The document presents strategies for humanity's survival in the face of the universe's end, discussing the fate and expansion of the universe as affected by dark energy and dark matter. It explores the concept of the multiverse and the possibility of parallel universes as potential refuges, alongside the importance of developing a unified field theory to explain fundamental physical phenomena. Ultimately, further research into these cosmological issues is deemed essential for humanity's continued existence and technological advancement.

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HOW TO SAVE HUMANITY WITH THE END OF THE UNIVERSE
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the
end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the
existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final
theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important
questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its
survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
Researching the fate of our Universe is an important issue to study because the future of
the Universe is still unknown, as it depends critically on the curvature index k and the
cosmological constant Λ. If the Universe were sufficiently dense, k would be equal to +1,
which means that its average curvature would be positive and the Universe would
eventually contract, possibly starting a new Universe. On the other hand, if the Universe
were insufficiently dense, k would be equal to 0 or -1 and the Universe would expand
forever, cooling and finally freezing in total darkness with its thermal death [1].
There are controversies about the future of the Universe because in the 1990s, two
independent teams of astrophysicists discovered that the expansion of the Universe was
not slowing down, but accelerating. Something must be overcoming the force of gravity,
which would be a consequence of the "dark energy" that has not been detected until now
and the current cosmological theory cannot explain it. In addition to dark energy, the
existence of dark matter was found to be as invisible as dark energy. The perception is
that dark matter attracts and dark energy repels, that is, dark matter is used to explain a
greater than expected gravitational attraction, while dark energy is used to explain a
negative gravitational attraction. On the issue of energy and dark matter, there is the new
fact discovered by a team of cosmologists in the United Kingdom and Italy that space
may become emptier because dark matter may be slowly switching to dark energy. This
process could be responsible for slowing the growth of galaxies and other large-scale
structures in the Universe over the past eight billion years. If the conversion continues at
the current pace, the universe's ultimate destination as a cold, dark and empty place could
come sooner than expected. If it continues at its current rate, the entire Universe will have
declined in dark energy in about 100 billion years. If dark energy is growing and dark
matter is evaporating, we will end up with a big, empty space in the Universe with almost
nothing in it [2].
Recent data suggest that the expansion rate of the Universe is not decreasing, as initially
expected, but increasing. If this rate of expansion continues indefinitely, the Universe
could expand so much that even atoms that form planets and galaxies will start to
disintegrate, generating the biggest apocalypse of all [5]. In-depth research needs to be
carried out to determine which of these scenarios is most likely to occur to assess their
consequences for humanity and to devise escape strategies for parallel universes.
Figure 1 shows the evolution of the Universe from its birth with the Big Bang to its end
with the Big Rip.
Figure 1 shows the evolution of the Universe from its birth with the Big Bang to its end
with the Big Rip.

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Figure 1- From birth to the end of the Universe
Source: https://br.pinterest.com/pin/772578511049323169/
Researching whether or not there is a multiverse or parallel universes is an important issue
to study because whether or not there is a multiverse or parallel universes opens up the
possibility for human beings to survive the end of our Universe by moving to other
parallel universes. Multiverse is a term used to describe the hypothetical set of possible
universes, including the Universe in which we live. Together, these universes comprise
everything that exists: the totality of space, time, matter, energy and the laws and physical
constants that describe them. The concept of Multiverse has its roots in extrapolations,
until now unscientific, of modern Cosmology and Quantum Physics, and also
encompasses several ideas from the Theory of Relativity in order to configure a scenario
in which it may be possible the existence of innumerable universes where, on a global
scale, all probabilities and combinations occur in any of the universes. Simply because
there is enough space to couple other universes in a larger dimensional structure: the so-
called Multiverse [3].
The universes would be, in an analogy, similar to bubbles floating in a larger space
capable of housing them. Some would even be interconnected with black holes that are
cosmic objects whose gravitational attraction is so intense that nothing that penetrates its
perimeter - not even light - can escape or wormholes that are purely hypothetical shortcuts
between two distant points in the cosmos. That is, it is a tunnel, not a well. A black hole
could act as the entrance to a wormhole. The idea that we live in a 'multiverse' composed
of an infinite number of parallel universes has, for many years, been considered a
scientific possibility. The challenge is to find a way to test this theory. Figure 2 would
depict the parallel universes.

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Figure 2- Parallel universes
Source: https://www.epochtimes.com.br/multiplas-dimensoes-supercordas-mundos-paralelos/
Stephen Hawking left a legacy full of studies and theories that will serve for many other
discoveries. One of the ideas that he went into, by the way, was the concept that there are
many other universes besides that we live with galaxies, stars and planets completely
unknown. Although there is no evidence that these supposed parallel universes really
exist, Hawking had been working with Thomas Hertog to prove that it is possible to
observe the cosmos and find evidence for these mysterious places. After Hawking's death,
Hertog remains researching the most profound questions in the Universe at the Institute
of Theoretical Physics at the University of Leuven, Belgium. According to Hertog,
finding evidence of the Big Bang would add an additional layer to the idea that this type
of event is responsible for creating other universes - a reality that would momentarily
alter people's understanding of space and themselves [4]. In-depth research needs to be
carried out to determine whether or not there are multiverses or parallel universes to
which humanity would head with the end of the Universe in which we live.
The development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the unified field
theory, is another important issue to study because it would try to explain and connect in
a single theoretical structure all physical phenomena joining the quantum mechanics and
the theory of general relativity in one only theoretical and mathematical treatment. Until
his death in 1955, Albert Einstein looked for a geometric formulation that not only
explained electromagnetic phenomena, but also unified them with gravitation and was
unable to do so. A unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism treats gravitational
and electromagnetic phenomena as the manifestation of a single force, or more precisely,
of a single field, the unified field. Field is a spatial manifestation of the presence of a
certain source. The idea of unification is fundamental in physics. The power or
effectiveness of a theory can be measured by the number of diverse phenomena it can
explain. Newton unified the physics of celestial gravitational phenomena with that of
terrestrial gravitational phenomena. In the 19th century, Faraday, Maxwell and others
showed that electrical and magnetic phenomena can be described together by the
electromagnetic field.

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In physics, a unified field theory would allow all the fundamental forces between
elementary particles to be described in terms of a single field. There is still no accepted
unified field theory, and this subject remains an open field for research. The unified field
theory is a term coined by Albert Einstein who tried to unify the theory of general
relativity with electromagnetism. The force of gravity has not yet been successfully
included in a final theory or theory of everything. Attempts to combine graviton with
strong and electroweak interactions lead to fundamental difficulties. Modern physics has
two basic scientific laws: quantum physics and general relativity. These two scientific
laws represent radically different fields of study, because while quantum physics studies
the small objects of nature, relativity studies nature on the scale of planets, galaxies and
the Universe as a whole. The problem arises when it is necessary to combine the two
theories, for example, to explain the behavior of black holes or the Big Bang, as they end
up diverging. Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a consistent theory that
combines general relativity with quantum mechanics. The incompatibility between the
two theories remains a problem of first order in the field of Physics. Some theoretical
physicists now believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may need other
theoretical frameworks in addition to field theory, such as String Theory or Quantum
Geometry [5].
Although Einstein failed in his mission to formulate the theory of the unified field, his
influence remains alive today. The idea of unification of forces is one of the most popular
among theoretical physicists worldwide. Two other forces are added to electromagnetism
and gravitation, which manifest themselves only at subatomic distances, which are the
strong and weak nuclear forces. These four forces describe, in principle, all observed
phenomena, from microscopic to macroscopic scales. Therefore, the "Theory of
Everything" would unify the four fundamental forces in just one, the unified force. This
unification manifests itself only at extremely high energies, much higher than we can test
in today's laboratories. Behind the physical reality, only visible at very high energies,
there is another reality, in which everything is the manifestation of a unified field.
Einstein spent part of his life developing his Unified Field Theory, which would be a
model capable of explaining the 4 fundamental forces of nature: gravitational force (the
mutual attraction between bodies due to their masses), electromagnetic force (the
attraction or repulsion between bodies due to their electrical charges and / or their
magnetization), weak nuclear force (force responsible for the emission of electrons in
some radioactive substances developed between the leptons, whose particles are electrons
and neutrinos, and hadrons whose particles are protons, neutrons and pions) and strong
nuclear force (force that maintains nuclear cohesion and the union between quarks that
are elementary constituents of protons and neutrons). Now, scientists have continued
Einstein's work and the result is string theory.
String theory is an attempt to unify the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the 4
fundamental forces of nature, which is why it is known as the Theory of Everything. It is
seen by physicists as the main theory that can explain the entire Universe, from the
emergence of the Big Bang to the possible end of the Universe. According to string
theory, quarks (protons + neutrons) would be formed by small strands of energy that could
be compared to small vibrant strings in which the entire Universe would be formed by
these small strings, which according to their length and vibration, define the
characteristics of each particle and explain the great diversity of universes or multiverse
that does not consider our Universe as unique and that more than one universe emerged

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during the Big Bang. Some scientists claim that there can be an almost infinite number of
parallel universes, each with its own physical laws [6].
Conducting research to elucidate these cosmological issues is very important, but the
main one concerns the final theory or theory of everything or unified field theory because
based on your knowledge it would collaborate in the sense that science provides the
conditions for humanity to do in the face of threats to their survival in outer space and,
above all, collaborate to point out ways for humanity to survive and escape to parallel
universes. Completing a theory of everything would make it possible to verify the
consequences of using advanced technologies for the benefit of humanity. Success in
elucidating these cosmological issues will provide the conditions for scientific and
technological advancement that are essential for the survival of humanity as a species.
REFERENCES
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website <http://www.universoracionalista.org/a-energia-escura-esta-comendo-a-
materia-escura/>, 2014.
3. WIKIPEDIA. Multiverso (ciência). Disponível no website
<https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverso_(ci%C3%AAncia)>.
4. PINHEIRO, Jessica. O multiverso é real? Entenda sobre um dos últimos estudos de
Stephen Hawking. Disponível no website <https://canaltech.com.br/ciencia/o-
multiverso-e-real-entenda-sobre-um-dos-ultimos-estudos-de-stephen-hawking-
110280/>, 2018.
5. WIKIPEDIA. Teoria do campo unificado. Disponível no website
<https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_do_campo_unificado>.
6. KAKU, Michio. Mundos paralelos. Rio: Editora Rocco Ltda, 2005.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento
(Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos
Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic
and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft &
Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e
Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os
Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia
no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua

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convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro
para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).