The universe
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The document discusses the formation and structure of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang Theory states the universe began as a singularity over 14 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Galaxies are made up of billions of stars held together by gravity, and are moving farther away from each other due to the expansion of the universe. The document also discusses dark matter and dark energy, which make up most of the mass and energy in the universe.
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The universe is approximately 13 billion years old and contains all of space, time, matter and energy. It began expanding from a primordial hot dense state known as the Big Bang. The universe is made up of galaxies, which are grouped into larger structures called galaxy clusters. Galaxies themselves contain stars, nebulae, planets and other objects. The document discusses the history of models of the universe from geocentric to heliocentric, the discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way, and the formation and evolution of celestial objects like stars, nebulae, quasars and black holes.
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The Sun is a star composed of hot gas that powers itself through nuclear fusion in its core. It has several layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The Sun's interior is divided into a radiative zone where heat transfers by radiation and a convection zone where heat rises and falls. Nuclear fusion in the core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing energy over billions of years. Magnetic activity on the surface includes sunspots, solar flares, and prominences. The solar wind carries the Sun's magnetic fields and particles into space.
Evolution of universe
The document discusses the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang theory to present day. It covers:
1) The Big Bang theory which proposes the universe began as a hot, dense point around 14 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2) The formation of stars, galaxies, and planets as the universe evolved, with our solar system forming around 5 billion years ago.
3) Two other theories - the Steady State theory which proposes the universe has always existed in a constant state, and the Pulsating universe theory.
GSA.pptx
The document summarizes key concepts related to astronomical bodies and phenomena. It discusses comets, asteroids, meteoroids, nebulae, constellations, and other universal objects. It then covers concepts like the Big Bang theory, the composition of the universe including dark matter and dark energy, black holes, and galaxies. Methods for determining the age of the universe are also mentioned.
the_universe___solar_system.ppt
1. The document discusses the formation and structure of the universe, galaxies, and the solar system according to scientific theories.
2. It explains that the Big Bang Theory describes how the universe began as a very dense singularity over 13 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3. It also describes how galaxies like the Milky Way formed, and how the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas according to the nebular hypothesis over 4.6 billion years ago.
Other Theories on the Origin of the Universe.pptx
The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe:
- The Steady State Theory proposed the universe has always and will always remain the same.
- The Oscillating Universe Theory proposed the universe exists in a cycle of big bangs and big crunches.
- The Eternal Inflation Theory proposes inflation never stops after the big bang.
- For the formation of the solar system, theories included the Nebular Hypothesis of a collapsing cloud forming the sun and planets, and the Condensation Theory of dust accumulating in the solar nebula.
FORMATION-OF-HEAVIER-ELEMENTS.pdf for 11
Element formation in the universe began after the Big Bang during two major eras:
1) The Radiation Era spanning the first few thousand years, which saw the formation of the lightest elements like hydrogen and helium.
2) The Matter Era beginning millions of years later, where elements were fused in the cores of stars via nuclear fusion. Low mass stars generated heavier elements up to iron, while high mass stars generated elements all the way to uranium before exploding as supernovae.
The life cycles of stars and their role in fusing lighter elements into heavier ones like carbon, oxygen, and iron provided the building blocks for planets, and ultimately life itself.
Galaxies (normal and active)
1) The document discusses different types of galaxies including elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies. It also discusses measuring properties of galaxies such as distance, diameter, luminosity, and mass.
2) Active galactic nuclei and supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies are described. Mass flowing into the black hole can form disks and jets that emit energy across the electromagnetic spectrum.
3) The evolution of galaxies over time is discussed, including how collisions and mergers of galaxies have shaped galaxy formation since the early universe. Galaxy clusters and interactions between galaxies are also summarized.
Big Bang & Nuclear Fusion PowerPoint Presentation
The document describes the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present. It began as an infinitely dense singularity that expanded rapidly. Within the first second, quarks and radiation formed. Over millions of years, the forces separated, inflation occurred, and light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Eventually, 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled enough for electrons to form stable orbits around atomic nuclei, allowing light to travel freely.
Lesson 1 The Universe.pptx
The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and formed from a massive expansion known as the Big Bang. It contains dark matter, dark energy, hydrogen, helium and other elements. The Milky Way galaxy contains over 100 billion stars and is located in the Local Group of galaxies. Our solar system is approximately 4.6 billion years old and located within the Milky Way. It contains the Sun and eight major planets that orbit elliptically on the same plane, with periods of revolution increasing with distance from the Sun. The four outer planets are gas giants with thick atmospheres while the four inner planets are terrestrial with thinner atmospheres.
Adolfo
1) The document discusses the lifecycle of stars, from their birth in nebulae made of hydrogen and helium gas, to their evolution through different stages as they fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier elements.
2) It describes how massive stars may end as red supergiants or supernovae, and how the material from dying stars can form nebulae and be incorporated into new stars and planets.
3) It also discusses the formation of planets from protoplanetary disks around new stars, and the different classes of objects in our solar system like planets, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
Sara y julia
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day. It describes how the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since. As it expanded, the first atomic nuclei formed via nuclear fusion. Over time, these atoms gathered together through gravity to form structures like galaxies, stars, and planets. The document also examines different astronomical objects like nebulae, quasars, and black holes that can be observed in the universe.
earth-sci-Chapter-1.pdf
According to the nebular hypothesis:
- The Sun and planets formed from a giant cloud of dust and gas that collapsed due to some event around 4.57 billion years ago.
- As the cloud collapsed and began rotating faster, it flattened into a disk with the Sun forming at the center.
- The terrestrial planets like Earth formed closer to the Sun from metals and rocks, while the gas giants formed beyond the frost line where ices could also form, allowing them to grow larger.
- Leftover debris that did not form planets remains in regions like the Asteroid Belt and Kuiper Belt today.
The Origin of the Universe
The universe began approximately 15 billion years ago with the Big Bang, where all matter, energy, and space was concentrated in a single point that suddenly expanded. Over time, hydrogen and helium from this expansion condensed under gravity to form the first stars and galaxies. The universe has continued expanding and cooling ever since. Modern cosmological theories including the Big Bang and Steady State theories attempt to explain the origin and evolution of the known universe.
GSA By Ms.Ayesha & Ghazanfar.pdf
This document discusses the physical science topics of the law of gravitation, models of the universe, dark matter and dark energy, galaxies, and the sun. It then provides details about the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Additional sections cover atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, electromagnetic radiation, the internal structure and atmosphere of Earth, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
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The universe
- 1. The Universe GEOG 1000: Physical Geography
- 2. Expanding Universe • Galaxies are complex systems of billions of stars along with gas and dust, held together by gravity.
- 3. Expanding Universe • Red shift occurs when the light source is moving away from the observer or when the space between the observer and the source is stretched. • Hubble Law states that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us.
- 4. Expanding Universe • The Big Bang Theory states the universe is nearly 14 billion years old At one point, all energy, matter, and time existed called a singularity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs- yWMuBNr4#t=105 • After the Big Bang began the long process of photons, neutrons, and electrons forming followed by atoms and molecules. • Mass is not uniform across the universe, it’s clustered because of gravitational forces.
- 5. Dark Matter and Dark Energy • All mass has a gravitational force, but astronomers have determined that there is more gravity in the universe than visible mass. There must be another form of mass that can’t be seen, but has a gravitational pull, called dark matter. • Current hypothesis is that the universe is expanding at a faster rate. This may be caused by a force called dark energy. This energy may make up over 70 percent of the total energy in the univers.
- 6. Star Systems • Star systems are groups of stars near each other. Large star systems are called star clusters. Two types of clusters: open and globular. • Open cluster are groups of thousands of stars held closely together by gravity. Tend to be young stars formed out of nebulas. • Globular cluster are much larger, containing 100s of thousands of stars held together by gravity. Pleiades is an open cluster of stars.
- 7. Types of Galaxies • Spiral galaxies spin around a central force of gravity, often times massive black holes. • The Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy that is 100,000 light-years across and 3,000 light-years thick. It is also believed it contains between 100 to 400 billion stars.
- 8. Types of Galaxies • Irregular galaxies are galaxies that are neither elliptical or spiral in shape. Most were originally a spiral galaxy, but were deformed by a gravitational force by large galaxy or collided with a galaxy. • Dwarf galaxies are the smallest galaxies, containing only a few million to a few billion stars. They are the most common in the universe, but their small size makes them hard to see.
- 9. Star Energy • Stars form in clouds of dust called nebulas. • Stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium. Stars are so hot and the molecules are so packed together that it can ignite nuclear fusion. • The energy created has enough force outward that it balances the star’s gravitational inward pull. • The energy released by a star is called electromagnetic radiation.
- 12. Star Classification • Most stars convert hydrogen into helium and these stars are in what’s called the main sequence. Stars are in this stage when gravitational pull is balanced by nuclear fusion. • The bigger the star, the more energy it must consume (aka nuclear fusion) to balance the gravitational pull by the star. Thus, large blue giants tend to die sooner than smaller yellow stars. • Earth’s star is in the main sequence. It formed almost 5 billion years ago and will stay in main sequence for another 5 billion years.
- 13. Star Classification • Red giants form when a star has used up most of it’s hydrogen and helium and the star’s gravity becomes stronger than nuclear fusion. The inner core collapses in on itself, while the outer shell expands. • White Dwarfs