The document discusses the Armenian genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against Armenians living in their empire from 1915-1923. Over 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died during forced deportations into the Syrian desert. While most historians consider it a genocide, Turkey still does not officially recognize it and restricts discussion of the events. Failure to acknowledge past wrongdoings can enable future genocides, so recognition of the Armenian genocide is important.
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Highlights on some of the Muslim Scholars’ Contributions in the Science of Management .
By
Yaser Zakariyya Alhindi
MGT 501 Project – 2012
MBA Program – KFUPM
Yaser.Alhindi@gmail.com
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Running head THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE1THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE 1
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE 5
Title: The Armenian Genocide
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Introduction
The Armenian genocide refers to a campaign by the government of the Ottoman Empire to get rid of the minority Armenian citizens from their ancestral land in the empire. The Ottoman Empire existed between 1300 and 1923. At the height of its success in the 1600s the empire controlled cast territories in Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The capital of the Empire was in Istanbul (Constantinople) the empire was headed by a Sultan who had absolute authority over his subjects. The Turks practiced Islam and the empire was governed based on Islamic law. During the 15th and 16th centuries Armenia was brought under Ottoman rule (Kervokian, 2011). The Armenians were a Christian minority and they mainly occupied the eastern provinces of the empire although significant populations could be found in the Western provinces as well as in the capital Constantinople. The Armenians lived as second class citizens in the empire and were denied many rights. For instance their lives and property were not protected by law; they were barred from participating in government and they were also forced to pay more taxes. However for the most part there were no violent conflict and minority populations within the empire prospered as the empire’s economy expanded.
Circumstances Leading To the Genocide
In the middle of the 19th century, three great powers of Europe i.e. Britain, France and Russia began to pressure the Ottoman to grant equal rights to all its subjects. This period was known as the Tanzimat period and some of the reforms instituted include; replacement of religious laws with secular law and reforms in the banking sector among others. However the Muslims in the empire rejected the idea of equality with Christians. Toward the late 1870s the Greeks together with a number of Christian nations under the Ottoman Empire who were displeased by mistreatment, had acquired independence from the Ottoman rule often with the help of great powers of Europe. During this period the empire was also in decline and major European powers were jostling for territories which the empire previously controlled. To finance the war the empire borrowed large sums of money from European banks. Later in 1875 the Ottoman state was unable to service the loans and declared bankruptcy (Taner, 2007).
Rise of Armenian Nationalism
In the late 1860s and early 1870s, Armenian intellectuals began calls for better treatment from the government. Their demands included police protection from the looting and killing perpetrated by Muslim communities, administrative reforms and they also wanted Christian testimonies to be admitted in court. The Ottoman government did not act on these demands and in the contrary they invited further oppression ...
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2. Introduction The Armenian genocide was the intentional dissipation committed against the Armenian people by the Ottoman Empire. For years the Young Turk government had seen their Armenian population as opposition to rebuilding the empire, which had been declining for some time. War after war the Ottoman Empire lost to the countries in the Balkans, Russia and European colonial powers such as Britain, France and Italy, and after the wars lost vast amounts of land. At the height of it’s power The Ottoman Empire stretched from the gates of Vienna, to the Caucasusan and Crimean peninsulars, down through the Middle East down to modern day Eritrea across to Algiers. Talaat Pasha, the leader of the Minister of the interior upon the Ottoman Empire’s entry into World War I, decided that then would be the perfect time and if they didn’t act now, it would be too late, after numerous other smaller massacres in previous years, to begin a full scale genocide upon the Armenians, with the eyes of London and Paris focused on the war.
3. The genocide On the 24th April 1915; the Ottoman Empire, fighting against the Russians on the Caucasus front where many Armenians lived, announced they would move their Armenian population to safety and began deporting them to mainly to areas in Syria where apparently they would be looked after until the war was over, in reality though, they were being forced to march until they died of starvation and/or exhaustion. Men were either rounded up and shot, or sent to work in labour battalions where they would be worked to death, women and young girls were raped, kidnapped and murdered, young children were stabbed with Bayonets, even the people actually committing the acts referred to it as genocide. 1.5 million Armenians were killed from 1915-1923, doesn’t seem like many but the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was not much higher, most Armenians living in Constantinople were spared.
6. Post War period In 1920 the western powers partitioned the Ottoman Empire at the treaty of Sevres, giving parts of the Ottoman to Greece, Armenia, Italy, Britain, France and international control. In response to this, general Mustafa Kemal, who had been the general for the Turkish army at the invasion of Gallipoli, assembled a nationalist army to remove foreign invaders from his homeland, he saw the Sultan as nothing more than a puppet of the allies, his actions forced the allies to draw up another peace treaty, known as the treaty of Lausanne, he proclaimed a new government in Ankara and continued the Armenian genocide during then. In 1923 this government was recognised as the Republic of Turkey and the genocide ended. Mustafa Kemal was president of Turkey from it’s formation until 1938, and began to censor the Armenian genocide from Turkish history, as a means to encourage nationalism.
7. Turkish Response The Turkish government refuses to accept the word genocide as a valid description of the event, and article 301 in the Turkish penal code forbids discussing the event. Turkey uses certain excuses to justify it, the most common ones being: 1) It was a result of famine, war and disease. 2) The Armenians killed small villages. 3) The United Nations does not recognise the event as a genocide. 4) The Armenians are using the event as an excuse to reclaim Eastern Anatolia. 5) The Armenians were disloyal. 6) They could have easily killed the Armenians a lot faster in a lot greater quantities.
8. The reality 1) Armenians were marched straight into the Syrian desert and were left to rot and starve to death without any attempt to provide them with adequate sustenance. 2) A few Armenians sided with the invading Russians, but these Armenians did not represent popular Armenian opinion. 3) The UN does not recognise the atrocities in Darfur as a genocide, does that make it not a genocide? 4) Some Armenians may be doing that, but most will only care for an apology and recognition. 5) During WWI, where The Ottoman Empire was fighting against Russia, a small group of Armenians in the Turkish army disobeyed direct orders in order to save Enver Pasha from becoming a Russian prisoner of war, and most Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire had no objections to being under Turkish rule. 6) Unlike the Nazis, the Turks only had guns and knives, they did not have gas chambers and medical testing labs and huge concentration camps, the Ottoman Empire was technologically behind the rest of the world, they had only just gotten the railway at this time.
9. Aftermath Because the villains responsible for the Armenian Genocide were never punished, this gave occasion for other people to believe that genocide was a legitimate recourse. Here is a list of major genocides since the Armenian Genocide: * The Holocaust (1938-1945) 10,000,000 * The Ukrainian Famine (1931-1932) 7,000,000 * The Cambodian Genocide (1975-1979) 1,700,000 * The Rwandan Genocide (1994) 800,000 * The Bosnian Genocide (1992-1995) 200,000 * The Darfur Genocide (2003-present) 400,000+
10. Conclusion It is crucial that Turkey recognise the genocide, as pretending the event never happened is already sowing the seed ready for a future genocide, whereas knowing the truth will build compassion and awareness, and decrease the chances of this ever happening again. It has been 94 years since the beginning of the Armenian Genocide, and yet it still has yet to be internationally recognised as it was.
11. Decision Will YOU recognise the Armenian genocide?
12. “Who, after all, speaks today of the inhalation of the Armenians?” Adolf Hitler
13. “I am confident that the whole history of the Human race contains no such horrible episode as this” Henry Morgenthau