This document discusses how human psychology and neurophysiology may be unintentionally biasing the search for non-terrestrial intelligence (NTI). It points out that focusing only on radio signals and known physics limits our perspective, and that more advanced civilizations could exploit dark matter or exist in other dimensions. It also suggests that focusing attention narrowly could cause us to miss obvious signs of NTI, similar to the "invisible gorilla" experiment on inattentional blindness. Broadening our concepts of what NTI may look and expanding our search across the electromagnetic spectrum and beyond known physics may improve our chances of detection.
A herschel and_apex_census_of_the_reddest_sources_in_orion_searching_for_the_...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes a study that used Herschel and APEX observations to conduct a census of the reddest sources in the Orion molecular clouds, searching for the youngest protostars. A total of 55 new protostar candidates were detected at 70 and 160 microns that were too faint at 24 microns to be reliably classified as protostars before. Of these, 11 with the reddest 70/24 micron colors were found to reliably be protostars. These 18 reddest sources, including previously known protostars, were named "PACS Bright Red sources" or PBRs. Analysis found the PBRs have properties of Class 0 protostars, including very red SEDs, low bolometric temperatures, and
The document discusses astrobiology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute. It describes the three centers at SETI that focus on researching life in the universe, studying conditions for life on and off Earth, and education/outreach. SETI uses radio telescopes like the Allen Telescope Array to search for signals from intelligent civilizations, but detecting credible signals is challenging. The Drake Equation aims to estimate the number of detectable civilizations but has many unknown variables. While the search for life continues, no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence has been found so far.
The document discusses a team of researchers that found a new way to look for small rocks in the Kuiper belt using X-rays from a neutron star. The team analyzed data from NASA's RXTE satellite and found evidence of 58 occultation events, suggesting the Kuiper belt contains around 1015 small rocks less than 100 meters in diameter. They validated this by analyzing data from the Crab Nebula and only finding occultation events in the data from the neutron star, ruling out instrumental errors. In the future, the researchers hope to use diffraction effects to determine distances to the small bodies and find more occultations to better estimate the size distribution in the Kuiper belt.
Youtube Uzay Laboratuvarı Yarışması-Jüri ÜyeleriProje Okulu
The document provides biographies for several scientists:
- Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist and author known for his work on black holes and popular science books. He held positions at Cambridge University.
- Eric Istasse is the Head of the Mission Science Office at ESA, ensuring experimental payloads are scientifically relevant.
- Neil Turok is the Director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His research is in theoretical cosmology and the origins of the universe.
- Colin Pillinger was a Professor of Planetary Science at the Open University involved in the Beagle 2 Mars lander project and space exploration outreach.
This document discusses two alternative strategies for communicating with extraterrestrial intelligence - sending electromagnetic signals or physical objects through space. It summarizes a recent paper arguing that sending physical packages of information across interstellar distances could be more efficient than beams of electromagnetic radiation for long messages. While radio telescopes have searched for electromagnetic signals, this article suggests SETI should also consider the possibility of finding physical artifacts containing information left by an advanced extraterrestrial civilization to enable one-way communication.
Zprávy mimozemšťanům - přednáška a synopse k článku do Živlu č. 39Pavel Vachtl
The document discusses potential methods of communicating with extraterrestrial civilizations, including:
1) Using mathematics as a universal language through symbols like prime numbers and geometric shapes.
2) Proposed projects that have sent messages into space aimed at nearby stars, including the Arecibo message broadcast in 1974 targeting a globular cluster 25,000 light years away.
3) Physical messages attached to space probes like the Pioneer plaque sent in 1972 depicting scientific concepts like the hydrogen atom and human figures to provide context about humanity and our location in the solar system.
Nobel Prize in Astronomy? Nonsense, you will say, there is no such thing! And you will be right! Today I would like to talk about the Nobel Prizes in Physics awarded for the discoveries directly related to Astronomy. Of course, many scientific advances contributed to the modern understanding of Space. But let’s look at those few that achieved the highest scientific recognition.
This document summarizes 25 of the top scientific breakthroughs from the past 3 decades, beginning in the 1980s. Some of the major breakthroughs included mapping the human genome in 1999; detecting evidence of climate change and establishing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001-2007; launching the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990; discovering DNA fingerprinting in 1985; and the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, in 1996. Other breakthroughs included the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, the first detection of an exoplanet in 1995, and the isolation of human embryonic stem cells in 1997.
A herschel and_apex_census_of_the_reddest_sources_in_orion_searching_for_the_...Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes a study that used Herschel and APEX observations to conduct a census of the reddest sources in the Orion molecular clouds, searching for the youngest protostars. A total of 55 new protostar candidates were detected at 70 and 160 microns that were too faint at 24 microns to be reliably classified as protostars before. Of these, 11 with the reddest 70/24 micron colors were found to reliably be protostars. These 18 reddest sources, including previously known protostars, were named "PACS Bright Red sources" or PBRs. Analysis found the PBRs have properties of Class 0 protostars, including very red SEDs, low bolometric temperatures, and
The document discusses astrobiology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute. It describes the three centers at SETI that focus on researching life in the universe, studying conditions for life on and off Earth, and education/outreach. SETI uses radio telescopes like the Allen Telescope Array to search for signals from intelligent civilizations, but detecting credible signals is challenging. The Drake Equation aims to estimate the number of detectable civilizations but has many unknown variables. While the search for life continues, no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence has been found so far.
The document discusses a team of researchers that found a new way to look for small rocks in the Kuiper belt using X-rays from a neutron star. The team analyzed data from NASA's RXTE satellite and found evidence of 58 occultation events, suggesting the Kuiper belt contains around 1015 small rocks less than 100 meters in diameter. They validated this by analyzing data from the Crab Nebula and only finding occultation events in the data from the neutron star, ruling out instrumental errors. In the future, the researchers hope to use diffraction effects to determine distances to the small bodies and find more occultations to better estimate the size distribution in the Kuiper belt.
Youtube Uzay Laboratuvarı Yarışması-Jüri ÜyeleriProje Okulu
The document provides biographies for several scientists:
- Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist and author known for his work on black holes and popular science books. He held positions at Cambridge University.
- Eric Istasse is the Head of the Mission Science Office at ESA, ensuring experimental payloads are scientifically relevant.
- Neil Turok is the Director of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His research is in theoretical cosmology and the origins of the universe.
- Colin Pillinger was a Professor of Planetary Science at the Open University involved in the Beagle 2 Mars lander project and space exploration outreach.
This document discusses two alternative strategies for communicating with extraterrestrial intelligence - sending electromagnetic signals or physical objects through space. It summarizes a recent paper arguing that sending physical packages of information across interstellar distances could be more efficient than beams of electromagnetic radiation for long messages. While radio telescopes have searched for electromagnetic signals, this article suggests SETI should also consider the possibility of finding physical artifacts containing information left by an advanced extraterrestrial civilization to enable one-way communication.
Zprávy mimozemšťanům - přednáška a synopse k článku do Živlu č. 39Pavel Vachtl
The document discusses potential methods of communicating with extraterrestrial civilizations, including:
1) Using mathematics as a universal language through symbols like prime numbers and geometric shapes.
2) Proposed projects that have sent messages into space aimed at nearby stars, including the Arecibo message broadcast in 1974 targeting a globular cluster 25,000 light years away.
3) Physical messages attached to space probes like the Pioneer plaque sent in 1972 depicting scientific concepts like the hydrogen atom and human figures to provide context about humanity and our location in the solar system.
Nobel Prize in Astronomy? Nonsense, you will say, there is no such thing! And you will be right! Today I would like to talk about the Nobel Prizes in Physics awarded for the discoveries directly related to Astronomy. Of course, many scientific advances contributed to the modern understanding of Space. But let’s look at those few that achieved the highest scientific recognition.
This document summarizes 25 of the top scientific breakthroughs from the past 3 decades, beginning in the 1980s. Some of the major breakthroughs included mapping the human genome in 1999; detecting evidence of climate change and establishing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001-2007; launching the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990; discovering DNA fingerprinting in 1985; and the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, in 1996. Other breakthroughs included the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, the first detection of an exoplanet in 1995, and the isolation of human embryonic stem cells in 1997.
O telescópio de rastreio VISTA do ESO encontrou uma horda de galáxias massivas anteriormente ocultas por poeira, que existiram quando o Universo era ainda bebê. Ao descobrir e estudar uma grande quantidade deste tipo de galáxias, os astrônomos descobriram, exatamente e pela primeira vez, quando é que tais monstros apareceram pela primeira vez no Universo.
O simples fato de contar o número de galáxias que existem em determinada área do céu permite aos astrônomos testar teorias de formação e evolução galática. No entanto, uma tarefa aparentemente tão fácil torna-se mais difícil quando tentamos contar galáxias cada vez mais distantes e tênues e é mais complicada ainda devido ao fato das galáxias mais brilhantes e fáceis de observar — as mais massivas no Universo — se tornarem mais raras à medida que os astrônomos observam o passado do Universo, enquanto que as galáxias menos brilhantes, mas muito mais numerosas, são ainda mais difíceis de detectar.
Uma equipe de astrônomos liderada por Karina Caputi do Instituto Astronômico Kapteyn da Universidade de Groningen, descobriu muitas galáxias distantes que não tinham sido detectadas anteriormente. A equipe utilizou imagens do rastreioUltraVISTA, um dos seis projetos que usam o VISTA para mapear o céu no infravermelho próximo, e fez um censo das galáxias tênues quando a idade do Universo estava compreendida entre 0,75 e 2,1 bilhões de anos.
The International Space Station is a scientific space station operated jointly by five space agencies to conduct experiments in microgravity. Astronauts live aboard the ISS for 2-6 months at a time to study fields like biology, physics and astronomy. The goal is to gain insights that can help address problems on Earth like global warming by observing our planet from space.
This document presents the target selection process for the first year of the Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life using the Green Bank Telescope, Parkes Telescope, and Automated Planet Finder. The targets include: 1) The 60 nearest stars within 5.1 parsecs to search for faint signals; 2) 1649 stars spanning stellar types from the Hipparcos catalog; 3) 123 nearby galaxies representing different morphological types to search billions of stars simultaneously; and 4) several classes of exotic objects like white dwarfs and neutron stars. The telescopes will observe 1,000,000 stars and galaxies at radio and optical wavelengths between 350 MHz to 100 GHz and 374-950nm, respectively, to search for technological signals.
Chandra deep observation_of_xdcpj004402033_a_massive_galaxy_cluster_at_z_1_5Sérgio Sacani
Artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos pelo Chandra ao medir com precisão a massa do mais massivo aglomerado de galáxias do universo distante, o Aglomerado Gioiello.
An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxyGOASA
This document summarizes a study that used the LABOCA instrument on the APEX telescope to observe a field around the high-redshift radio galaxy MRC1138-262 at z=2.16. 16 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) were detected in the field, with fluxes between 3-11 mJy, indicating a density up to 4 times higher than blank field surveys. Photometric redshifts using Herschel, Spitzer, and VLT data show that at least 8 of the SMGs have z~2.2 and are part of the protocluster associated with MRC1138-262. This corresponds to a star formation rate density 1500 times higher than blank fields at this redshift, concentrated
The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook about galaxies. It contains multiple choice questions about the properties of different types of galaxies like elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and active galaxies. It discusses how Edwin Hubble discovered that more distant galaxies have greater redshifts, indicating the universe is expanding.
Stellar parallax is used to measure the distances of stars. The angle of stellar parallax gets larger as the length of the baseline increases. The size and distance relationship of the Sun and the next nearest star can be modeled using two golf balls separated by 100 km. A star's proper motion is its true motion in space combined with its radial motion towards or away from Earth.
As a result of technological development of the second half of the twentieth century, Astronomy suffers big change in its methods that it makes its appearance of observation science to become also a new experimental science, where they appear numerous branches. The advancement of knowledge in Astronomy enabled to establish conjectures about the origin of the Universe that would have arisen through the Big Bang, to identify the existence of a massive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, the discovery of water on Mars, Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet, the existence of exoplanets similar to Earth outside the solar system and the discovery of matter and dark energy in the Universe.
The document discusses relativity and black holes. It introduces the special theory of relativity, which established that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant. It also discusses the general theory of relativity, which established that gravity results from the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy. The document notes that black holes are predicted by general relativity as regions where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, and are formed by the gravitational collapse of massive stars.
This document provides an introduction to Earth science. It discusses the four main parts of Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. These parts are interrelated - for example, clear cutting forests can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The document also introduces some key concepts in Earth science, such as uniformitarianism, the scientific process, and the idea that science aims to understand and explain natural events by collecting data and discovering patterns.
This document summarizes a survey of the massive star forming region RCW 57 (NGC 3576) using JHKs and L-band (3.5 μm) infrared data. Over 50% of the sources detected showed infrared excess emission, indicating the presence of circumstellar disks. Comparison to other regions supported a very high initial disk fraction (>80%) around massive stars, though disks may dissipate faster around high-mass stars. 33 sources only detected at L-band indicated heavily embedded, massive Class I protostars. Diffuse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission was also detected throughout the region.
Dark Plasma Theory argues that dark matter is largely in the form of plasmas of exotic particles and that the Earth is sitting inside a Jupiter-sized dark biosphere. It predicts the existence of terrestrial dark plasma life forms which evolved from minimal plasma cell systems within this dark biosphere.
The entities that we have loosely identified as ghosts, angels, jinns, demons, deities (for example the Marian apparitions in the atmosphere), aliens, biological UFOs, fairies and sightings of the recently deceased (on the surface of the Earth) are characteristic of these predicted exotic plasma life forms from interpenetrating dark plasmaspheres or counterpart Earths.
One of the more interesting developments in the Theory after 2006 was the formulation of the Dark Ionization Process. This provided a mechanism for invisible dark plasma life forms to generate ordinary plasma which could be measured by scientific instruments and be visible when certain conditions prevailed.
This booklet is a compilation of articles on Dark Plasma Theory written by Jay Alfred after 2006.
Alfred Lambremont Webre: El Omniverso - La ciencia del multiverso, dimensiones, ETs, almas reincarnacion, vida después de la muerte y Dios
Alfred Lambremont Webre: The Omniverse - The science of the Multiverse, dimensions, ETs, souls, reincarnation, afterlife & God
This document discusses theories of extraterrestrial life over history and current scientific research on the topic. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed the possibility of life on other planets. NASA researchers claim to have found evidence of ancient life in a meteorite from Mars. Scientists also believe Europa and planets discovered by the Kepler satellite could support life as they seem to meet the basic prerequisites of liquid water and sources of energy. While no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found, ongoing studies have made the possibility more plausible.
Ещё шесть радиосигналов неизвестной природы получены из-за пределов нашей гал...Anatol Alizar
This document reports on radio and X-ray observations of FRB 121102, the only known repeating fast radio burst source. Six additional radio bursts from FRB 121102 were detected - five with the Green Bank Telescope at 2 GHz and one with the Arecibo Observatory at 1.4 GHz, bringing the total detected bursts from this source to 17. X-ray observations from Swift and Chandra show at least one possible counterpart, but the probability of chance superposition is high. Radio imaging with the VLA places an upper limit on any continuum emission at the location. The repeating nature of FRB 121102 indicates that at least some FRBs originate from a repeating phenomenon and not a cataclysmic event.
Searching for alien_artifacts_on_the_moonSérgio Sacani
1. The authors propose searching lunar surface photos from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter for signs of extraterrestrial artifacts or technology.
2. Possible artifacts could include probes left to monitor Earth, trash from alien expeditions, or signs of mining or construction activities.
3. The moon is a good target for this search because it is close, signs would be well-preserved over immense timescales, and high-resolution photos are already being taken for other scientific purposes. Systematically analyzing these photos could help widen the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
The harps n-rocky_planet_search_hd219134b_transiting_rocky_planetSérgio Sacani
Usando o espectrógrafo HARPS-N acoplado ao Telescopio Nazionale Galileo no Observatório de Roque de Los Muchachos, nas Ilhas Canárias, os astrônomos descobriram três exoplanetas, classificados como Super-Terras e um gigante gasoso orbitando uma estrela próxima, chamada de HD 219134.
A HD 219134, também conhecida como HR 8832 é uma estrela do tipo anã-K de quinta magnitude, localizada a aproximadamente 21 anos-luz de distância da Terra, na constelação de Cassiopeia.
A estrela é levemente mais fria e menos massiva que o nosso sol. Ela é tão brilhante que pode ser observada a olho nu.
O sistema planetário HD 219134, abriga um planeta gigante gasoso externo e três planetas internos classificados como super-Terras, um dos quais transita em frente à estrela.
Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that cannot be seen but accounts for most of the mass in the universe. It was first hypothesized to explain discrepancies between the observed motions of galaxies and clusters and what was predicted based on the amount of visible matter. Dark matter is thought to make up around 23% of the universe, binding galaxies together through gravity. While dark matter cannot be directly observed, its effects on visible matter provide evidence of its existence. Scientists continue searching for dark matter particles and investigating its nature to better understand how it shapes the universe.
Dark matter is an invisible phenomenon that acts on visible matter through gravity. It accounts for 6 times more mass in the universe than normal matter. Fritz Zwicky discovered evidence of "invisible matter" in galaxies in 1933 while Vera Rubin provided further evidence in the 1970s, though they were initially disregarded. String theory may help explain dark matter through postulated supersymmetric particles. Dark energy is a hypothetical form that permeates space, causing accelerated expansion of the universe, and may account for most of its mass. It produces an opposite effect to gravity. String theory also provides several potential explanations for dark matter through concepts like supersymmetric particles, branes, and extra dimensions.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
This document discusses Zhen Liu's research interests and experience in beyond standard model (BSM) phenomenology. It covers a wide range of topics including Higgs physics, exotic Higgs decays, supersymmetry, dark matter, and potential for new physics through novel on-shell interference effects. Liu has pioneered using these interference effects to probe BSM physics and is working on exotic long-lived particle signatures. Given the need for long-term planning of future experiments, Liu also contributes to studies of physics at potential future colliders like the ILC, CEPC, FCC-ee, and muon collider.
O telescópio de rastreio VISTA do ESO encontrou uma horda de galáxias massivas anteriormente ocultas por poeira, que existiram quando o Universo era ainda bebê. Ao descobrir e estudar uma grande quantidade deste tipo de galáxias, os astrônomos descobriram, exatamente e pela primeira vez, quando é que tais monstros apareceram pela primeira vez no Universo.
O simples fato de contar o número de galáxias que existem em determinada área do céu permite aos astrônomos testar teorias de formação e evolução galática. No entanto, uma tarefa aparentemente tão fácil torna-se mais difícil quando tentamos contar galáxias cada vez mais distantes e tênues e é mais complicada ainda devido ao fato das galáxias mais brilhantes e fáceis de observar — as mais massivas no Universo — se tornarem mais raras à medida que os astrônomos observam o passado do Universo, enquanto que as galáxias menos brilhantes, mas muito mais numerosas, são ainda mais difíceis de detectar.
Uma equipe de astrônomos liderada por Karina Caputi do Instituto Astronômico Kapteyn da Universidade de Groningen, descobriu muitas galáxias distantes que não tinham sido detectadas anteriormente. A equipe utilizou imagens do rastreioUltraVISTA, um dos seis projetos que usam o VISTA para mapear o céu no infravermelho próximo, e fez um censo das galáxias tênues quando a idade do Universo estava compreendida entre 0,75 e 2,1 bilhões de anos.
The International Space Station is a scientific space station operated jointly by five space agencies to conduct experiments in microgravity. Astronauts live aboard the ISS for 2-6 months at a time to study fields like biology, physics and astronomy. The goal is to gain insights that can help address problems on Earth like global warming by observing our planet from space.
This document presents the target selection process for the first year of the Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life using the Green Bank Telescope, Parkes Telescope, and Automated Planet Finder. The targets include: 1) The 60 nearest stars within 5.1 parsecs to search for faint signals; 2) 1649 stars spanning stellar types from the Hipparcos catalog; 3) 123 nearby galaxies representing different morphological types to search billions of stars simultaneously; and 4) several classes of exotic objects like white dwarfs and neutron stars. The telescopes will observe 1,000,000 stars and galaxies at radio and optical wavelengths between 350 MHz to 100 GHz and 374-950nm, respectively, to search for technological signals.
Chandra deep observation_of_xdcpj004402033_a_massive_galaxy_cluster_at_z_1_5Sérgio Sacani
Artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos pelo Chandra ao medir com precisão a massa do mais massivo aglomerado de galáxias do universo distante, o Aglomerado Gioiello.
An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxyGOASA
This document summarizes a study that used the LABOCA instrument on the APEX telescope to observe a field around the high-redshift radio galaxy MRC1138-262 at z=2.16. 16 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) were detected in the field, with fluxes between 3-11 mJy, indicating a density up to 4 times higher than blank field surveys. Photometric redshifts using Herschel, Spitzer, and VLT data show that at least 8 of the SMGs have z~2.2 and are part of the protocluster associated with MRC1138-262. This corresponds to a star formation rate density 1500 times higher than blank fields at this redshift, concentrated
The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook about galaxies. It contains multiple choice questions about the properties of different types of galaxies like elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and active galaxies. It discusses how Edwin Hubble discovered that more distant galaxies have greater redshifts, indicating the universe is expanding.
Stellar parallax is used to measure the distances of stars. The angle of stellar parallax gets larger as the length of the baseline increases. The size and distance relationship of the Sun and the next nearest star can be modeled using two golf balls separated by 100 km. A star's proper motion is its true motion in space combined with its radial motion towards or away from Earth.
As a result of technological development of the second half of the twentieth century, Astronomy suffers big change in its methods that it makes its appearance of observation science to become also a new experimental science, where they appear numerous branches. The advancement of knowledge in Astronomy enabled to establish conjectures about the origin of the Universe that would have arisen through the Big Bang, to identify the existence of a massive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, the discovery of water on Mars, Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet, the existence of exoplanets similar to Earth outside the solar system and the discovery of matter and dark energy in the Universe.
The document discusses relativity and black holes. It introduces the special theory of relativity, which established that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant. It also discusses the general theory of relativity, which established that gravity results from the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy. The document notes that black holes are predicted by general relativity as regions where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, and are formed by the gravitational collapse of massive stars.
This document provides an introduction to Earth science. It discusses the four main parts of Earth's system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. These parts are interrelated - for example, clear cutting forests can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The document also introduces some key concepts in Earth science, such as uniformitarianism, the scientific process, and the idea that science aims to understand and explain natural events by collecting data and discovering patterns.
This document summarizes a survey of the massive star forming region RCW 57 (NGC 3576) using JHKs and L-band (3.5 μm) infrared data. Over 50% of the sources detected showed infrared excess emission, indicating the presence of circumstellar disks. Comparison to other regions supported a very high initial disk fraction (>80%) around massive stars, though disks may dissipate faster around high-mass stars. 33 sources only detected at L-band indicated heavily embedded, massive Class I protostars. Diffuse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission was also detected throughout the region.
Dark Plasma Theory argues that dark matter is largely in the form of plasmas of exotic particles and that the Earth is sitting inside a Jupiter-sized dark biosphere. It predicts the existence of terrestrial dark plasma life forms which evolved from minimal plasma cell systems within this dark biosphere.
The entities that we have loosely identified as ghosts, angels, jinns, demons, deities (for example the Marian apparitions in the atmosphere), aliens, biological UFOs, fairies and sightings of the recently deceased (on the surface of the Earth) are characteristic of these predicted exotic plasma life forms from interpenetrating dark plasmaspheres or counterpart Earths.
One of the more interesting developments in the Theory after 2006 was the formulation of the Dark Ionization Process. This provided a mechanism for invisible dark plasma life forms to generate ordinary plasma which could be measured by scientific instruments and be visible when certain conditions prevailed.
This booklet is a compilation of articles on Dark Plasma Theory written by Jay Alfred after 2006.
Alfred Lambremont Webre: El Omniverso - La ciencia del multiverso, dimensiones, ETs, almas reincarnacion, vida después de la muerte y Dios
Alfred Lambremont Webre: The Omniverse - The science of the Multiverse, dimensions, ETs, souls, reincarnation, afterlife & God
This document discusses theories of extraterrestrial life over history and current scientific research on the topic. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed the possibility of life on other planets. NASA researchers claim to have found evidence of ancient life in a meteorite from Mars. Scientists also believe Europa and planets discovered by the Kepler satellite could support life as they seem to meet the basic prerequisites of liquid water and sources of energy. While no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found, ongoing studies have made the possibility more plausible.
Ещё шесть радиосигналов неизвестной природы получены из-за пределов нашей гал...Anatol Alizar
This document reports on radio and X-ray observations of FRB 121102, the only known repeating fast radio burst source. Six additional radio bursts from FRB 121102 were detected - five with the Green Bank Telescope at 2 GHz and one with the Arecibo Observatory at 1.4 GHz, bringing the total detected bursts from this source to 17. X-ray observations from Swift and Chandra show at least one possible counterpart, but the probability of chance superposition is high. Radio imaging with the VLA places an upper limit on any continuum emission at the location. The repeating nature of FRB 121102 indicates that at least some FRBs originate from a repeating phenomenon and not a cataclysmic event.
Searching for alien_artifacts_on_the_moonSérgio Sacani
1. The authors propose searching lunar surface photos from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter for signs of extraterrestrial artifacts or technology.
2. Possible artifacts could include probes left to monitor Earth, trash from alien expeditions, or signs of mining or construction activities.
3. The moon is a good target for this search because it is close, signs would be well-preserved over immense timescales, and high-resolution photos are already being taken for other scientific purposes. Systematically analyzing these photos could help widen the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
The harps n-rocky_planet_search_hd219134b_transiting_rocky_planetSérgio Sacani
Usando o espectrógrafo HARPS-N acoplado ao Telescopio Nazionale Galileo no Observatório de Roque de Los Muchachos, nas Ilhas Canárias, os astrônomos descobriram três exoplanetas, classificados como Super-Terras e um gigante gasoso orbitando uma estrela próxima, chamada de HD 219134.
A HD 219134, também conhecida como HR 8832 é uma estrela do tipo anã-K de quinta magnitude, localizada a aproximadamente 21 anos-luz de distância da Terra, na constelação de Cassiopeia.
A estrela é levemente mais fria e menos massiva que o nosso sol. Ela é tão brilhante que pode ser observada a olho nu.
O sistema planetário HD 219134, abriga um planeta gigante gasoso externo e três planetas internos classificados como super-Terras, um dos quais transita em frente à estrela.
Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that cannot be seen but accounts for most of the mass in the universe. It was first hypothesized to explain discrepancies between the observed motions of galaxies and clusters and what was predicted based on the amount of visible matter. Dark matter is thought to make up around 23% of the universe, binding galaxies together through gravity. While dark matter cannot be directly observed, its effects on visible matter provide evidence of its existence. Scientists continue searching for dark matter particles and investigating its nature to better understand how it shapes the universe.
Dark matter is an invisible phenomenon that acts on visible matter through gravity. It accounts for 6 times more mass in the universe than normal matter. Fritz Zwicky discovered evidence of "invisible matter" in galaxies in 1933 while Vera Rubin provided further evidence in the 1970s, though they were initially disregarded. String theory may help explain dark matter through postulated supersymmetric particles. Dark energy is a hypothetical form that permeates space, causing accelerated expansion of the universe, and may account for most of its mass. It produces an opposite effect to gravity. String theory also provides several potential explanations for dark matter through concepts like supersymmetric particles, branes, and extra dimensions.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
This document discusses Zhen Liu's research interests and experience in beyond standard model (BSM) phenomenology. It covers a wide range of topics including Higgs physics, exotic Higgs decays, supersymmetry, dark matter, and potential for new physics through novel on-shell interference effects. Liu has pioneered using these interference effects to probe BSM physics and is working on exotic long-lived particle signatures. Given the need for long-term planning of future experiments, Liu also contributes to studies of physics at potential future colliders like the ILC, CEPC, FCC-ee, and muon collider.
This article aims to present the origin and evolution of Universe, Sun and Earth as well as alternative solutions for the survival of humanity with the end of Earth planet, Sun and Universe.
This article seeks to present the future of the Universe, as well as to point out the measures that lead to the survival of humanity in the face of the numerous threats that may occur at the level of the solar system and the Universe as a whole.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable making claims about the compatibility or incompatibility of religion and science. These are complex topics with reasonable perspectives on both sides.
The document discusses the Fundamental Fury roller coaster. It has a fast hydraulic launch that accelerates riders to over 250 km/h in 5 seconds. The coaster passes close to other sections of track, emphasizing its extreme nature. It is themed after fundamental particles and how violently they interact. The coaster tracks are colored cyan and purple to represent scientific color terms for subatomic particles. Dense evergreen trees surround much of the ride, providing scenery.
Proceedings of a talk given at the American Translators Association's 53rd conference.
Abstract:
Recently, the news outlets were buzzing with excitement about the possible discovery of a new particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC at CERN is not only the world's largest machine and fridge, but also home of the world’s largest international scientific collaborations, with several thousand scientists from over 100 different nations. As such, the underlying science may be of interest to linguists. This paper presents a basic overview over our current knowledge of the universe and aims at explaining the big fuss about the search for the Higgs (also known as the “God particle”) and its possible connection to dark matter. No knowledge of advanced mathematics or physics is required to read this paper. For readers who want to know more, some references and recommendations for further reading are included at the end.
El Británico Roger Penrose por sus desarrollos teóricos sobre agujeros negros. La Estadounidense Andrea Ghez y el Alemán Reinhald Genzel por el hallazgo de un objeto súper masivo y compacto en el centro de nuestra galaxia.
Por:
Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta
Ingeniero Mecánico UdeA.
PhD en Astrofísica.
Tres investigadores han sido galardonados con el premio Nobel de Física de este año por sus descubrimientos sobre estos fenómenos supermasivos. Roger Penrose por demostrar su existencia según la teoría de la relatividad general y Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez por demostrar que los agujeros negros son capaces de interferir en las órbitas de estrellas cercanas.
Los astrónomos Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez se han hecho con el premio Nobel de Física de 2020. El primero de los científicos ha obtenido la mitad del galardón por la demostración fáctica de la existencia de los agujeros negros, siguiendo los preceptos de la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein. Los otros dos investigadores han sido distinguidos por el descubrimiento de un objeto supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea, a unos 26.000 años luz de nuestro planeta.
Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez descubrieron un agujero negro en el centro de la Vía Láctea comprobando la velocidad de las órbitas de sus estrellas circundantes.
“Los descubrimientos de los galardonados de este año han abierto nuevos caminos en el estudio de objetos compactos y supermasivos. Pero estos objetos exóticos todavía plantean muchas preguntas que piden respuestas y plantean nuevos retos de investigación en el futuro, no solo sobre la estructura interna de estos objetos masivos, sino también sobre cómo usar la teoría de la relatividad general en condiciones extremas”, ha declarado David Haviland, presidente del Comité Nobel de Física.
This document provides an overview of astronomy and the scientific method. It discusses:
1) Astronomy as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact, with the goal of organizing our understanding of the universe's history.
2) The scientific method as a process of making observations, developing hypotheses, and testing them through experiments or further observations. Hypotheses must be falsifiable to be scientific.
3) Scientific laws as consistent rules that describe natural phenomena, allowing our understanding to be applied universally throughout the universe. Laws are subject to revision with new evidence.
Five thousand robots on a telescope in Arizona are mapping the universe by collecting data from galaxies to study dark energy. Dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the universe, but its properties are unknown. The robots use fiber optics to collect light from millions of galaxies over time, allowing scientists to map the expansion of the universe and how dark energy has affected it. By observing the redshift and baryon acoustic oscillations of distant galaxies, DESI aims to provide the most detailed 3D map of the universe to date and answer questions about the nature and future of the accelerating expansion caused by dark energy.
Arthur Young developed a philosophy called the "Reflexive Universe" that sought to integrate human consciousness with science. He proposed a model of the universe as a seven-stage process based on a torus topology. In this model, each stage has increasing freedom and asymmetry, from molecules to light. Young believed this model provided a framework for understanding the relationship between parts and the whole of the universe.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
Similar to The cosmic gorilla effect or the problem of undetected non terrestrial intelligent signals (20)
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on EarthSérgio Sacani
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...Sérgio Sacani
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
2. for example, the rate of information transmission produced by specific
transmitter and under specific noise distribution is determined by the
corresponding Shannon–Hartley theorem:
C ¼ B* log2(1 þ S/n),
Where C is the achievable channel capacity, B is the bandwidth, S is the
average signal power, and n the average noise power.
There are currently two common arguments against the existence
of ETI. The evolutionary argument goes back to Alfred Wallace, with
Darwin, the codiscoverer of the principle of natural selection. The
second is the Fermi paradox of Enrico Fermi. Theoretical approaches
in the search for life in the universe have been based on the study of
the physical conditions necessary for the appearance and evolution of
life to the point of intelligent civilizations. In this direction, physical
laws determine the possibilities. Physics has progressed enough during
these years to revise and maybe repostulate some paradigms in the
search for life in the universe and even in the search of other intelli-
gence in the universe. First, the mere conceptualization of extrater-
restrials as a life form coming from the distant parts of our known
universe may be inherently wrong and contains anthropomorphic
considerations that we need to overcome. Second, dismissing our own
neurobiology, psychology, and consciousness factors puts us in the
same wrong direction. During the last years, we have seen a great
progress in the understanding of the structure of our universe. We now
have evidence that the majority of the matter that forms galaxies,
clusters of galaxies, and the largest observed structures in the universe
is nonluminous, or dark. Accurate measurements of the galactic rota-
tion curves and orbital velocities of individual galaxies, de-
terminations of the cluster mass via gravitational lensing, and precise
measurements of the cosmic microwave background fluctuations all
support this hypothesis. Search for WIMPs is now underway; however,
terrestrial direct detection experiments, designed to detect nuclear
recoils from collisions with dark matter particles in the galactic halo,
provide likely our best hope to detect dark matter [9]. The indirect
dark matter detection focuses on rare components in charged cosmic
rays (CRs) [10] as well as in gamma rays, and, more generally, in
multiwavelength photons [11–13]. For the investigation of these
annihilation products, ground-based telescopes, balloon-borne de-
tectors, and space-based experiments are being used. The charged CRs
eventually reach the Earth after diffusing in the galactic magnetic
fields [10]. The prospects of exploring the electroweak scale in the
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have focused the dark matter searches on
the WIMP paradigm in the last few years, and the experimental
community has devoted relatively little effort to explore other possi-
bilities. As with SETI search for radio signals from extraterrestrial
civilizations, the LHC direct searches for WIMP dark matter has no
success to this date. A number of small-scale experiments at the
low-energy, high-intensity frontier, such as haloscopes, helioscopes,
and light-shining-through-a-wall experiments, are actively searching
for these elusive particles [13], complementing searches for physics
beyond the standard model at the high-energy frontier.
Some researchers have theorized that communication from ETI may
show up in the form of communication from another dimension of space
[14]. This would allow ETI to eliminate the problems with radio signal
power loss and attenuation across vast distances of our three spatial di-
mensions. Modern M-theory and string theories have included up to 11
dimensions of space, which might allow for this communication to occur.
In fact, gravity might be weak because it propagates from other di-
mensions of space to ours.
On the one hand, we have the SETI approach; on the other hand, we
have the new physics endeavor of searching for new particles and dark
matter. What if these two scientific research fields were related beyond
our current hypotheses or focus in the topic? What if human factors or
biopsychological aspects are biasing this scientific task?
Dan Simons and Christopher Chabris [15] popularized a phenomenon
of human perception known as “inattentional blindness”. In the best
known version of the experiment, volunteers were told to keep track of
how many times some basketball players tossed a basketball. While they
did this, someone in a gorilla suit walked across the basketball court, in
plain view, yet many of the volunteers failed even to notice the gorilla
(Fig. 1). The invisible gorilla experiment shows that if we are paying very
close attention to one thing, we often miss other things in our field of
vision, even those very obvious. Many current scientific tasks still depend
on human intervention, for example remote sensing image analysis
where it is inevitable, even crucial [16].
We are going to expose in this paper some new research hypotheses
that the SETI research should contemplate in light of the new twenty-first
century physics and cognitive psychology.
Fig. 1. Inattentional blindness experiment.
Image credit: Dr. D.J. Simons [15].
G. G. De la Torre, M.A. Garcia Acta Astronautica 146 (2018) 83–91
84
3. 1.1. Dark matter, ETI and NTI
It is estimated that 13.7 billion years ago, our universe contained 63%
of dark matter instead of the 27% that we can measure today. It is also
understood that dark matter densities appear to vary throughout the
universe. If indeed dark energy is the energy of the quantum vacuum, this
would make the case for the weak anthropic principle. The latter states
that in order for life to exist as we know it in baryonic form, the vacuum
conditions have to allow for it. Areas of the universe with vacuum energy
densities above a critical density, such as the early universe, may be too
harsh for life as we know it to exist. It would stand to reason that life as
we know it would evolve in an intimate relationship with dark matter in
the universe. The local vacuum energy density in the observable universe
must be such that life can take hold.
It is reasonably to think that advanced civilizations ETI or more
precisely non terrestrial intelligence (NTI) will either have mastered dark
matter or possibly be composed of it. A multiverse of a somewhat
different kind has been envisaged within string theory and its higher
dimensional extension, M-theory. These theories require the presence of
10 and 11 spacetime dimensions, respectively. The extra six or seven
dimensions may either be compactified on a very small scale, or our
universe may simply be localized on a dynamical multidimensional ob-
ject such as a D-brane. It is possible that there are other branes that could
support “other universes” [24]. This is unlike the universes in the
“quantum multiverse”; however, both concepts can operate at the same
time. Here we can introduce the possibility of some forms of intelligences
existing in these other dimensions falling in a more accurate terminology
of nonterrestrial intelligence (NTI) rather than traditional ETI nomen-
clature. The term ETI refers to extraterrestrial Intelligence, commonly
associated to civilizations populating other planets or solar systems.
However NTI refers to Non Terrestrial Intelligence in a more eclectic
approach including interdimensional capable civilizations.
1.2. Radio and energy ETI classifications
Radio communication has drastically changed our world, allowing for
light-speed communication across the globe. The assumption up to this
point has been that other advanced species would also use this electro-
magnetic spectrum to communicate. Recently, many scientists have
become alarmed to find that electromagnetic radiation at low levels may
have many detrimental effects on biology [17–19]. If this is the case, then
why would an advanced civilization use this form of communication? In
the best case scenario possible, we may establish contact with another
civilization very similar to us using this method. In the worst case sce-
nario, they could interpret this radio signal as an aggression. For
example, the physical healing of wounds is expedited by sleep and sleep
strengthens the immune system [20]. Radiation may affect sleep quality
[21,22]. Our species evolved to sleep during the night probably to repair
radiation damage among other known reasons. It is reasonable to think
that more advanced civilizations would not use harmful methods of
communication or technology to communicate, and other alternatives
should be contemplated in the search of ETI in the universe. Having been
insisting on the same old methods and ideas for decades now, the current
scientific community seems very oppositional to new views and para-
digms. As a novelty, only a few new insights have been brought forward
such as Active SETI initiative, which in essence is the same SETI scientific
approach but in an opposite direction. Active SETI also has big ethics
inconsistencies and dangers not appropriately addressed to this date by
the scientific community [23].
Known intelligent civilization classifications to this date account for
energy consumption as a key factor. According to these classification
models, the total quantity of energy expended by all mankind per second
at present time is about 4 Â 1019
erg with an increase of 5% every 75
years. Kardashev [25] proposed the first serious although questionable
effort to classify possible ETI civilizations. He proposed three types of
civilizations: Type I civilizations with technological levels close to ours
on Earth with energy consumption at approximately 4 Â 1019
erg/sec;
Type II civilizations capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own
star (stage compatible to the construction of Dyson spheres) and energy
consumption at approximately 4 Â 1033
erg/sec; finally, Type III civili-
zations with energy capacity scale of their own galaxy and a consumption
rate of approximately 4 Â 1044
erg/sec (Table 1).
Carl Sagan [26] suggested defining intermediate values (not consid-
ered in Kardashev's original scale) by interpolating and extrapolating the
values given above for Type I (1016
W), II (1026
W), and III (1036
W)
civilizations, which would result in the formula K-log10P-6/10, where K
is a civilization's Kardashev rating and P is the power it uses in watts.
Further additions to this scale were made with type IV [27] with the
power of controlling the energy output of the entire universe, and type V
of the multiple universes. Moreover, Kaku [28] described a type V civi-
lization with the power of controlling over dark energy. Finally, a slightly
different classification made by Barrow [29] on microdimensional
mastery describes up to seven types of civilizations based on the ability to
manipulate dimensions of matter with the type VII, or the so-called Type
Omega-minus, being able to control the spacetime structure. Barrow
located Earth at the current moment between III and IV of his classifi-
cation. We have discussed above how current search of ETI is clearly
tainted by our own psychological and neurophysiological nature. How-
ever, thinking in much broader schemes may be of help in this scientific
task. According to Kardashev [25] (Table 1), some ETI might have
reached a point of evolution or technological development that will make
them able to create and exploit planetary scale bodies, energy, and, most
surely, dark matter and spacetime, making them look like having some
God quality to our understanding. How will we recognize a Dyson sphere
or an artificial planetary scale megastructure? The only possible answer
to this question is that we expect this sphere or artifact to have certain
artificial characteristics. Artificiality is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as
the quality of being made or produced by human beings rather than
occurring naturally. However, if we look for artificial structures or signs,
our mind can easily get confused when confronted with the unexpected
that left us bewildered (see Fig. 2) until we find an explanation. What if
some artificial megastructure of a Type VI civilization, as it has been
previously mentioned [27], is so natural alike that we cannot detect it?
Moreover, what if the scale of these megastructures makes it difficult for
our limited grey matter wired minds to see them or even understand
them because we only expect radio signals?
The existing classifications are mainly based on energy consumption
and technological variables as we mentioned above. Here, we present a
new classification and try to cover other possible domains or character-
istics of these civilizations. This new classification also represents an
anthropomorphic view of the problem, but we try to cover other domains
in the most eclectic perspective possible to this date. We describe three
basic types of civilizations that represent a gradually increasing
complexity path from 1 to 3. We include a filter or selection barrier
consisting in self-destruction or destruction by natural causes. Only those
successful civilizations surviving this hypernatural selection process will
gain Type 2 and/or Type 3 in the scale. Mankind would fall in the edge
end of Type 1 era at this moment.
Some scientists say we are now in the Anthropocene Era [30] in
which human activities impact Earth's conditions in a remarkable way.
However, we should question if some of those human effects are not
Table 1
Kardashev scale.
Order of magnitude of power available
Type 1 %4 Â 1019
erg/sec (4 Â 1012
W)
Almost current Earth level
Type 2 %4 Â 1033
erg/sec (4 Â 1026
W)
Entire star energy radiation output
Type 3 %4 Â 1044
erg/sec (4 Â 1037
W)
Entire galaxy energy radiation output
G. G. De la Torre, M.A. Garcia Acta Astronautica 146 (2018) 83–91
85
4. overestimated and cosmic events underestimated. Type 1 civilizations or
prefilter would depend much on the natural environment for survival and
biological evolution, although manipulation of the environmental vari-
ables could be present to a different degree. The enhancement of species
in the form of machines, artificial intelligence, and some basic genetic
modifications could give them a glimpse of ulterior levels of development
and survival. However, the lack of global cosmic consciousness [23]
maturity can make them too fragile and unaware of global threats. These
types of civilizations would clearly be ephemeral. Only those surpassing
the annihilation of a hypernatural selection filter could get into the long
lasting and advanced Type 2 and 3 civilization stages. Annihilation
processes for Type 1 civilizations can be cyclical since the disappearance
of civilizations does not necessarily mean the annihilation of life on a
planet (Table 2). Type 2 civilizations can be cosmic survivalists, colo-
nizers, and explorers able to manipulate physics and biology to a great
extent, while Type 3 civilizations would go deep into the unknown of our
reasoning capacity with certain godlike characteristics such as multidi-
mensional travel and dark matter/dark energy mastery capabilities.
Searching through radio telescopes will probably limit our success to
Type 1 civilizations.
2. Methods
In order to test the hypotheses of cognitive processing style influence
on the search of NTI we performed an experiment consisting in a simple
spatial search task. 137 participants were tested. Demographics of the
sample can be seen in Table 3. The task consisted of looking at aerial
pictures, some of them contained artificial structures manmade and
others were natural. In one of the naturalistic pictures (10 Â 15 cm) we
inserted an image of man in a gorilla costume but reduced on size for this
purpose to a 3 mm scaled version (see Fig. 3).
Prior to the Gorilla task, participants had to respond to a question-
naire composed of two sections. First section consisted of the Cognitive
Reflection Test (CRT) and the second part consisted of a short ques-
tionnaire extracted from the IF65 [23]. PAQ-15 short questionnaire
consisted on 15 questions in total that need to be answered within a
Likert scale. Participants voluntary performed the CRT, PAQ-15 and the
search task with 4 aerial view pictures. They were not previously
Fig. 2. a) Bright Spots in Ceres. Occator crater. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. b) Square or Cube inside an isosceles triangle (right to the main bright formation). Detail
image was only augmented not processed.
Source Image: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA20350_fig1.jpg
Table 2
5 Factors Classification of Civilizations. Age is included only for reference in years but it is not considered a factor itself.
TYPE 1
EPHEMERAL
FACTORS
BIOLOGY LONGEVITY PSYCHOSOCIAL ENERGY/TECHNOLOGY REACH AGE
EVOLUTION SOCIAL/LOCAL
’10,000
SEXUAL EPHEMERAL EMOTIONAL NUCLEAR
DIVERSE VULNERABLE RELIGIOUS A. I./ROBOTIC HOME STAR
BASIC GENETIC
MANIPULATION
PRE-GLOBAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
SELF-HARMFUL
Self/Natural Annihilation Filter Hypernatural Selection
TYPE 2
SURVIVALIST/
EXPLORERS
POST-EVOLUTION LONG SOCIAL/GLOBAL CYBERNETICS SPACE
SECTOR
’50,000
ADVANCED GENETIC
MANIPULATION
VULNERABLE SURVIVALIST/EXPLORER GRAVITY CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTALIST QUANTUM ENERGY GALAXY
SPACE/TIME MANIPULATION
TYPE 3
DARK
EXOTIC UNLIMITED CREATIONIST DARK MATTER/ENERGY
CONTROL
UNLIMITED
>100,000
GODLIKE MULTIDIMENSIONAL MULTIVERSE
VIRTUAL/HOLOGRAPHIC
G. G. De la Torre, M.A. Garcia Acta Astronautica 146 (2018) 83–91
86
5. informed on the nature of the tasks to avoid excessive alert disposition
towards the attentional task.
2.1. CRT
The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT [37]; is designed to measure the
tendency to override a prepotent response alternative that is incorrect
and to engage in further reflection that leads to the correct response. The
CRT appears to also implicate thinking dispositions—particularly those
related to reflectivity, the tendency to engage in fully disjunctive
reasoning, and the tendency to seek alternative solutions.
Taken from Ref. [37]; this test is composed of three questions, as
follows:
(a) A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs a dollar more
than the ball. How much does the ball cost? ____ cents
(b) If it takes 5 machines 5 min to make 5 widgets, how long would it
take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? ____ min
(c) In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles
in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake,
how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? ____
days
The correct responses for the three questions are 5 cents, 5 min and 47
days. What characterizes these problems is that a quick, intuitive answer
springs to mind, but that this quick answer is incorrect. The key to
deriving the correct solution is to suppress and/or evaluate the first so-
lution that springs to mind [37]. However it is interesting to note that
under a decision making perspective and according to Frederick original
postulates, people with higher CRT scores are more conservative in a risk
taking task. In Frederick's study they were more willing to accept a sure
loss to avoid playing a gamble with lower (more negative) expected
value.
According to [37]; there are two general types of cognitive activity
called “system 1” and “system 2.” System 1 corresponds to quick answer
without reflection, while system 2 requires conscious thought and effort.
The three questions of the test have an obvious but incorrect response
given by system 1. The correct response requires the activation of system
2.
Based on CRT characteristics we may think that higher CRT scores
(system 2) should correlate with high probability of detecting the gorilla
in the picture as an initial hypotheses.
2.2. Perception and attention questionnaire (PAQ-15)
Participants responded to a questionnaire of 11 questions taken from
original questionnaire used before by Ref. [23]. This questionnaire
contained items about attention and awareness in daily life activities,
organizational skills, Maths skills, Astronomy knowledge, interests in
Nature and habits such watching TV and empathy. The 4 additional items
Table 3
Demographic data of the sample. Field of Study: 1: Sciences, 2: Health Sciences, 3: Social Sciences, 4: Humanities, 5: Engineering, 6: Other.
Age Sex Education Field of Study
18–25 26–35 36–45 >45 male female Univ. High School 1 2 3 4 5 6
N 113 14 7 3 30 107 120 17 7 59 40 4 12 15
% 82.5 10.2 5.1 2.2 21.9 78.1 87.6 12.4 5.1 43.1 29.2 2.9 8.8 10.9
Fig. 3. Aerial image example used in the study with gorilla marked by red square.
G. G. De la Torre, M.A. Garcia Acta Astronautica 146 (2018) 83–91
87
6. about belief in ufos, dark matter awareness, religion beliefs and belief in
life in the universe were also added ad hoc for this study.
3. Results
We wanted to see which system 1 or 2 in CRT determined the success
in the gorilla detection. Our initial hypotheses stated that system 2 would
be the successful one. We proposed to study this using Binary logistic
regression procedure and look into possible role of the other variables as
well. Descriptive cross-tab analysis was performed to look into significant
differences between PAQ-15 questionnaire variables and Gorilla detec-
tion. Finally we did a multidimensional scaling (PROXSCAL) to see how
all variables organized together and to have a better understanding in a
graphical view.
24.8% (34) participants scored as System 1 cognitive profile on CRT
while 75.2% (103) fell in system 2 category. Only 32.8% (45 of the 137)
participants identified the gorilla in the picture (16 out of 34 in system 1
and 29 out of 103 in system 2). Chi Square test was performed to see if
there were differences between both systems of CRT cognitive styles and
the detection of the gorilla. The CRT cognitive styles significantly
differed in the ability of detecting the gorilla (C2
(1, N ¼ 137) ¼ 4.141,
p ¼ .036). Curiously for the rest of variables (PAQ-15) only organiza-
tional skills resulted statistically significant but in the same direction
than CRT results. Those with higher scores in organizational skills item
failed more in the gorilla detection. Organizational skills showed sig-
nificant difference score (C2
(4, N ¼ 137) ¼ 10.009, p < .040).
In order to determine the prediction value of the CRT cognitive styles
in regard of the gorilla detection variable and the PAQ-15 questionnaire
items a logistic regression was calculated. Previously, collinearity was
tested using Pearson's correlation matrix for all indices of the question-
naire with negative result (Table 4). The logistic regression model was
statistically significant, X2
(1) ¼ 15.454, p < .001. The model explained
the 80% (Nagelkerke R2
) of the variance and correctly classified 67.9% of
the cases (Tables 5 and 6).
In order to see how the different variables used in the PAQ-15
questionnaire grouped in around the gorilla detection variable in a
more visual manner we performed a multidimensional scaling (PROXS-
CAL) representation. Multidimensional scaling attempts to find the
structure in a set of proximity measures between objects. This process is
performed by assigning obtained values to specific locations in a con-
ceptual low-dimensional space such that the distances between points in
the space match the given (dis)similarities as closely as possible. In this
exploratory analysis we observed how dark matter, life in universe fol-
lowed by religious beliefs and ufos appeared closer in space to the gorilla
in comparison to Maths, attention or organizational skills (Fig. 4).
4. Discussion
Grey matter represents a major component of the central nervous
system, consisting mainly of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil, and glial
cells. Grey matter serves to process information in the brain. Recent
studies have posited that the universe may grow like a giant brain (cos-
mic network), pointing to some similarities between cosmos organization
and our own brain structure [31]. Nevertheless, we can be sure that our
understanding of the cosmos depends on our brain nature, physiology,
and finally our mind and consciousness.
If we decide to look for signals of ETI or more precisely NTI, we have
to analyze different factors regarding not only the technology to be used
and the types of messages or signs themselves; however, most impor-
tantly, the human and nonhuman psychobiological participating vari-
ables. We have focused most of the research to this date on the
technological factors, but not that much on the latter factors. Current
silence from other NTI can be caused by different factors, including (1)
wrong technological approaches, (2) our own unawareness because of
intrinsic human limitations such as cognition, social aspects, and biology,
(3) ETI or NTI nature and intentions. It has been exposed [23] how
different psychobiological, cultural, and technological aspects may in-
fluence and modulate our efforts in the search for ETI or NTI signs.
All current efforts in the search for ETI signals or signs forget to ac-
count for our own factors, this is, how we perform the task, what our
expectations are, how we think about it and perceive our environmental
clues, what we pay attention to, and most importantly what conscious-
ness levels we have achieved as a species to understand this big leap in
human evolution. Human attention is very limited because our percep-
tion capabilities are limited to a narrow band of the electromagnetic
spectrum and we know that our brain builds our own version of reality.
Some of our technology made it possible to widen that spectrum band;
however, that does not mean we found the responses we were looking
for. Frontal lobes in the brain are responsible for executive functions and
decision making, but they are also very important in attention and ac-
tions. In all conscious events, even those involving very primitive ele-
ments, at least some attentional resources are necessary.
When people perform a selective looking or searching task by
devoting attention to some aspects of a display while ignoring others,
they often fail to notice unexpected information in the display. This
phenomenon was studied in the 1970s by Ulric Neisser [32,33], now
named “inattentional blindness” [15,34] and became very popular
thanks to the gorilla experiment described before.
Familiarity with the task and the presence of a “gorilla” actually de-
creases the likelihood of noticing other events in the same scene. This
trend is consistent with the phenomenon of “satisfaction of search”—-
people are less likely to search for additional targets once they have
found their original target—but extends it to the previously untested
domain of inattentional blindness and the detection of unexpected ob-
jects. In summary, looking for an expected unexpected event has an
unexpected effect on the detection of other unexpected events [35].
In a very surprising re-edition of this experiment with expert ob-
servers or searchers, several radiologists were asked to look at some lung
images in search for possible pathological nodules. The average volume
of the lung nodules was 153 mm3
. A gorilla image was inserted in these
lung images without telling the radiologists about it. The gorilla was
more than 48 times the size of the average nodule in the images. Less
than half of the radiologists detected the Gorilla but had a very high rate
of success detecting the pathological nodules [36]. Detection of aberrant
structures in the lung would be a standard component of the radiologists'
task, and they were not looking for gorillas.
Our experiment showed similar results but surprisingly those we ex-
pected in our original hypotheses to better perform in the task showed
instead lower success. Those more reflexive and with higher CRT scores
missed the gorilla more frequently than those considered system 1 or
more impulsive/intuitive individuals. This same trend was observed with
organizational skills. Multidimensional scaled exploratory analysis also
showed interesting results grouping variables related to relevant aspects
of Space research together with religion and grouped apart from other
cognitive, quantitative or emotional variables. This may have a much
deeper meaning in our opinion. Scientific work is characterized by ana-
lytic, methodical modus operandi. However it seems that being centered
in a determined search task, e.g. searching for radio signals of extrater-
restrial origin, may blind us from other possibilities. We may even miss
the gorilla in the task. The question here is how many gorillas we may
have already missed in our search for ETI or NTI signs? The current fixed
approach in the search of radio signals may have contributed to the lack
of success or to inattentional blindness (cosmic gorilla effect) on the
search for ETI or possible NTI.
New advances in physics demand new conceptualizations of what we
need to look for and open-mindedness to new possibilities in the search.
This does not exclude that other civilizations may be using radio tech-
nology and that SETI may have success. This could apply to other Type 1
civilizations based on our three types and five dimensions classification.
However, it is more reasonable to think that advance intelligence, for
example, a Type 2 civilization would not be consequently beaming po-
tential harmful radiation to connect or contact other civilizations given
G. G. De la Torre, M.A. Garcia Acta Astronautica 146 (2018) 83–91
88
8. the case that they wanted to establish any form of direct contact. Type 2
and 3 civilizations will use different methods to establish contact if
desired, and in these cases radio technology is not only harmful but also
meaningless. However, this situation gives rise to a new question as to
how much willingness our scientists searching for ETI or life in the uni-
verse have for other possibilities. The fact is that system 1 people
detected more frequently the gorilla and this may make us think about it.
5. Conclusions
We have seen several ETI classifications in the last years. However, all
of them are based on excessive anthropomorphic considerations such as
energy consumption, visible matter, human technology or moral
behavior. We consider these classifications as a short-range approach to
the problem. Most probably, advanced civilizations will dominate dark
matter and be multidimensional. Among the reasons for silence from
these civilizations nowadays, we can mention an array of factors
including 1) wrong technological approaches in our side, (2) human/
brain/consciousness factor (3) ETI or NTI nature and intentions. It could
be also possible according to our classification that not many civilizations
survive Type 1, making it more difficult to find Type 2 and 3 civilizations.
In the search for NTI, more attention needs to be paid to observer's
variables (human factors) including information processing, physiology,
consciousness and psychology to monitor possible human errors and
biases. Fixed searching approach or too analytical human logic approach
may be wrong in the search of NTI. Scientific community in the field
should evaluate currents methods employed in the search of ETI and
bring other possibilities/technological approaches into analysis to test its
feasibility in light of other NTI possibilities. This task depends more in
metacognitive aspects (consciousness) than pure cognitive analytical
skills.
By evaluating current methodology and how our biopsychological
nature may interfere with it, we will be doing a beneficial metacognitive
analysis transcending current dominant epistemological ties.
Disclosure statement
The author received no financial support for this study.
Acknowledgments
We want to thank Dr. Simons for kindly sharing the original Gorilla
image. We also want to thank Stewart Simonson for his insight and vision
on dark matter and new physics. He did help much on the dark matter
section of this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.02.036.
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