The document discusses the case of Timothy Ray Brown, known as the "Berlin Patient", who is considered the first person cured of HIV/AIDS. Brown was diagnosed with HIV in 1995 and later developed leukemia. In 2007, he received a stem cell transplant from a donor with a CCR5 mutation that provides resistance to HIV. Despite complications, the treatment eliminated both his cancer and HIV infection. Nearly eight years later, Brown remained free of detectable HIV. The document also mentions a second patient in London who received similar treatment and may have been cured of HIV, providing further evidence that stem cell transplantation can cure HIV infection in some cases.

1. THE BERLIN PATIENT:
HISTORICALTRIUMPH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

2. Today we are going to discuss about another remarkable victory
of medical science .
OUR BIG
IDEA
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3. HIV is a virus that targets and alters the immune system,
increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases.
Without treatment, the infection might progress to an advanced
disease stage called AIDS.
EXPLAINING HIVANDAIDS BRIEFLY
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks immune cells called CD4 cells, which are a type of T cell.
These are white blood cells that move around the body, detecting faults and anomalies in cells as well as infections.
When HIV targets and infiltrates these cells, it reduces the body's ability to combat other diseases. This increases the
risk and impact of opportunistic infections and cancers. However, a person can carry HIV without experiencing
symptoms for a long time. HIV is a lifelong infection. However, receiving treatment and managing the disease effectively
can prevent HIV from reaching a severe level and reduce the risk of a person passing on the virus.
What is AIDS?
AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. Once HIV infection develops into AIDS, infections and cancer pose a
greater risk. Without treatment, HIV infection is likely to develop into AIDS as the immune system gradually wears
down.
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4. Causes
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be spread by contact with infected blood or from
mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding.
Symptoms
Some people with HIV do not show symptoms until months or even years after contracting the virus.
However, around 80 percent of people may develop a set of flu-like symptoms known as acute retroviral
syndrome. The early symptoms of HIV infection may include: Fever, chills, joint pain, muscle aches, sore
throat, Sweats(particularly at night), enlarged glands, a red rash, tiredness.
Without medication, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious
illnesses. Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include: i)blurred vision, ii)diarrhoea, which is usually
persistent or chronic, iii)dry cough, a fever of over 100 °F (37 °C) lasting for weeks, iv)night sweats,
v)permanent tiredness, shortness of breath, or dyspnoea, swollen glands lasting for weeks, vi)unintentional
weight loss, white spots on the tongue or mouth.
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5. HIV LIFECYCLE
Stages of HIV lifecycle:
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1. Binding and fusion
The virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and releases HIV into the cell.
2. Conversion and integration
Once inside the T-helper cell, HIV changes its genetic material so it can enter the nucleus of the cell and
take control of it.
3. Replication
The infected T-helper cell then produces more HIV proteins that are used to produce more HIV particles
inside the cell.
4. Assembly, budding and maturation
The new HIV particles are then released from the T-helper cell into the bloodstream which infect other
cells; and so the process begins again.

6. WHO IS “ THE BERLIN PATIENT ” ?
Timothy Ray Brown (born 1966) is an American considered to be the first person cured of HIV/AIDS.
Brown was called "The Berlin Patient" at the 2008 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections, where his cure was first announced, in order to preserve his anonymity, and because he lived
in, and was treated in Berlin. He chose to come forward in late 2010. “I didn’t want to be the only person
cured,” he said. “I wanted to do what I could to make [a cure] possible. My first step was releasing my name
and image to the public.”
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7. PROCEDURE(HOWDIDBROWNRIDHIMSELFOFHIV):
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Brown was diagnosed with HIV in 1995 while studying in Berlin, Germany. After controlling the virus for
many years with antiretroviral therapy, Brown was diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and
in 2007 underwent stem cell transplantation after unsuccessful chemotherapy . His physician, Dr. Gero
Hütter, at Charité Hospital in Berlin, arranged for him to receive a hematopoietic stem cell transplant from a
donor with the "delta32" mutation on the CCR5 receptor. Despite enduring complications and undergoing a
second transplant from the same donor in 2008, the outcome was ultimately a success. Nearly eight years
after his transplant, Brown remains free of both his cancer and readily detectable HIV.

8. VARIOUS STEPS THAT HAD PLAYED SIGNIFICANT
ROLE IN THE TREATMENT
Figure1: Genotyping of CCR5 Alleles
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(Contd.)

9. VARIOUS STEPS THAT HAD PLAYED SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN
THE TREATMENT(CONTD.)
Figure 2: Cellular and Humoral Immune Response to HIV-1
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(Contd.)

10. VARIOUS STEPS THAT HAD PLAYED SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN
THE TREATMENT(CONTD.)
Figure 3: Clinical Course and HIV-1 Viremia
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Figure 4: Expression of CD Surface Antigen and
Chemokine Core receptor in the patient’s rectal
mucosa

11. TEN YEARSAFTER THE ‘BERLIN PATIENT,’ DOCTORS
ANNOUNCEASECOND PERSON HAS BEEN EFFECTIVELY
‘CURED’ OF HIV
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For the second time, doctors appear to have put HIV into “sustained remission” with a stem cell
transplant-effectively curing the recipient.
The researchers reported in the journal Nature what they hope will be a triumph: a man in London
H.I.V. and may have been cured of the infection. The London Patient, as he is being called, first
and then later developed Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The cancer was resistant to standard chemotherapy, so
advised more intensive chemotherapy, along with a bone-marrow transplant.
He received bone-marrow stem cells from a healthy donor who had the CCR5 mutation. When the
Patient’s immune system regrew after the transplant, it lacked the protein and was impervious to the
contracted. Unable to take root in his cells, the virus appears to have passed. Unlike Brown, though, this
cancer treatment didn’t involve full-body radiation, and his chemotherapy was also far gentler.

12. HIV research has come a long way since the disease was discovered in the 1980’s.
Antiretroviral therapy was a major milestone that has changed the lives of millions.
APOSSIBILITY OF HIV FREE WORLD
‘The Berlin Patient’, Timothy Ray Brown, became first person to be effectively cured of HIV in 2007. If
indeed, Timothy Brown has been functionally cured of his HIV infection, he then has provided us with a
blueprint from which to work. In fact, much of our ongoing research endeavours were inspired by the
biological mechanisms likely exploited to bring about this breakthrough. By reverse engineering his
pathway to cure, we hope to recapitulate his success and develop a feasible therapy approach that would
be available to the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals.
Nearly 12 years after “The Berlin patient” doctors announced a second person has been effectively ‘cured’
of HIV. The treatment procedure was almost similar to that of Brown. These two cases provide a proof of
principle about the potential of stem cells that lack CCR5. Those techniques may be used to genetically
alter the cells of people with H.I.V., inactivating the CCR5 gene. Those people should then become
resistant to the virus, and hopefully recapitulate the outcomes of the Berlin and London patients.
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13. REFERENCE
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524https://www.avert.org/about-
hiv-aids/how-infects-body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Patient
http://defeathiv.org/berlin/
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802905
https://www.statnews.com/2019/03/04/second-person-effectively-cured-of-hiv/
https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-london-patient-and-a-plan-to-end-the-hiv-epidemic-in-the-united-
states

14. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Our team would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to
complete this report. A special gratitude we give to our respected teacher, Ms. Meenakshi Dey, whose
contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate our project especially
in writing this report.
We have to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our
project presentation that has improved our presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices.

15. THANK
YOU
Akanksha Kumari
17/CSE/118
Adriza Bera
Aditya Kumar
Aishik Das
Aditya Prakash
Adarsha Dinda
17/CSE/120
17/CSE/119
17/CSE/121
17/CSE/122 17/CSE/123