The document summarizes information about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes how the Byzantine Empire flourished under Justinian but later lost territory. It then discusses the rise of Russia and how Kiev became the center of power before being weakened by the Mongol invasion. Finally, it outlines how migration contributed to diversity in Eastern Europe and discusses the spread of religions and powers like Poland, Hungary, and Serbia in the region.

1. Chapter 9: The Byzantine
Empire, Russia and
Eastern Europe

2. The Byzantine Empire
• the city was located at the shores of the Bosporus, a strait that links the
Mediterranean and black seas. Constantinople created a Key trade routes linking
Europe and Asia. there merchants sold silks from china, wheat from Egypt, gems
from India, spices from southwest Asia and furs from the Vikings.
• Byzantium flourishes under Justinian
• the byzantine empire reached its peak under the emperor Justinian, who ruled
from 527 to 565.
• Justinian was determined to revive ancient Rome by recovering land that had
been overrun by invaders.
• Byzantine armies reconquered North frica, Italy, and the southern Iberian
peninsula.
• the fighting exhausted Justinian's treasury and weakened his defenses in the
east. Justinian lose the lands one by one.

3. The Byzantine Empire
• Justinian used the international law to unify the empire under his
control. He rules as an autocrat. His control was aided by his wife,
Theodora.
• The byzantine emperor had control over the church. The Byzantine
Empire flourished under a strong central government.
• The peasants were the backbone of the empire. In the centuries after
Justinian, the empire faced successive attacks.
• Christianity was as influential in the Byzantine Empire as it was in
Western Europe. Differences had emerged over church leadership.
During the middle Ages the church’s two branches drew farther apart.
• By the time of schism, the Byzantine Empire was in decline. In the
1090’s, the byzantine emperor called for western help to fight the Seljuk.
Although Byzantine power had faded long before, the fall of
Constantinople marked the end of an age.

4. The Byzantine Empire

5. The Byzantine Empire
• in 532, riots and devastating fire swept Constantinople. many buildings were destroyed
and many lives were lost. Justinian created a program to make Constantinople grander
than ever. his great triumph was rebuilding the church Hagia Sophia which means "holy
wisdom".
• Justinian make a law called "Justinian code" he set up a commission to collect, revise
and organize all the laws. this law expand to western Europe and also guided legal
thinkers who began to put together the international law. there, monarchs modeled their
laws on its principles, which helped them strengthen and centralize their power.
• byzantine artists made unique contributions, especially in religious arts and architecture,
that influenced western styles from the middle ages to the present. icons, designed to
evoke the presence of god, gave viewers a sense of personal contact with the sacred.
mosaics brought scenes from the bible to life. in architecture, byzantine palaces and
churches blended Greek, roman, Persian, and other middle eastern styles.
• Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece and Rome. they
produced their own books, especially in the field of history. Anna Comnena is considered
by many scholars to be the western worlds first female historian. many Greek scholars
left Constantinople to teach at Italian universities. they took valuable Greek manuscripts
to the west.

6. The Rise of Russia
• Russia’s first civilization was influenced by its geography. Its
forests, and fertile land band attracted people to the area.
• The steppe was also a reason, since it is an open grassland it offer
pasture for animals and it also worked as a highway were nomads
migrated. It also had rivers that served as a trade route and
transportation route, soon the Russians linked to the Byzantine
empire in the south.

7. The Rise of Russia
• The Kiev was the center of the Russian state.
• The Slavic people had simple political organization and were
divided into clans.
• Vikings traveled south in their ships trading, collecting tribute or
forcing payment to Slavs.
• Rurik began to rule in Novgorod. When he died the Rus lands
expanded and the princes lent the name to the growing principality
of Russia.
• The Cyrillic was developed. Princess Olga of Kiev converted to
Byzantine Christianity.
• Kiev gain strength under Vladimir and his son by winning military
victories and spreading Christianity.

8. The Rise of Russia
• The golden Horde has this name because the invaders looted and
burned Kiev and other towns. This lasted more than 150 years.
• Russia see the Mongols as their overlords and they payed heavy
tribute.
• The Mongols played an important role for other rulers.

9. The Rise of Russia
• During the Mongol period the princes of Moscow increased in
power but as the Mongol power declined the princes of Moscow
took a responsibility toward defenders against foreign rule.
• Ivan the III better known as Ivan the great had success in his
ruling. He ruled between 1462-1505.
• Everything changed when Ivan’s grandson Ivan IV better known as
Ivan the terrible ruled and centralized the government.

10. Shaping Eastern Europe
• The history of Eastern Europe has been marked by migration,
foreign conquest, and war. The region is home to a diverse mix of
peoples who have often battled with each other and with foreigners.
This diverse mix of peoples has greatly enriched the culture of the
region.
• Eastern Europe’s geography contributed to its diversity, because
many ethnic groups migrated through the region.
• Trade routes a long rivers brought goods, ideas and cultures to
Eastern Europe.
• The treatment of Jews could range from tolerant to oppressive.
Christians made restrictions to Jews.

11. Shaping Eastern Europe
• Migrations Contribute to Diversity
• In the Middle Ages, the Slavs spread into different parts of Eastern
Europe:
• -West Slavs: present-day Poland and the Czech and Slovak
Republics
• -South Slavs: the Balkans
• Besides the Slavs, Asian peoples also migrated into Eastern
Europe:
• -Huns -Khazars
• -Avars -Magyars
• -Bulgars

12. Shaping Eastern Europe
• Byzantine missionaries spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Byzantine
culture throughout the Balkans.
• German knights and missionaries from the West brought Roman Catholic
Christianity to Poland, Hungary, the Czech area, and the western Balkans.
• The Ottomans brought Islam after invading the Balkans.
• Jews had migrated to Western Europe but had been unfairly treated by the
Christians. They blamed the Jews for hard times and they would even launch
attacks on the Jewish communities. Monarchs in England, France, and Spain even
expelled Jews from their lands. So the Jews migrated to Eastern Europe.
• Prince Boleslaw of Cracow issued a charter protecting the liberties of Jews in
1264 and Polish kings continued a policy of toleration toward Jews.
• Missionaries brought Roman Catholicism to the West Slavs of Poland in the 900s.
The first Polish king was crowned within a century. Poland often had to battle
Germans, Russians, and Mongols to survive.
• The marriage of Queen Jadwiga to Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386
helped Poland enjoy greatness. However, Poland gradually shifted from the
monarch to the nobles unlike most Western Europe.

13. Shaping Eastern Europe
• The Magyars came from the Asian steppes and
settled in what is now Hungary.
• They adopted roman Catholicism.
• The Hungarian king was forced to recognize the rights of the nobles
by signing the Golden Bull 1222. That limited the royal power.
• The expansion of the Ottoman ended in the Hungarian
Independence in 1526.
• The Serb power came between 1308 and 1355 in the reign of Stefan
Dusan, who added Albania and Macedonia.
• Most Serbs practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
• The Serbs fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1389