El Británico Roger Penrose por sus desarrollos teóricos sobre agujeros negros. La Estadounidense Andrea Ghez y el Alemán Reinhald Genzel por el hallazgo de un objeto súper masivo y compacto en el centro de nuestra galaxia. Por: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta Ingeniero Mecánico UdeA. PhD en Astrofísica. Tres investigadores han sido galardonados con el premio Nobel de Física de este año por sus descubrimientos sobre estos fenómenos supermasivos. Roger Penrose por demostrar su existencia según la teoría de la relatividad general y Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez por demostrar que los agujeros negros son capaces de interferir en las órbitas de estrellas cercanas. Los astrónomos Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez se han hecho con el premio Nobel de Física de 2020. El primero de los científicos ha obtenido la mitad del galardón por la demostración fáctica de la existencia de los agujeros negros, siguiendo los preceptos de la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein. Los otros dos investigadores han sido distinguidos por el descubrimiento de un objeto supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea, a unos 26.000 años luz de nuestro planeta. Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez descubrieron un agujero negro en el centro de la Vía Láctea comprobando la velocidad de las órbitas de sus estrellas circundantes. “Los descubrimientos de los galardonados de este año han abierto nuevos caminos en el estudio de objetos compactos y supermasivos. Pero estos objetos exóticos todavía plantean muchas preguntas que piden respuestas y plantean nuevos retos de investigación en el futuro, no solo sobre la estructura interna de estos objetos masivos, sino también sobre cómo usar la teoría de la relatividad general en condiciones extremas”, ha declarado David Haviland, presidente del Comité Nobel de Física.

1. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
2020
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 with
one half to Roger Penrose “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the
general theory of relativity" and the other half jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez "for the
discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy".
By: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (PhD Astrophysics)

2. FIRST TIME HJMC MET PROF. ROGER PENROSE
DURING THIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

4. THE ACTUAL SPACETIME DEFORMATION BY MASS/ENERGY
Profs. Andrew Wiles, Stephen W. Hawking, Roger Penrose
(R.I.P.)
In the heydays of the mid-20th century, physicists took the concept of the field — which was absolutely old-hat to
the mathematicians — and went to town with it. Physicists realized that fields aren't just handy mathematical
gimmicks — they actually describe something super-fundamental about the inner workings of reality. They
discovered, basically, that everything in the universe is really a field.

5. Theorists’ Idea of Black Hole From
The General Theory of Relativity
Radio-Picture of Gal. M87
Core by EHT Coll. (2019)
Evolution of Gravitational
Collapse

6. REVIEW ON THE
GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Dynamical Orbital Decay of
Binary PSR J0737-3039
Final Stage Like GW150914

7. From the viewpoint of someone significantly far from the gravitational
source, watching from outside (a Schwarzschild observer) !!
SPEED OF LIGHT IN A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
AND RELATED GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT

8. Astrophysical Models of Accreting Black Holes
Three-dimensional, fully relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
(3-D GRMHD) computer simulations

9. IMAGERY OF
BLACK HOLE
FROM A
DISTANT
OBSERVER
Light-Cones Skewed by BH Gravity

10. Weird ‘Gravitational Molecules’ Could Orbit Black
Holes Like Electrons “Swirling” Around Nuclei in Atoms
https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/8L5KuvkMHAXXK6jgqZbe4H-1024-80.gif
Black holes are notable for many
things, especially their simplicity.
They're just … holes. That are
"black." This simplicity allows us
to draw surprising parallels
between black holes and other
branches of physics. For example,
a team of researchers has shown
that a special kind of particle can
exist around a pair of black holes
in a similar way as an electron can
exist around a pair of hydrogen
atoms — the first example of a
"gravitational molecule." This
strange object may give us hints to
the identity of dark matter and
the ultimate nature of space-time.

11. Roger Penrose – Andrea Ghez – Reinhard Genzel
Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

12. Sgr A* at Center of Milky Way

13. What Ghez / Genzel Groups Actually Observe
Sgr A* and Stars Orbits
Orbital Precession
Star S2

14. ORBIT PRECESSION AT PERI-PRIMARY STAR
GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY’S EFFECT

15. ORBITAL PRECESSION AT PERI-ASTER
"Einstein's general relativity predicts that bound
orbits of one object around another are not closed,
as in Newtonian gravity, but precess forward in the
plane of motion. This famous effect — first seen in
the orbit of the planet Mercury around the sun —
was the first evidence in favor of general
relativity“. Study co-author Reinhard Genzel.

16. Einstein’s General Relativity Rules:
Unprecedented Gravitational Redshift Test
What Pound/Rebka Experiment Indicates

17. Measurement of Gravitational Redshift
Sgr A* S2 Star
Orbit

18. Penrose–Hawking Singularity Theorems
• The Penrose–Hawking singularity
theorems are a set of results in
General Relativity that attempt to
answer the question:
• When gravitation produces
singularities ?
• Penrose would go on to win the 2020 Nobel
Prize in Physics “for the discovery that black
hole formation is a robust prediction of the
general theory of relativity."
• A singularity in solutions of the Einstein
field equations is one of two things:
1. A situation where matter is forced to
be compressed to a point (a space-like
singularity)
2. A situation where certain light rays
pretend to escape from a region with
infinite curvature (a time-like
singularity).
3. A singularity is also a place that objects
or light rays can reach in a finite time,
where the curvature becomes infinite,
or space-time stops being a manifold.
4. Singularities require a modification of
the Laws of Physics.
The Word “Black Hole” Appears In The Theorems?

19. Weak and Strong Cosmic Censorship Hypotheses
Closed Future Surface Exists: “A Black Hole Horizon”
- Roger Penrose -
The weak and the strong cosmic censorship
hypotheses are two conjectures concerned
with the global geometry of spacetimes.
The weak cosmic censorship hypothesis
asserts there can be no singularity visible
from future null infinity. In other words,
singularities need to be hidden from an
observer at infinity by the event horizon of
a black hole.
Mathematically, the conjecture states that,
for generic initial data, the maximal Cauchy
development possesses a complete future
null infinity.
The strong cosmic censorship hypothesis
asserts that, generically, general relativity is
a deterministic theory, in the same sense
that classical mechanics is a deterministic
theory.
In other words, the classical fate of all
observers should be predictable from the
initial data. (i.e. How It Evolves – with time!)
Example: When one solves a problem in
Newtonian Dynamics: x = X0 , t = T0 (Initial
Conditions !) … The Future of such system is
perfectly defined !!

20. Conformal Cyclic
Cosmology (CCC):
Roger Penrose
• CCC is a cosmological model in the framework of GTR
• In CCC, the universe iterates through infinite cycles, with
the future timelike infinity of each previous iteration being
identified with the Big Bang singularity of the next cosmos.
(Discuss the role of entropy in this process !!:
• Is Correct Penrose !?) … I am afraid, he is not !!
• Penrose popularized this theory in his 2010 book Cycles
of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe
Relativistic
Cosmology
Explains This CMB
Map and Lots
More Observed
Phenomena in the
Universe
It Was About CCC That Penrose Spoke After
The News On The Nobel Prize

21. Penrose’s Further Contributions to Physics
TWISTORS SPINORS

22. Pilot Wave Theory Does Not Comply with
Nonlocal Nature of Quantum World
How Can Gravitational Field Affect The Collapse
Of The Wave Function !?
R. Penrose Has An Idea !!

23. If Something Can Be Expressed Mathematically Right,
Can It Be Done Physically?

24. If Something Can Be Expressed Mathematically Right,
Can It Be Done Physically?
CLEARLY NOT !!!
• The whole theory of infinite sets
(Georg Cantor's theorem: There are
sets having cardinality greater than
the infinite cardinality of the set of
natural numbers) is mathematically
consistent.
• But our observable universe -- the
set of objects and regions that we
can see, detect and measure --- is
finite.
• Therefore, within Cosmos, an infinite
set of things is not realizable.
SOLUTIONS OF EINSTEINS’S EQUATIONS ARE MATH./LY CORRECT, - e.g. EINSTEIN’S
UNIVERSE !- BUT NOT FOR THAT THE DESCRIBED OBJECTS ARE REALIZED IN NATURE !!!
• In geometry, a point is dimensionless, you can
zoom in as much as you want, but to explore our
physical space-time microscopically you need to
use wavelengths of smaller and smaller particles,
that implies increasing their energy.
• In fact with the most powerful particle accelerators
we have only gotten to explore things on the order
of 10-19 [m]. GWs Observatories (LIGO): 10-21 [cm] !!
• We assume that towards the Planck scale ℓP =
√(ℏG/c3) ≈10−35 [m] (Quantum Gravity), the very
structure of space-time ceases to make sense and it
would not be possible to continue using the zoom.

25. Prof. Remo Ruffini - Dir. ICRANet/Italy

26. Remember: Einstein
Did Not Admit Singular
Objects in GR !!
What Stephen Hawking Really Meant When He Said
There Are No Black Holes - A decades-old paradox
returns

27. HJMC Views on The Formation of Astrophysical Black Holes
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217732310033633

28. //http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269314002871
HJMC Views on The Formation of Astrophysical Black Holes

29. HJMC Views on The Formation of Astrophysical Black Holes
//http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.67.087702

30. “BH” as Boson Star
“BH” as Dark QGP Star
CURRENT STATUS OF BLACK HOLE IDEA
General Relativity + Field Theory + Nonlinear Electrodynamics

31. --- THAT’S ALL FOLKS !! ---
THANK YOU, ALL !!
END END END
28/12/2019 by Herman J Mosquera Cuesta (PhD Astrophysics) 31