HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by compromising the immune system. It is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and can be contracted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or from mother to child. There are stages of HIV infection from initial infection to full blown AIDS. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment involves antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent opportunistic infections. Prevention methods promote abstinence, monogamy, condom use, clean needles, and preventing mother to child transmission.

1. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCYACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
SYNDROMESYNDROME
(AIDS)(AIDS)
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JAMSHEDPUR WOMEN’S COLLEGE
Presentation on
PRESENTED BY:
NAME-Kalyani Mishra
REGD-14JWC08864
BRANCH-Biotechnology

2. CONTENTCONTENT
• What are HIV & AIDSWhat are HIV & AIDS
• EtiologyEtiology
• What does HIV look likeWhat does HIV look like
• Stages of HIVStages of HIV
• Two key factor of immune systemTwo key factor of immune system
• HIV transmissionHIV transmission
• Testing options for HIVTesting options for HIV
• TreatmentTreatment
• PreventionPrevention
• ConclusionConclusion
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3. WHAT ARE HIV & AIDSWHAT ARE HIV & AIDS
• HIV- (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) The virusHIV- (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) The virus
compromises the body’s ability to handle disease andcompromises the body’s ability to handle disease and
causes AIDS.causes AIDS.
• AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. When theAIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. When the
immune system CD4 cells drop to a very low level, aimmune system CD4 cells drop to a very low level, a
person's ability to fight infection is lost.person's ability to fight infection is lost.
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4. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
• The world first became aware of AIDS in the earlyThe world first became aware of AIDS in the early
1980’s.1980’s.
• Researchers aren’t sure exactly when and how HIVResearchers aren’t sure exactly when and how HIV
developed.developed.
• The most likely theories assume that HIV-1wasThe most likely theories assume that HIV-1was
transmitted to humans from chimpanzees sometime intransmitted to humans from chimpanzees sometime in
the early 20th century.the early 20th century.
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5. WHAT DOES HIV LOOK LIKEWHAT DOES HIV LOOK LIKE??
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6. STAGES OF HIV :STAGES OF HIV :
STAGE 1- PRIMARYSTAGE 1- PRIMARY
• Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks afterShort, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after
infectioninfection
• No symptoms at allNo symptoms at all
• Infected person can infect other peopleInfected person can infect other people
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7. STAGE 2 - ASYMPTOMATICSTAGE 2 - ASYMPTOMATIC
• Lasts for an average of ten yearsLasts for an average of ten years
• This stage is free from symptomsThis stage is free from symptoms
• There may be swollen glandsThere may be swollen glands
• The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levelsThe level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the bloodHIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
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8. STAGE 3 - SYMPTOMATICSTAGE 3 - SYMPTOMATIC
• The symptoms are mildThe symptoms are mild
• The immune system deterioratesThe immune system deteriorates
• Emergence of opportunistic infections and cancersEmergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
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9. STAGE 4 - HIV AIDSSTAGE 4 - HIV AIDS
• The immune systemThe immune system
weakensweakens
• The illnesses become moreThe illnesses become more
severe leading to an AIDSsevere leading to an AIDS
diagnosisdiagnosis
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10. TWO KEY FACTOR OF IMMUNE SYSTEMTWO KEY FACTOR OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
T4 or CD4 cell Antibodies
HIV
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11. HOW DOES HIV GET INTO A T-CELLHOW DOES HIV GET INTO A T-CELL
1. HIV attaches to1. HIV attaches to
infection fighting T4 cellinfection fighting T4 cell
2. Locks on to two2. Locks on to two
entry areas of the T4entry areas of the T4
cell at once.cell at once.
(Keys in lock)(Keys in lock)
3. Tricks T4 cell to3. Tricks T4 cell to
allow Virus RNA to enterallow Virus RNA to enter
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12. WHAT DOES HIV DO INSIDE A T-CELLWHAT DOES HIV DO INSIDE A T-CELL ??
1. Virus’s RNA changes into1. Virus’s RNA changes into
DNADNA
2. Enters Cell nucleus &2. Enters Cell nucleus &
becomes part of Host’s DNA!becomes part of Host’s DNA!
3. Programs T cell to produce3. Programs T cell to produce
virus in abundancevirus in abundance
4. New viruses bud off Host T4. New viruses bud off Host T
cell, killing T cell, & enterscell, killing T cell, & enters
bloodstreambloodstream
5. New HIV viruses infect5. New HIV viruses infect
more T cellsmore T cells
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13. HIV TRANSMISSIONHIV TRANSMISSION
Requires:Requires:
•1. Infected body fluid1. Infected body fluid
ANDAND
•2.2. Entry into bodyEntry into body
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14. INFECTED BODY FLUIDINFECTED BODY FLUID
Four Fluids, if infected, can transmit HIVFour Fluids, if infected, can transmit HIV
• BloodBlood
• SemenSemen
• Vaginal SecretionsVaginal Secretions
• Breast MilkBreast Milk
If these enter the bodyIf these enter the body
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15. THREE MOST FREQUENT WAY TO GETTHREE MOST FREQUENT WAY TO GET
INFECTEDINFECTED
Three Most frequent ways to get infectedThree Most frequent ways to get infected
1. Unprotected sexual intercourse1. Unprotected sexual intercourse
2. Injected Drug Use2. Injected Drug Use
3. From an infected mother to her infant3. From an infected mother to her infant..
Other, much more rare, ways to get infectedOther, much more rare, ways to get infected
a. Blood Transfusions / Organ Transplanta. Blood Transfusions / Organ Transplant
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16. TESTING OPTION FOR HIV :TESTING OPTION FOR HIV :
ANONYMOUS TESTINGANONYMOUS TESTING
• No name is usedNo name is used
• Unique identifying numberUnique identifying number
• Results issued only to test recipientResults issued only to test recipient
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17. TESTING OPTION FOR HIV :TESTING OPTION FOR HIV :
CONFIDENTIAL TESTINGCONFIDENTIAL TESTING
• Person’s name is recorded along with HIV resultsPerson’s name is recorded along with HIV results
• Name and positive results are reported to the StateName and positive results are reported to the State
Department and the Centers for Disease Control andDepartment and the Centers for Disease Control and
PreventionPrevention
• Results issued only to test recipientResults issued only to test recipient
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18. ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
• BloodBlood
• UrineUrine
• OralOral
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19. BLOOD DETECTION TESTSBLOOD DETECTION TESTS
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/EnzymeEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/Enzyme
Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA)Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA)
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Western Blot Confirmatory testWestern Blot Confirmatory test
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20. URINE TESTINGURINE TESTING
Urine Western BlotUrine Western Blot
•As sensitive as testing bloodAs sensitive as testing blood
•Safe way to screen for HIVSafe way to screen for HIV
•Can cause false positives in certainCan cause false positives in certain
people at high risk for HIVpeople at high risk for HIV
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21. ORAL TESTINGORAL TESTING
OrasureOrasure
•The only FDA approved HIV antibody.The only FDA approved HIV antibody.
•As accurate as blood testingAs accurate as blood testing
•Draws blood-derived fluids from theDraws blood-derived fluids from the
gum tissue.gum tissue.
•NOT A SALIVA TEST!NOT A SALIVA TEST!
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22. TREATMENTS :TREATMENTS :
ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGSANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
• Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitorsNucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
 AZT (Zidovudine)AZT (Zidovudine)
• Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitorsNon-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors
 Viramune (Nevirapine)Viramune (Nevirapine)
• Protease inhibitorsProtease inhibitors
 Norvir (Ritonavir)Norvir (Ritonavir)
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23. TREATMENTS :TREATMENTS :
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION TREATMENTOPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION TREATMENT
• Issued in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not availableIssued in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not available
• Influenza vaccination and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccineInfluenza vaccination and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with someare often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some
evidence of benefit.evidence of benefit.
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24. PREVENTIONPREVENTION
• AbstinenceAbstinence
• Monogamous RelationshipMonogamous Relationship
• Protected SexProtected Sex
• Sterile needlesSterile needles
• Mother-to-childMother-to-child
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25. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV infection, which is basically a weakeningAIDS is a disease caused by the HIV infection, which is basically a weakening
of one’s immune system.of one’s immune system.
• It can only be spread through blood transfusions, sexual contact and from anIt can only be spread through blood transfusions, sexual contact and from an
infected mother to her unborn child.infected mother to her unborn child.
• HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as aHIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a
source of discrimination.source of discrimination.
• Awareness campaigns should be conducted for the greater well-being andAwareness campaigns should be conducted for the greater well-being and
welfare of the HIV/AIDS patients.welfare of the HIV/AIDS patients.
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26. REFERENCEREFERENCE
• Microbiology by Pani KarMicrobiology by Pani Kar
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS
• https://www.slideshare.comhttps://www.slideshare.com
• https://www.avert.org/about-hiv-aids/what-hiv-aidshttps://www.avert.org/about-hiv-aids/what-hiv-aids
• Images from: images.google.co.inImages from: images.google.co.in
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27. THANK YOUTHANK YOU
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