John Sweller's cognitive load theory focuses on the limitations of working memory during instruction. It describes three types of cognitive load - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane - that instructional design should seek to manage. The goal is to reduce extraneous load and increase germane load in order to not overwhelm working memory and optimize learning. Technology can help apply this theory by integrating multiple information sources and providing worked examples, but instructors must avoid distracting elements that increase extraneous load.
This document provides an overview of Cognitive Load Theory for instructional designers. It discusses the theory's focus on optimizing learner's intellectual performance given the limitations of working memory. It describes three types of cognitive load - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Key researchers who developed the theory such as John Sweller and Jeroen van Meriënboer are mentioned, as well as their contributions. Guidelines for Instructional Model Design (IMD) derived from the theory are presented, including examples of goal specificity, worked examples, and completion tasks. References for further information are provided at the end.
This document summarizes key concepts from cognitive load theory (CLT), including:
1) CLT relates to how working memory processes information and how instructional designs can impose cognitive load.
2) There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. The goal is to minimize extraneous load while maximizing germane load.
3) Many studies on CLT effects have methodological limitations and its constructs have conceptual problems, lacking direct measures of cognitive load. More research is still needed to validate and expand CLT.
This document discusses principles of effective presentation design based on cognitive science research. It covers several cognitive load theories and effects, including split-attention effect, modality effect, redundancy effect, and imagination effect. It also discusses design principles for visual hierarchy, use of white space, and use of grids. The overall aim is to design presentations that minimize extraneous cognitive load and maximize learning for audiences.
John Sweller is an Australian psychologist who developed the Cognitive Load Theory. The theory focuses on the limitations of working memory during instruction. There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Intrinsic load cannot be altered but extraneous load and germane load can vary inversely. Instructional designers should limit extraneous load and promote germane load to encourage schema formation.
The cognitive learning theory views learners as information processors similar to computers. It argues that thinking, memory, and problem-solving should be explored by opening the "black box" of the mind. Key people who developed cognitive learning theory include Gagne, Bloom, Paivio, and Gardner. Under this theory, teachers highlight important ideas and help students connect new information to prior knowledge. Students learn by actively participating and relating new ideas to existing schemas or mental frameworks.
The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
A brief history of call (computer assistedYessenian
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) began in the 1950s using large mainframe computers for language learning, primarily teaching English and Russian. In the 1970s-1980s, computers classified as mainframes, mini-computers, and microcomputers started being used for language learning. Notable early projects included the PLATO system and the Athena Language Learning Project in the 1980s. Computers and CALL programs have continued advancing to improve language learning.
Connectivism -Learning in the digital ageJose Silva
Connectivism is a learning theory proposed by George Siemens that is suited for the digital age. It asserts that learning occurs through connections within networks, and that knowledge resides in diversity of opinions from specialized nodes. The ability to see connections and navigate complex information landscapes is more important than what is currently known. Seven broad trends including increased individualism and connectivity, immediacy, and blurring of physical and virtual worlds shape the need for connectivist learning principles like anchoring information, filtering, evaluating, and developing pattern recognition skills.
This document provides an overview of Cognitive Load Theory for instructional designers. It discusses the theory's focus on optimizing learner's intellectual performance given the limitations of working memory. It describes three types of cognitive load - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Key researchers who developed the theory such as John Sweller and Jeroen van Meriënboer are mentioned, as well as their contributions. Guidelines for Instructional Model Design (IMD) derived from the theory are presented, including examples of goal specificity, worked examples, and completion tasks. References for further information are provided at the end.
This document summarizes key concepts from cognitive load theory (CLT), including:
1) CLT relates to how working memory processes information and how instructional designs can impose cognitive load.
2) There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. The goal is to minimize extraneous load while maximizing germane load.
3) Many studies on CLT effects have methodological limitations and its constructs have conceptual problems, lacking direct measures of cognitive load. More research is still needed to validate and expand CLT.
This document discusses principles of effective presentation design based on cognitive science research. It covers several cognitive load theories and effects, including split-attention effect, modality effect, redundancy effect, and imagination effect. It also discusses design principles for visual hierarchy, use of white space, and use of grids. The overall aim is to design presentations that minimize extraneous cognitive load and maximize learning for audiences.
John Sweller is an Australian psychologist who developed the Cognitive Load Theory. The theory focuses on the limitations of working memory during instruction. There are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Intrinsic load cannot be altered but extraneous load and germane load can vary inversely. Instructional designers should limit extraneous load and promote germane load to encourage schema formation.
The cognitive learning theory views learners as information processors similar to computers. It argues that thinking, memory, and problem-solving should be explored by opening the "black box" of the mind. Key people who developed cognitive learning theory include Gagne, Bloom, Paivio, and Gardner. Under this theory, teachers highlight important ideas and help students connect new information to prior knowledge. Students learn by actively participating and relating new ideas to existing schemas or mental frameworks.
The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
A brief history of call (computer assistedYessenian
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) began in the 1950s using large mainframe computers for language learning, primarily teaching English and Russian. In the 1970s-1980s, computers classified as mainframes, mini-computers, and microcomputers started being used for language learning. Notable early projects included the PLATO system and the Athena Language Learning Project in the 1980s. Computers and CALL programs have continued advancing to improve language learning.
Connectivism -Learning in the digital ageJose Silva
Connectivism is a learning theory proposed by George Siemens that is suited for the digital age. It asserts that learning occurs through connections within networks, and that knowledge resides in diversity of opinions from specialized nodes. The ability to see connections and navigate complex information landscapes is more important than what is currently known. Seven broad trends including increased individualism and connectivity, immediacy, and blurring of physical and virtual worlds shape the need for connectivist learning principles like anchoring information, filtering, evaluating, and developing pattern recognition skills.
Cognitivism is a learning theory based on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving. It focuses on exploring the "black box" of the human mind to understand how people learn. Key contributors include Paivio, Gagne, Gardner, and Bloom. The cognitive theory views learning as a change in a learner's mental schemas or representations. Classroom implications for teachers include integrating multiple teaching methods, relating new concepts to prior knowledge, and assessing changes in student cognition. For students, it means demonstrating learning through a variety of higher-order thinking skills and relating new ideas to existing knowledge structures.
steps in children acquiring a languageEmine Özkurt
This document summarizes the key stages of language development in children. It discusses four main perspectives on how language is acquired: learning, nativist, interactionist, and cognitive. Children progress through prelinguistic, one-word, telegraphic speech, and early grammar stages from ages 0-5. Piaget's theory of cognitive development also explains language acquisition through its sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. The critical period hypothesis suggests there is an ideal time window for acquiring language skills.
Presentation by Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
November 20, 2015
EDDE 803: Teaching and Learning in Distance Education
Doctorate of Education in Distance Education
The document discusses the universal features of language that are common across all human languages. It gives examples of four key features:
1. Rules are always structure dependent, not based on linear order or position. Questions are formed by changing the order of subject and predicate, not by reversing the last two words.
2. Nearly all languages have agreement rules where aspects of words must match, like number or gender.
3. All languages incorporate sound pattern rules called phonological rules.
4. Recursion, where linguistic units can be embedded inside other units in a branching pattern, is a property of all languages. Phrases can be embedded in other phrases.
These four features, especially structure dependence
Project based learning is a teaching method that uses real-world problems or challenges as the starting point for inquiry. It is characterized by students making decisions about the project framework, designing processes to solve problems or address challenges, and collaboratively accessing and managing information. The teacher plans learning strategies and assesses students in a transparent manner using various assessments, while students conduct research, learn new concepts, manage their time, take ownership of their work, and apply their learning through action. Benefits of project based learning include students becoming more creative and active learners and forming positive relationships within a powerful learning community focused on achievement.
Noam Chomsky proposed the nativist theory of language acquisition, which argues that children are born with an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that contains universal grammar. The LAD allows children to intuitively learn the rules of any human language when exposed to it. Chomsky's theory helped explain how children are able to acquire complex linguistic knowledge from limited environmental input.
Cognitive learning theory focuses on how people think and process information. Key aspects include that learning is an active process where learners construct their own understanding, and that mental processes like observing and categorizing are important. Theorists discussed include Piaget, who identified stages of cognitive development, Bruner, who described modes of thinking, and Ausubel, who emphasized meaningful learning by relating new concepts to prior knowledge. The theory emphasizes giving learners opportunities to actively engage with and make sense of new information.
Cognitive theory views thinking, remembering, and decision making as underlying behaviors. It was created in reaction to behaviorism to acknowledge the role of thinking in behavior. Key theorists include Allan Paivio, who proposed dual coding theory of verbal and visual processing, Robert Gagne, who identified learning categories and principles of instruction, and Howard Gardner, who proposed multiple intelligences. The cognitive theory emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding rather than passively receiving information.
Information processing theory focuses on internal mental processes like how the mind takes in, processes, stores, and retrieves information. There are three main stages: sensory memory, working (short-term) memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly takes in stimuli while working memory holds around 5-9 chunks of data and loses information within 5-20 seconds if not used. Long-term memory stores both explicit knowledge we are consciously aware of and implicit knowledge like routines. Memories are stored through network and schema theories and can be forgotten through encoding failure, storage decay, or retrieval failure. Individual differences exist in how age, gender, and strategies affect information processing. Teachers can help learning by planning for attention, keeping students engaged
The document summarizes John Sweller's Cognitive Load Theory. It describes the three types of cognitive load - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane - and explains how instructional design can reduce extraneous load and promote germane load. By managing cognitive load effectively, learning can be optimized to not overload a student's working memory. The theory emphasizes designing instruction that efficiently uses limited cognitive resources.
Approaches To Learner Autonomy In Language LearningErin Lowry
The document discusses approaches to fostering learner autonomy in language learning. It defines learner autonomy as students taking responsibility for their own learning rather than relying on teachers. Characteristics of autonomous learners include taking an active approach and willingness to revise hypotheses. The document outlines various versions and attributes of autonomy and recommends that teachers act as facilitators by encouraging student decision-making, awareness of learning styles, and development of learning strategies. It provides examples of how to support autonomy through self-access resources, technology, classroom activities, curriculum, and teacher professional development.
Dyslexia awareness and teaching strategies knStarryArgenta
This document discusses dyslexia and strategies to support students with dyslexia in the classroom. It defines dyslexia and explains how difficulties may manifest, such as with phonological processing, reading fluency, spelling, and directionality. The document provides examples of indicators a teacher may see in students' classroom work and describes useful teaching strategies like pre-teaching vocabulary, using visual aids, allowing extra time, and breaking tasks into smaller steps. Memory, organization, and technology strategies are also outlined.
The document discusses Bruner's scaffolding theory of education. It explains that scaffolding involves a teacher modeling problem-solving processes and providing support to students as needed to help them develop skills and independence. Key aspects of scaffolding include simplifying tasks, marking critical features, and demonstrating ideal versions of tasks. Scaffolding is important for language learning as it helps make input comprehensible through techniques like negotiation of meaning and collaborative work among students. Visual aids are also an effective form of scaffolding for ESL students. Overall, the document outlines Bruner's theory of scaffolding as an instructional strategy and its relevance for second language acquisition.
This document discusses learner errors and error analysis in second language acquisition. It notes that making mistakes is a natural part of the learning process. Error analysis examines learner errors to understand how language is acquired and what strategies learners employ. The study of errors can help teachers and researchers. The document outlines the process of error analysis, including collecting language samples, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining error sources, and evaluating error seriousness. It discusses different error types and taxonomies. While error analysis provided insights, its methods were limited; however, it made important contributions to the field of SLA.
Implicit & Explicit learning, knowledge and instructionaghchay
This document discusses the distinction between implicit and explicit learning and knowledge in second language acquisition. It provides definitions and perspectives from various cognitive psychologists and SLA researchers. Implicit learning occurs unconsciously without attention to rules, resulting in intuitive knowledge, while explicit learning involves conscious memorization of rules and facts. Implicit knowledge guides automatic behaviors while explicit knowledge requires controlled processing. SLA research has found that explicit learning and knowledge are generally more effective for L2 mastery than implicit learning alone.
The document discusses cognitive factors that influence success in second language learning. It identifies three key cognitive factors: intelligence, language aptitude, and language learning strategies. Intelligence refers to mental abilities measured by IQ tests, and may play a stronger role in rule-based language learning than communicative learning. Language aptitude comprises an individual's ability to identify sounds, understand word functions, deduce rules, and memorize words - it is one of the strongest indicators of success. Effective language learners employ helpful strategies like planning, monitoring, and rehearsal. Teachers can support students' development by understanding these cognitive factors and tailoring their instruction accordingly.
Technology integration in English Language TeachingHalil Kayaduman
This document discusses technology integration in English language teaching. It defines transparent technologies as those commonly used like pens and boards, and emerging technologies as newer digital tools. The benefits of technology in education include improved effectiveness, efficiency, costs and pace of learning. It also enhances teacher performance and student motivation, engagement, higher-order thinking skills and collaboration. The document introduces Web 2.0 technologies like wikis that allow collaborative knowledge construction and reflection. It provides an overview of the Wikispaces Classroom platform for online collaborative writing and its benefits for teaching and learning.
This document discusses bilingualism and language acquisition in children. It defines bilingualism as the ability to use two or more languages. Child bilinguals are those who learn two languages from birth, such as from parents who speak different native languages. Bilingualism in children can be simultaneous, learning both languages from birth, or successive, learning a second language after already learning the first. Factors that can lead to child bilingualism include being born into a bilingual family, acquiring a second language at school, or intentional planning by parents to raise their child bilingually. While some debate the effects of bilingualism, it may provide benefits like improved cognitive awareness.
Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who studied how children's cognitive abilities develop. He identified 4 stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (birth to age 2), preoperational (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (ages 11 and up). Each stage is characterized by developing new cognitive abilities through the processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration as the child adapts to their environment. Piaget's theory provides insights into how children's thinking evolves as they mature.
This document discusses three key aspects of multimedia learning: cognitive theory, multimedia principles, and cognitive load theory. It summarizes Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning, which proposes that people have separate auditory and visual channels for processing information that have limited capacity, and that learning is an active process. It then overviews 11 principles of effective multimedia instruction. Finally, it outlines cognitive load theory and how intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive loads can impact working memory during learning.
Cognitivism is a learning theory based on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving. It focuses on exploring the "black box" of the human mind to understand how people learn. Key contributors include Paivio, Gagne, Gardner, and Bloom. The cognitive theory views learning as a change in a learner's mental schemas or representations. Classroom implications for teachers include integrating multiple teaching methods, relating new concepts to prior knowledge, and assessing changes in student cognition. For students, it means demonstrating learning through a variety of higher-order thinking skills and relating new ideas to existing knowledge structures.
steps in children acquiring a languageEmine Özkurt
This document summarizes the key stages of language development in children. It discusses four main perspectives on how language is acquired: learning, nativist, interactionist, and cognitive. Children progress through prelinguistic, one-word, telegraphic speech, and early grammar stages from ages 0-5. Piaget's theory of cognitive development also explains language acquisition through its sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. The critical period hypothesis suggests there is an ideal time window for acquiring language skills.
Presentation by Rosemarri Klamn, MAPC, CHRP
November 20, 2015
EDDE 803: Teaching and Learning in Distance Education
Doctorate of Education in Distance Education
The document discusses the universal features of language that are common across all human languages. It gives examples of four key features:
1. Rules are always structure dependent, not based on linear order or position. Questions are formed by changing the order of subject and predicate, not by reversing the last two words.
2. Nearly all languages have agreement rules where aspects of words must match, like number or gender.
3. All languages incorporate sound pattern rules called phonological rules.
4. Recursion, where linguistic units can be embedded inside other units in a branching pattern, is a property of all languages. Phrases can be embedded in other phrases.
These four features, especially structure dependence
Project based learning is a teaching method that uses real-world problems or challenges as the starting point for inquiry. It is characterized by students making decisions about the project framework, designing processes to solve problems or address challenges, and collaboratively accessing and managing information. The teacher plans learning strategies and assesses students in a transparent manner using various assessments, while students conduct research, learn new concepts, manage their time, take ownership of their work, and apply their learning through action. Benefits of project based learning include students becoming more creative and active learners and forming positive relationships within a powerful learning community focused on achievement.
Noam Chomsky proposed the nativist theory of language acquisition, which argues that children are born with an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that contains universal grammar. The LAD allows children to intuitively learn the rules of any human language when exposed to it. Chomsky's theory helped explain how children are able to acquire complex linguistic knowledge from limited environmental input.
Cognitive learning theory focuses on how people think and process information. Key aspects include that learning is an active process where learners construct their own understanding, and that mental processes like observing and categorizing are important. Theorists discussed include Piaget, who identified stages of cognitive development, Bruner, who described modes of thinking, and Ausubel, who emphasized meaningful learning by relating new concepts to prior knowledge. The theory emphasizes giving learners opportunities to actively engage with and make sense of new information.
Cognitive theory views thinking, remembering, and decision making as underlying behaviors. It was created in reaction to behaviorism to acknowledge the role of thinking in behavior. Key theorists include Allan Paivio, who proposed dual coding theory of verbal and visual processing, Robert Gagne, who identified learning categories and principles of instruction, and Howard Gardner, who proposed multiple intelligences. The cognitive theory emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding rather than passively receiving information.
Information processing theory focuses on internal mental processes like how the mind takes in, processes, stores, and retrieves information. There are three main stages: sensory memory, working (short-term) memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly takes in stimuli while working memory holds around 5-9 chunks of data and loses information within 5-20 seconds if not used. Long-term memory stores both explicit knowledge we are consciously aware of and implicit knowledge like routines. Memories are stored through network and schema theories and can be forgotten through encoding failure, storage decay, or retrieval failure. Individual differences exist in how age, gender, and strategies affect information processing. Teachers can help learning by planning for attention, keeping students engaged
The document summarizes John Sweller's Cognitive Load Theory. It describes the three types of cognitive load - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane - and explains how instructional design can reduce extraneous load and promote germane load. By managing cognitive load effectively, learning can be optimized to not overload a student's working memory. The theory emphasizes designing instruction that efficiently uses limited cognitive resources.
Approaches To Learner Autonomy In Language LearningErin Lowry
The document discusses approaches to fostering learner autonomy in language learning. It defines learner autonomy as students taking responsibility for their own learning rather than relying on teachers. Characteristics of autonomous learners include taking an active approach and willingness to revise hypotheses. The document outlines various versions and attributes of autonomy and recommends that teachers act as facilitators by encouraging student decision-making, awareness of learning styles, and development of learning strategies. It provides examples of how to support autonomy through self-access resources, technology, classroom activities, curriculum, and teacher professional development.
Dyslexia awareness and teaching strategies knStarryArgenta
This document discusses dyslexia and strategies to support students with dyslexia in the classroom. It defines dyslexia and explains how difficulties may manifest, such as with phonological processing, reading fluency, spelling, and directionality. The document provides examples of indicators a teacher may see in students' classroom work and describes useful teaching strategies like pre-teaching vocabulary, using visual aids, allowing extra time, and breaking tasks into smaller steps. Memory, organization, and technology strategies are also outlined.
The document discusses Bruner's scaffolding theory of education. It explains that scaffolding involves a teacher modeling problem-solving processes and providing support to students as needed to help them develop skills and independence. Key aspects of scaffolding include simplifying tasks, marking critical features, and demonstrating ideal versions of tasks. Scaffolding is important for language learning as it helps make input comprehensible through techniques like negotiation of meaning and collaborative work among students. Visual aids are also an effective form of scaffolding for ESL students. Overall, the document outlines Bruner's theory of scaffolding as an instructional strategy and its relevance for second language acquisition.
This document discusses learner errors and error analysis in second language acquisition. It notes that making mistakes is a natural part of the learning process. Error analysis examines learner errors to understand how language is acquired and what strategies learners employ. The study of errors can help teachers and researchers. The document outlines the process of error analysis, including collecting language samples, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining error sources, and evaluating error seriousness. It discusses different error types and taxonomies. While error analysis provided insights, its methods were limited; however, it made important contributions to the field of SLA.
Implicit & Explicit learning, knowledge and instructionaghchay
This document discusses the distinction between implicit and explicit learning and knowledge in second language acquisition. It provides definitions and perspectives from various cognitive psychologists and SLA researchers. Implicit learning occurs unconsciously without attention to rules, resulting in intuitive knowledge, while explicit learning involves conscious memorization of rules and facts. Implicit knowledge guides automatic behaviors while explicit knowledge requires controlled processing. SLA research has found that explicit learning and knowledge are generally more effective for L2 mastery than implicit learning alone.
The document discusses cognitive factors that influence success in second language learning. It identifies three key cognitive factors: intelligence, language aptitude, and language learning strategies. Intelligence refers to mental abilities measured by IQ tests, and may play a stronger role in rule-based language learning than communicative learning. Language aptitude comprises an individual's ability to identify sounds, understand word functions, deduce rules, and memorize words - it is one of the strongest indicators of success. Effective language learners employ helpful strategies like planning, monitoring, and rehearsal. Teachers can support students' development by understanding these cognitive factors and tailoring their instruction accordingly.
Technology integration in English Language TeachingHalil Kayaduman
This document discusses technology integration in English language teaching. It defines transparent technologies as those commonly used like pens and boards, and emerging technologies as newer digital tools. The benefits of technology in education include improved effectiveness, efficiency, costs and pace of learning. It also enhances teacher performance and student motivation, engagement, higher-order thinking skills and collaboration. The document introduces Web 2.0 technologies like wikis that allow collaborative knowledge construction and reflection. It provides an overview of the Wikispaces Classroom platform for online collaborative writing and its benefits for teaching and learning.
This document discusses bilingualism and language acquisition in children. It defines bilingualism as the ability to use two or more languages. Child bilinguals are those who learn two languages from birth, such as from parents who speak different native languages. Bilingualism in children can be simultaneous, learning both languages from birth, or successive, learning a second language after already learning the first. Factors that can lead to child bilingualism include being born into a bilingual family, acquiring a second language at school, or intentional planning by parents to raise their child bilingually. While some debate the effects of bilingualism, it may provide benefits like improved cognitive awareness.
Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who studied how children's cognitive abilities develop. He identified 4 stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (birth to age 2), preoperational (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (ages 11 and up). Each stage is characterized by developing new cognitive abilities through the processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration as the child adapts to their environment. Piaget's theory provides insights into how children's thinking evolves as they mature.
This document discusses three key aspects of multimedia learning: cognitive theory, multimedia principles, and cognitive load theory. It summarizes Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning, which proposes that people have separate auditory and visual channels for processing information that have limited capacity, and that learning is an active process. It then overviews 11 principles of effective multimedia instruction. Finally, it outlines cognitive load theory and how intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive loads can impact working memory during learning.
Cognitive load theory proposes that the human brain has limited working memory but unlimited long-term memory. It aims to develop instructional techniques that fit within the constraints of working memory to maximize learning. The theory supports explicit models of instruction where teachers clearly demonstrate skills rather than having students discover information. It posits that knowledge is stored in long-term memory as schemas that organize information and reduce cognitive load by acting as single elements in working memory despite complexity. Developing schemas allows combining of elements into higher-order schemas in a way that bypasses working memory limits and automates information processing.
This document discusses cognitive load theory and cognitive load management. It explains that cognitive load has three types - intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load. The summary aims to minimize extraneous load, manage intrinsic load, and maximize germane load. Extraneous load can be reduced through logical presentation of information. Intrinsic load can be managed through scaffolding and segmenting information. Germane load can be increased through self-explanation, variability, imagination, and explanation effects. The document provides examples of techniques for each load type and concludes that managing cognitive load is important for effective teaching and learning.
Designing for Change: Mash-Up Personal Learning EnvironmentseLearning Papers
Authors:Fridolin Wild, Felix Mödritscher, Steinn E. Sigurdarson.
Institutions for formal education and most work places are equipped today with at least some kind of tools that bring together people and content artefacts in learning activities to support them in constructing and processing information and knowledge. For almost half a century, science and practice have been discussing models on how to bring personalisation through digital means to these environments.
The document discusses cognitive load theory and cognitive flexibility theory as they relate to e-learning. It explains that cognitive load theory is concerned with the relationship between the difficulty of content and a learner's ability to learn. It notes that learning is optimal when the cognitive load is aligned with human cognitive architecture. The document also describes the three types of cognitive load and how instructional designers can use this framework. Finally, it introduces cognitive flexibility theory, which focuses on advanced knowledge acquisition through representing concepts in multiple linked ways to promote flexible understanding across different contexts.
Teachers following a constructivist theory must first gauge students' prior knowledge and then use scaffolding techniques like asking questions and leading activities to help students extend their understanding. This involves carefully orchestrating clues and building upon students' existing knowledge. Constructivism also lends itself well to technology integration, as students can use their prior technology skills to complete online assignments and projects, working with peers to continue developing their skills.
The document discusses the benefits of having a classroom website, including reducing the need for teachers to repeat instructions, allowing students to access assignments when absent, and providing more time for teachers to facilitate learning rather than handle organizational tasks. It also notes that websites provide universal access, are easy for users of all experience levels to navigate, and can include engaging interactive content suited to different learning styles.
The document describes 10 models for integrating curriculum in K-12 education. The models range from teaching individual subjects separately (the fragmented model) to fully integrating subjects around themes (the integrated model). The 10 models include: fragmented, connected, nested, sequenced, shared, webbed, threaded, integrated, immersed, and networked. They provide teachers with a continuum of options for designing curriculums that help students make connections across different subject areas.
Published Articles - Implementation of Non-linearity and interactivity in e-L...Vidyasagar Abburi
The document discusses the implementation of non-linearity and interactivity in an e-learning portal called Wonder Whiz Kids (WWK). It describes how WWK uses concept mapping, flash animations, quizzes, games and simulations to create an interactive learning environment. Key features include content structuring based on concepts, visualization of concepts through flash animations, self-assessment quizzes, topic-based games for reinforcement and interactive simulations to allow hands-on learning without risks of real experiments. The goal is to make learning engaging and help students better understand concepts through a non-linear interactive approach.
23 rote learning and explanation based.docjdinfo444
Rote learning involves memorizing facts or procedures through repetition without necessarily understanding the underlying concepts or principles. It is a basic form of learning that is useful for memorizing things like multiplication tables but does not promote higher-level thinking. Rote learning lays the foundation for more advanced learning by allowing students to access memorized information when focusing on complex topics, but it should not replace activities that develop critical thinking skills. Explanation-based learning uses a domain theory and examples to form general concepts. It generates explanations for examples and generalizes those explanations to improve its ability to solve problems in that domain.
Name: Yasir Almutlaq
Learning, Cognition, and Memory 3rd Reading
Big Ideas
Enduring Understandings (Mega-Ideas):
a) Much of human learning involves a process of actively constructing--not passively absorbing--knowledge.
b) Knowledge about the brain is helpful, but there are many misconceptions.
c) Human memory is complex, multifaceted information-processing system that is, to a considerable degree, under learners' control.
d) Human memory is fallible. Learners don't remember everything they learn, and sometimes they misremember what they've learned.
e) Effective teachers help students mentally process new information and skills in ways that facilitate long-term memory.
Why may learners may or may not remember what they’ve learned?
What helps people to remember? What prevents people from remembering?
What is context?
Define and give an example retrieval cues:
What is reconstruction?
Define reconstruction error.
Define retrieval failure.
Define decay.
When and how have you experienced reconstruction error?
When and how have you experienced retrieval error?
When how have you experienced memory decay?
1. Long -term memory is not necessarily forever.
How easily something is recalled depends on how it was initially learned. Remembering depends on the context. If they connected it with something else in long term memory.
The parts of written or spoken statement that precede or follow specific word or passage usually influencing its meaning or effect.
Retrieval cues clearly help learners recall what they have previously learned. For example, songs and smells.
Somethings people retrieve only certain of something they have previously learned. In such situations they may construct their memory of an event by combining the tidbits they can recall with their general knowledge and assumptions about the world.
Inability to locate information that currently exists in long-term memory.
Gradual weakening of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently or not at all.
Try to remember spelling by remembering vocabulary and how it is spelled to help me.
When I forget my exam coming up.
When I tried to remember what I learned in math class for 3 years ago.
Summarize what you learned from this section:
I learned that remembering depends on how easily something is recalled depends on how it was initially learned. Remembering depends on the context. Memory is very interesting thing to learn about. I like the idea that when I listen to a song I remember an event or person and that’s very true and happened with all the people.
How can teachers (and students) promote effective cognitive processes (thinking)?
What are important things we should remember about memory?
How can a teacher grab and hold students’ attention?
Why should a teacher grab and hold students’ attention?
What is meant by the limited capacity of working memory ?
Why should a teacher remember students’ have ...
This document outlines a lesson plan for a technology-integrated project on clouds for a first grade classroom. It includes sections on analyzing learners, justifying the use of technology, stating objectives, selecting methods and materials, utilizing media, required learner participation, evaluation, and reflection. The lesson involves students completing a webquest individually where they will create a song, story, or work of art describing three cloud characteristics. The teacher will introduce the content, demonstrate the webquest, assist students as they work, and have students present their projects. Students will be evaluated using a rubric and informal assessment of their presentations.
This document discusses four types of IT-based projects that can engage students in higher-level thinking: 1) resource-based projects where students research topics independently beyond textbooks; 2) simple creation projects where students create their own software or materials; 3) guided hypermedia projects where students create multimedia presentations or simulations; and 4) web-based projects where students create websites. The projects are meant to develop skills like analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information rather than just memorizing facts. They position the teacher as a facilitator rather than information provider and emphasize the process of learning over just the final product.
Advanced Sociological and Psychological Foundation-Cognitive Load Theory.pdfKimberlyJoyPanaga1
The document discusses Cognitive Load Theory, which deals with how the human brain processes and stores information. According to CLT, the best learning occurs when instruction aligns with cognitive capacity. CLT is based on theories of working memory and long-term memory. Cognitive load refers to the amount of information working memory can hold. Instruction should avoid overloading working memory and optimize intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive loads. CLT can guide instructional design and content presentation to enhance learning.
The document discusses Cognitive Load Theory, which examines the total amount of mental effort used in working memory. It was developed in the 1980s by educational psychologist John Sweller based on George Miller's research on information processing. Cognitive Load Theory examines how instruction can be designed based on an understanding of human cognitive architecture and limitations. The document outlines the key concepts of schema, working memory, and the three types of cognitive load. It also discusses the contributions of researchers like Richard Mayer, Frank Nguyen, Ruth Clark, Paul Ayers, and Slava Kalyuga to Cognitive Load Theory and its applications in instructional design.
Cognitive apprenticeship is an instructional model that employs modeling, coaching, and fading like a traditional apprenticeship but focuses on cognitive skills rather than physical skills. It is based on a six pillar model of modeling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, and exploration. Cognitive apprenticeship emphasizes situated learning by creating environments that mimic real-world situations and sequencing skills from general to specific with increasing complexity and diversity of strategies. It has applications for teaching reciprocal reading, writing through contrasting novice and expert models, and mathematical problem solving based on expertise.
Schema Learning Theory Comparative OrganizerAli Serrioz
Schema theory proposes that learning occurs as learners add new information to existing cognitive frameworks called schemata. Key factors that influence learning according to schema theory are prior knowledge and how meaningfully instructional content is organized and presented. Effective instruction activates relevant prior knowledge and makes connections between new and existing information clear. The role of the learner is to build upon and modify schemata to incorporate new knowledge, while the instructor structures content and activities to facilitate these processes. Schema theory explains learning that involves building upon previous understanding and can apply to a wide range of topics.
Powerpoint describing the process of change teachers need to be aware of as they start to integrate IWB in their classrooms. Also includes examples of how to use the IWB as a digital hub.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
The cognitive load theory
1. “A theory that focuses the load on working
memory during instruction.”
John Sweller
The Cognitive Load Theory
SD, MC, SY, RS
2. Overview
John Sweller’s paper, “Implications of Cognitive
Load Theory for Multimedia Learning” describes the
human cognitive architecture, and the need to apply
sound instructional design principles based on our
knowledge of the brain and memory. Sweller first
describes the different types of memory, and how
both are interrelated, because schemas held in long-
term memory, acting as a “central executive”,
directly affect the manner in which information is
synthesized in working memory. Sweller then explains
that in the absence of schemas, instructional
guidance must provide a substitute for learners to
develop either own schemas.
Source: http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive-load-theory-of-multimedia-learning-sweller.html
3. The Theory…
Sweller discusses, in his view, three types of cognitive load:
Diagram: http://www.southalabama.edu/oll/mobile/theory_workbook/cognitive_load_theory.htm
• extraneous cognitive load
• intrinsic cognitive load
•germane cognitive load
4. Intrinsic Cognitive Load
First described by Chandler and
Sweller, intrinsic cognitive load is
the idea that all instruction has an
inherent difficulty associated with it
(for instance, calculating 5+5). This
inherent difficulty may not be altered
by an instructor. However many schemas
may be broken into individual
“subschemas” and taught in isolation,
to be later brought back together and
described as a combined whole.
Source: http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive-load-theory-of-multimedia-learning-sweller.html
5. Intrinsic Cognitive Load
Intrinsic load is the “thinking” part of
cognitive learning theory.
For example, if one were learning the
mechanics of 2+2 for the first time, one
would have to think about the combination
of two items with another two items.
Essentially, one would have two items, then
another item (3) and then another item (4).
The amount of “thinking” or “intrinsic
load” affects the learning capacity.
Another key component is the way in which
the material is presented.
Source :http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/chipperfield/index.htm
6. Extraneous Cognitive Load
Extraneous cognitive load, by contrast, is under the control
of instructional designers. This form of cognitive load is
generated by the manner in which information is presented
to learners (i.e., the design). To illustrate an example of
extraneous cognitive load, assume there are at least two
possible ways to describe a geometric shape like a triangle.
An instructor could describe a triangle verbally, but to show
a diagram of a triangle is much better because the learner
does not have to deal with extraneous, unnecessary
information.
Source: http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive-load-theory-of-multimedia-learning-sweller.html
7. Extraneous Cognitive Load
Extraneous cognitive load is the “materials” part of cognitive learning theory.
Imagine that a teacher asks a student to turn to page 54 in her book, locate section
2.1 and solve problem 3. However, when the student turns to that page in the book,
it looks like the following:
This will present some unnecessary extraneous cognitive load.
Source :http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/chipperfield/index.htm
8. Extraneous Cognitive Load
Due to lack of images on the previous page, the student will be bombarded with
extraneous cognitive load. However, the student would be under much less load
with a page similar to this:
Source :http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/chipperfield/index.htm
9. Germane Cognitive Load
Germane load is a third kind of
cognitive load which is encouraged to
be promoted. Germane load is the load
dedicated to the processing,
construction and automation of schemas.
While intrinsic load is generally
thought to be immutable, instructional
designers can manipulate extraneous and
germane load. It is suggested that they
limit extraneous load and promote
germane load.
Source: http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive-load-theory-of-multimedia-learning-sweller.html
10. Germane Cognitive Load
• Germane load is the load used in
forming new schemas.
• Think back to our example of 2+2 for a
moment. As an adult, we do not have to
think about have two items, then adding
another, then adding another. We
already know that 2+2=4.
• We use this knowledge to solve high
level problems. For example, one could
quickly tell me that 1,001,242 + 2 =
1,001,244
• These rules do not change. These areSource :http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/chipperfield/index.htm
12. Implications
Working memory is extremely limited.
Long term memory is essentially
unlimited.
The process of learning requires
working memory to be actively engaged
in the comprehension (and processing)
of instructional material to encode to-
be-learned information into long term
memory.
If the resources of working memory are
exceeded then learning will be
http://www.southalabama.edu/oll/mobile/theory_workbook/cognitive_load_theory.htm
13. Classroom Implications
The goal of the instructor should be to reduce extraneous
cognitive load and increase germane cognitive load.
Instructors can accomplish this in a variety of ways:
A. Change problem solving methods to avoid means-ends
approaches that impose a heavy working memory load by
using goal-free problems or worked examples.
B.Physically integrate multiple sources of information
whenever possible to eliminate the need for learners to
have to mentally integrate that information which
increases the load on working memory.
C.Reduce redundancy and repetitive information whenever
possible so that the load on working memory is lessened.
D.Use auditory and visual information under conditions where
both sources of information are essential (i.e. non-
redundant) to understanding. This helps increase the
capacity of working memory.
http://www.southalabama.edu/oll/mobile/theory_workbook/cognitive_load_theory.htm
14. Additional Implications...
… Especially with
textbooks!
• Because a textbook page is all text it
takes more time finding the first problem.
• A students eyes have to refer back to the
example on the previous page, if that’s
the case.
• The student is feels worried because of
the time limit on the assignment. They
want to go out with their friends tonight
and do not want to have to do homework or
stay late after school.
• The student wishes that the two students
in front of them would stop whispering and
they silently swear at the squeaky desk.11/23/10
15. Technological Application
The Cognitive Load Theory can be implemented into
the technologically-enabled classroom in many ways.
PowerPoints are a great way to provide graphics and
text together, while computer activities can provide
worked examples and practice.
16. A Teacher Technological Application
The Cognitive Load Theory can be implemented into
the technologically-enabled classroom in many ways.
PowerPoints are a great way to provide graphics and
text together, while computer activities can provide
worked examples and practice.
17. A Teacher Technological Application
Technology can reduce the effort
devoted to tedious computations and
increase students’ focus on more
important mathematics.
Two elements of successful
integrations:
Focusing Student Thinking
Making Ideas Tangible
http://ti-researchlibrary.com/Lists/TI%20Education%20Technology%20%20Research%20Library/Attachments/50/Research_Note_8%20-
%20Handhelds.pdf
PICTURE:
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18. A Teacher Technological Application
Focusing Student Thinking
A. More realistic or
important problems.
B. Exploration and sense-
making with multiple
representations.
C. Development of flexible
strategies.
D. Mathematical meaning and
concepts.
http://ti-researchlibrary.com/Lists/TI%20Education%20Technology%20%20Research%20Library/Attachments/50/Research_Note_8%20-
%20Handhelds.pdf
PICTURE: http://www.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.cheswardine.shropshire.sch.uk/curriculum/images/clip_image006.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cheswardine.shropshire.sch.uk/curriculum/index.htm&usg=__pzU14l6_zVqeR-
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19. A Teacher Technological Application
Making Ideas Tangible
A. Build upon students’ prior
knowledge and skills.
B. Emphasize the connections
among mathematical
concepts.
C. Connect abstractions to
real-world settings.
D. Address common
misunderstandings.
E. Introduce more advanced
ideas.
http://ti-researchlibrary.com/Lists/TI%20Education%20Technology%20%20Research%20Library/Attachments/50/Research_Note_8%20-
%20Handhelds.pdf
PICTURE:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://download.chip.asia/ii/170788823_1fd22438fe.png&imgrefurl=http://download.chip.asia/in/Math_6339457.html&usg=__eS-
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%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=331&ei=YNTrTP27L8-5cb2fybEP&oei=UtTrTL2cKYP7lwe04Mj7AQ&esq=5&page=8&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:167&tx=109&ty=51
20. Technological Distraction
Instructors with access to technology may be tempted
to use it as much as possible in the classroom.
While technology can be helpful, due to the idea of
extraneous cognitive load it may also be a
distraction. For example, the Coherence Effect
states that peoples’ learning is hindered when
extraneous sound, pictures, and words are used in
teaching. Therefore, instructors should avoid using
distracting pictures or sounds in PowerPoint
presentations. Also, the Modality Effect states
that people learn better when words are presented as
speech rather than onscreen text, so teachers should
not rely solely on technology such as a computer
screen or a PowerPoint to provide information.
Source: http://www.southalabama.edu/oll/mobile/theory_workbook/cognitive_load_theory.htm
21. • This theory is best applied in the
area of instructional design and
complex material. With this a learner
should be encouraged to use their
limited working memory appropriately.
In order to use this affectively,
recognizing the role and the
limitation of working memory to help
develop quality instruction is key.
Although this theory has many
implications, if used correctly can be
effective. However, we must remember
to keep cognitive load of learners at
Personal Affliction
22. Sources:
Sweller, J. (1988). “Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on
learning”. Cognitive Science 12 (2): 257–285.
Sweller, J., Van Merriënboer, J., & Paas, F. (1998). “Cognitive
architecture and instructional design”. Educational Psychology Review
10: 251–296.
University of South Alabama OLL. “Cognitive Load Theory”. <
http://www.southalabama.edu/oll/mobile/theory_workbook/cognitive_loa
>
Chipperfield, Brian (2004). “Cognitive load theory and instructional
design”. University of Saskatchewan. http://www.usask.ca/education/
coursework/802papers/chipperfield/index.htm