unique radio signatures, which could reveal new planets and help characterize exoplanet magnetospheres and atmospheres.
The Dearth of Female Physicists at Embry
This document analyzes the lack of female physics majors at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. A survey found that only 0.52% of students, or 27 people, were female physics majors. This is one of the lowest percentages of females in any program at the university. The document explores possible factors that contribute to the lack of women in physics, such as family obligations and perceptions that physics is a male-dominated field. It compares the situation to other universities like MIT. The conclusions and recommendations suggest implementing programs to encourage more women to study physics and invite female physicists to discuss their experiences. This may help increase the number of female physics majors and create greater gender balance in the field.
Analytical Report
The document discusses the future of the physical sciences at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. It notes a lack of interest in physical science degrees currently, with only two out of 24 undergraduate degrees being physical science majors. To address this, the university is adding astrophysics and astronomy degrees. The addition of these new programs and the university's new telescope are hoped to increase enrollment in physical science majors by attracting more students interested in astronomy. Faculty believe the new programs and telescope will help spark more interest in these fields and address the stereotype of low enrollment in STEM fields.
Hawking Radiation and Black Hole Thermodynamics
This document discusses Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics. It describes how Hawking proposed that black holes emit radiation due to quantum effects near the event horizon, which causes them to lose mass and evaporate over time. The document outlines the laws of black hole mechanics and how they relate analogously to the laws of thermodynamics. It also explains Hawking's formulas for black hole entropy and temperature in relation to surface gravity and event horizon area. Models of Hawking radiation involving virtual particle pairs are presented.
Zoe Zontos
Zoe Zontos conducted a CCD imaging project on the spiral galaxy NGC-2403. Using a 20-inch telescope and filters, she took photos of the galaxy and performed calculations on its size and features. Her measurements found the galaxy to be approximately 0.0103 light years across. She also identified and measured two H II star formations, the largest being 0.0969 light years across. While she was pleased with her first attempt, Zoe plans to improve her techniques and gain more experience in future observational astronomy projects.
Star Formation within H-II Regions of Messier 106
This document summarizes a student research project studying star formation within H-II regions in the galaxy Messier 106. The student's initial goals were to observe 4-5 galaxies and compare their H-II regions and star formation rates. The student collected data on Messier 106 using an SBIG camera on a 1-meter telescope, taking images through H-alpha and r filters. Preliminary results show H-alpha and r filter images of Messier 106, but the student faced problems completing the full analysis due to insufficient data, filter limitations, weather issues, and spectral line overlap.
ERAU 1
This proposal requests 14 nights in January through April to use the 1-meter Ritchey-Chretien telescope at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University to perform photometry on the Seyfert 2 galaxy Messier 106. The goal is to study H-II regions within M106, which are sites of ongoing star formation, and determine the star formation rates within selected regions. Photometry using H-alpha and infrared filters will measure the surface brightness, temperature, and ionization processes of the H-II regions to estimate the number of newly formed stars. Understanding star formation rates in different regions will provide insight into factors influencing the creation of new stars within galaxies.
Project Report
The program calculates the intensity between earthquakes of different magnitudes for a given range of years by using Richter's formulas of seismology. The user inputs a start and end year, and the program displays the largest and smallest earthquakes in that range along with the calculated intensity between them. It is designed to make intensity calculations simple for scientists and others to understand earthquake data. Future versions may allow importing data from different years and include visualizations of the correlations between magnitudes and intensities.
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The Cosmic Web
- 1. The Cosmic Web By Zoe Zontos
- 2. Road Map • What is the cosmic web? • The importance of dark halos/matter • A visual glance of the cosmic web • What’s in our ‘neighborhood’? • Importance for future discoveries • Questions? • References
- 3. The ‘cosmic web’ connects galaxies in the cosmos. • What is the cosmic web? • Distribution of galaxies is not random • Background radiation reveals the ‘seeds’ for galaxy formation
- 4. Dark halos contain the dark matter that influences the cosmic web. • Dark matter is the most dominant mass • Develop the filaments that form cosmic connections • Shapes of dark matter depends on gravity – turn out to be halos • Scaling of clusters similar to scaling of galaxies
- 5. The position of each element in the cosmic web are shown in the schematic diagrams below. Source: http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/readings/local_cosmic_web.pdf
- 6. Studying the cosmic web has led to discoveries in our own ‘backyard’. • High-velocity clouds surround the Milky Way and Andromeda • The Milky Way hosts a larger population of dwarf galaxies • The Milky Way and Local Group are continuously accreting gas and evolving • Galactic archaeology is being used to search for groups with a common origin
- 7. Continuous new discoveries about the cosmic web will reveal more important information. • GAIA experiment will map and measure the motions of over a billion stars to reunite dispersed stars from ancient accretion events • Influx of information will reveal new data on the kinematics and detailed chemistry of billions of stars • We get closer to understanding the origins of the Milky Way and Local Group galaxies and their connection to the cosmic web
- 8. Questions?
- 9. References • Ibata, Rodrigo A., and Geraint F. Lewis. "The Cosmic Web in Our Own Backyard." Science 319 (n.d.): 50-52. 4 Jan. 2008. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.