This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
This briefing overviews the research on the extent, consequences, risks and prevention strategies for family violence with a focus on preventing family violence in North Carolina.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
HS 6010 Module 1 Assignment 3 Compare and Contrast Human Services Organizations
It is important to understand that human services are broad in spectrum and consist of many types of service delivery, including mental health, child welfare, medical care, public assistance, and corrections.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
• Wealth, power, and status should be redistributed for the good of the individual, the community, and the
HUM 220 Possible Is Everything/newtonhelp.comlechenau70
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
"Media Relations Instruction and Theory Development: A Relational Dialectical Approach" by Pettigrew in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
There has been almost no research in the area of media relations
instruction in the public relations literature. This study seeks to fill a
gap in theory-building in the area of media relations and examines
the state of media relations instruction in today’s public relations
curriculum through a survey of public relations professors. The
author suggests relational dialectical theory as a way to better
understand the relationship between public relations practitioners
and journalists, and proposes a relational dialectical approach
to theory-building and in teaching media relations in today’s
changing landscape.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
Bshs 325 Week 4 Macro SystemMacro Systems The concept of perso.docxhartrobert670
Bshs 325 Week 4 Macro System
Macro Systems
The concept of personal empowerment is drawn within each individual. Personal empowerment is the ability to have influence on events and those individuals who surround themselves at an intimate level. It is a place in time when an individual knows and understands his or her goal and where they are headed. It is also when an individual that they are ready for change. An example of personal empowerment is a wife and mother who have decided that a change is necessary for her and children and makes the necessary steps to leave her abusive husband who has physically and verbally and abused herself and children. At this point of time the wife has determined that positive change is in order for the safety of her and her children. As it relates to interpersonal empowerment is when one or more persons collaborate to make decisions to follow through with a plan. Last, political empowerment is the government working to help the community and promoting political participation on specific issues for the community population (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010).
Social work is viewed in three categories: macro, mezzo, and micro. These three categories at times have a tendency to coincide and influence each other. The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by intervening in a larger system, such as at the neighborhood, institution, or at a smaller group level (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010). Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systematic change. An example would be part of a change in a social change at a large scale. .Mezzo social work practice deals with groups considered a smaller and medium size group. This can include school system, a local neighborhood, or at the community level. This will go a long way to ensure that the needs and challenges of individual clients are understood and addressed in conjunction with larger social issues (Macro, mezzo, and micro social work, 2012). An example would be community organization. Micro practice is the third and considered the most common type of social work. This is a type of service most individuals imagine social workers should be participating on his or her behalf. The micro category is one that the social work social worker engages with the individual and family level to assist with solving their problems. Examples would be helping individuals find housing, jobs, health care and social services (Macro, Mezzo, and Micro Social Work, 2012).
The functionalist view is one where an individual considers that everything in society must have a proper function. If it is part of society it must have a function, which also encompasses those at the poverty level. Based on the functionalist poverty level it is viewed to have two main functions. First it acts as a motivator because it is viewed as a warning. People would most likely and want to strive to work harder and succeed than be considered labeled as an individual at the poverty level. At ...
DB 2Chapter 3 Tools for Exploring the World Physical, PerceptOllieShoresna
DB 2
Chapter 3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development
1. Annabelle, a toddler, just started saying “mine” every time she picked up a toy. Her parents are worried that she's becoming selfish and spoiled. What insights does Annabelle’s behavior provide in terms of her perceptual development? Should her parents be concerned?
2. What developmental advice would you give a mother whose 15-month-old is not independently walking at 15 months?
Chapters 4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
1. What advice would you give to a parent who wants to improve their 12- to 18-month old’s vocabulary size?
2. Analyze the consequences of a young child’s potential to confuse appearance with reality.
Chapter 5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
1. How might a preschool teacher encourage children’s play behavior?
2. Alissa is a four-year old with an imaginary companion. Should her parents be concerned about her social and cognitive development?
What role do cognitive factors play in the development of attachment relationships?
Social Welfare & Policy II
CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter 1: Social Worker Roles in Social Welfare and Policy
Chapter 2: Depression and the New Deal
Chapter 3: Civil Rights and the 1950s & 1960s
Chapter 4: Social Welfare Policies 1970s-1990s
Chapter 5: Social Welfare Policies 2000-Present
Chapter 6: How is a Policy Made? (Structure and Design of Social Welfare Policies)
Chapter 7: Overview of US Welfare Programs
Chapter 8: Policy Practice
Summary and Conclusion
Reference Page
Introduction
Hello everyone and welcome to Social Welfare and Policy II. I wanted to provide a brief introduction to this course and information on this textbook. After taking Social Welfare and Policy I, you should be familiar with what social work is and the history of social welfare and policy up until the early 20th century. This course will expand on your current knowledge of social welfare and policy, as well as provide new information for you to learn. This course will review the following: A social workers specific role in social welfare and policy, continued history from the 1930s to present day, how a policy is made, generalist practice skills and advocacy in social work. This textbook has been provided to you to aide your learning, containing information retrieved from various creditable resources.
Chapter 1
Social Worker Roles in Social Welfare and Policy
Social Problems
What is the definition of a social problem? It is defined as any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed. (University of Minnesota, 2010). This definition can be viewed as both subjective and objective.
Objective view: Any condition or behavior to be considered a social pro ...
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
HS 6010 Module 1 Assignment 3 Compare and Contrast Human Services Organizations
It is important to understand that human services are broad in spectrum and consist of many types of service delivery, including mental health, child welfare, medical care, public assistance, and corrections.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
• Wealth, power, and status should be redistributed for the good of the individual, the community, and the
HUM 220 Possible Is Everything/newtonhelp.comlechenau70
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
• Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively "negated.”
"Media Relations Instruction and Theory Development: A Relational Dialectical Approach" by Pettigrew in Journal of Public Relations Education (JPRE) Vol. 4, Issue 1 Spring 2018
ABSTRACT:
There has been almost no research in the area of media relations
instruction in the public relations literature. This study seeks to fill a
gap in theory-building in the area of media relations and examines
the state of media relations instruction in today’s public relations
curriculum through a survey of public relations professors. The
author suggests relational dialectical theory as a way to better
understand the relationship between public relations practitioners
and journalists, and proposes a relational dialectical approach
to theory-building and in teaching media relations in today’s
changing landscape.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas:
Bshs 325 Week 4 Macro SystemMacro Systems The concept of perso.docxhartrobert670
Bshs 325 Week 4 Macro System
Macro Systems
The concept of personal empowerment is drawn within each individual. Personal empowerment is the ability to have influence on events and those individuals who surround themselves at an intimate level. It is a place in time when an individual knows and understands his or her goal and where they are headed. It is also when an individual that they are ready for change. An example of personal empowerment is a wife and mother who have decided that a change is necessary for her and children and makes the necessary steps to leave her abusive husband who has physically and verbally and abused herself and children. At this point of time the wife has determined that positive change is in order for the safety of her and her children. As it relates to interpersonal empowerment is when one or more persons collaborate to make decisions to follow through with a plan. Last, political empowerment is the government working to help the community and promoting political participation on specific issues for the community population (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010).
Social work is viewed in three categories: macro, mezzo, and micro. These three categories at times have a tendency to coincide and influence each other. The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by intervening in a larger system, such as at the neighborhood, institution, or at a smaller group level (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010). Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systematic change. An example would be part of a change in a social change at a large scale. .Mezzo social work practice deals with groups considered a smaller and medium size group. This can include school system, a local neighborhood, or at the community level. This will go a long way to ensure that the needs and challenges of individual clients are understood and addressed in conjunction with larger social issues (Macro, mezzo, and micro social work, 2012). An example would be community organization. Micro practice is the third and considered the most common type of social work. This is a type of service most individuals imagine social workers should be participating on his or her behalf. The micro category is one that the social work social worker engages with the individual and family level to assist with solving their problems. Examples would be helping individuals find housing, jobs, health care and social services (Macro, Mezzo, and Micro Social Work, 2012).
The functionalist view is one where an individual considers that everything in society must have a proper function. If it is part of society it must have a function, which also encompasses those at the poverty level. Based on the functionalist poverty level it is viewed to have two main functions. First it acts as a motivator because it is viewed as a warning. People would most likely and want to strive to work harder and succeed than be considered labeled as an individual at the poverty level. At ...
DB 2Chapter 3 Tools for Exploring the World Physical, PerceptOllieShoresna
DB 2
Chapter 3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development
1. Annabelle, a toddler, just started saying “mine” every time she picked up a toy. Her parents are worried that she's becoming selfish and spoiled. What insights does Annabelle’s behavior provide in terms of her perceptual development? Should her parents be concerned?
2. What developmental advice would you give a mother whose 15-month-old is not independently walking at 15 months?
Chapters 4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
1. What advice would you give to a parent who wants to improve their 12- to 18-month old’s vocabulary size?
2. Analyze the consequences of a young child’s potential to confuse appearance with reality.
Chapter 5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
1. How might a preschool teacher encourage children’s play behavior?
2. Alissa is a four-year old with an imaginary companion. Should her parents be concerned about her social and cognitive development?
What role do cognitive factors play in the development of attachment relationships?
Social Welfare & Policy II
CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter 1: Social Worker Roles in Social Welfare and Policy
Chapter 2: Depression and the New Deal
Chapter 3: Civil Rights and the 1950s & 1960s
Chapter 4: Social Welfare Policies 1970s-1990s
Chapter 5: Social Welfare Policies 2000-Present
Chapter 6: How is a Policy Made? (Structure and Design of Social Welfare Policies)
Chapter 7: Overview of US Welfare Programs
Chapter 8: Policy Practice
Summary and Conclusion
Reference Page
Introduction
Hello everyone and welcome to Social Welfare and Policy II. I wanted to provide a brief introduction to this course and information on this textbook. After taking Social Welfare and Policy I, you should be familiar with what social work is and the history of social welfare and policy up until the early 20th century. This course will expand on your current knowledge of social welfare and policy, as well as provide new information for you to learn. This course will review the following: A social workers specific role in social welfare and policy, continued history from the 1930s to present day, how a policy is made, generalist practice skills and advocacy in social work. This textbook has been provided to you to aide your learning, containing information retrieved from various creditable resources.
Chapter 1
Social Worker Roles in Social Welfare and Policy
Social Problems
What is the definition of a social problem? It is defined as any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed. (University of Minnesota, 2010). This definition can be viewed as both subjective and objective.
Objective view: Any condition or behavior to be considered a social pro ...
Education And Social Problem Solving Skills
Essay On Social Problems
Social Problems Essays
Essay about Social Issues
The Social Problems in Communities
Social Issues Of Education And Education
Social Problems
Social Problems Of A Social Problem
Social Problems; Sociology of the Workplace
Sociology: Identifying Social Problems Essay
Social Problems In America Essay
Essay On Social Problems
Examples Of Social Problems In Sociology
Social Problems Of A Social Problem Essay
Social Problems and Solutions Chart
Essay on Understanding Social Issues
Social Problems
Poverty As A Contemporary Social Problem Essay
Social Issues In Social Work
Task Force Project—Applying TheoryIn Module 1, you began.docxbriankimberly26463
Task Force Project—Applying Theory
In
Module 1
, you began your work as the head of the Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health Task Force in Centervale. You did this by learning more about adolescent pregnancy and the behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors associated with this health issue. In this assignment, your attention turns to community issues. Your task force has representatives from several community organizations. You know that in addition to your focus on an individual-level change, you will need to provide the group with information about community-level change to impact the adolescent pregnancy issue in Centervale.
Directions:
Read the editorial entitled “Community-based Intervention” in which the authors recommend four typologies or approaches to community-based projects (McLeroy, Norton, Kegler, Burdine, & Sumaya, 2003). Consider how each of these typologies might be applicable to adolescent pregnancy prevention in Centervale.
Download and review the “Demographic Background on Centervale.”
Prepare a memo for the task force on the following:
Compare and contrast the four categories of community-based interventions.
Select two typologies to present as options to the task force and explain in detail how these can be applied.
Identify one typology for recommendation, giving reasons in support.
Your final product will be in a MS Word document of approximately 3–4 pages. You should utilize at least 3 scholarly sources beyond the course readings in your research. Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
THIS THE REFERENCE THAT YOU NEED
Community-based interventions
McLeroy, Kenneth R
Author Information
;
Norton, Barbara L
Author Information
;
Kegler, Michelle C
Author Information
;
Burdine, James N
Author Information
;
Sumaya, Ciro V
Author Information
.
American Journal of Public Health
; Washington
93.4
(Apr 2003): 529-33.
Full text
Full text - PDF
Abstract/Details
References 25
Abstract
TranslateAbstract
McLeroy et al examine the four categories of community-based projects: community as setting, community as target, community as agent, and community as resource. The goal of community-based programs is to carefully work with naturally occurring units of solution as our units of practice. This necessitates a careful assessment of community structures and processes of any intervention.
Full Text
·
TranslateFull text
·
The article Reconsidering Community-Based Health Promotion: Promise, Performance, and Potential by Merzel and D'Afflitti1 in this issue of the Journal makes a valuable contribution to the literature on community approaches to health promotion. The breadth of studies covered in this review article, combined with the prominence the Journal is giving to the subject in this issue, sug.
Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are recognized as important concerns in making decision in all aspects of our life. And it’s contributing to accelerate the process of overall development of a nation. India being the second most populous country in the world, and have the largest number of people in need of basic amenities call for more intensive efforts as part of such initiatives in the health care space of the nation. We all know that people engage in business to earn profit. However, making profit is not the sole function of the business. It performs number of social function as it is a part of society. It takes care of those who are instrumental in securing its existence and survival. Business ethics are nothing but the application of ethics in business. It proves that business can be and have been ethical and still make profits. Today more and more interest is being given to the application of ethical practices in business dealings and the ethical implications of business. The paper delves into a comprehensive understanding of how Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility involves as concept and the reason that encourage company in India to be socially responsible.
Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 17(1) ht.docxAASTHA76
Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 17(1)
http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i1.452 1
Editorial
Social Determinants of Health and Rural Nursing
Pamela Stewart Fahs, PhD, RN, Editor
Social determinants of health is a term defined by the Healthy People 2020 (Office of
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, n.d., section Understanding) as “…conditions in the
environment in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship and age that affect a wide
range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks”. In this definition “place”
matters, as does race/ethnicity, age, education, social support etc. – all of the factors that are part
of one’s socio-economic status. Thus being a rural dweller alone does not put your health at risk
but if you are a rural dweller with little social and economic resources you will have a higher risk
for ill health. You may need to use more resources to access health care than someone in a more
urban place, simply because of limited accessibility. For those living in a rural setting without
reliable transportation being able to access health care is more arduous than for those with access
to transportation as well as health care.
Anyone with even a modicum of knowledge on the history of nursing can connect the
profession and past efforts and successes in enhancing population health through work on the
social determinants of health. This work can be seen in urban areas by nurses such as Lillian
Wald at Henry House in New York and rural areas in the work of Mary Breckenridge and the
Frontier Nursing Service. In both cases nursing was caring for individuals and families but also
looking at the macro level problems of poverty, lack of formal education, poor housing, lack of
access to health care; all of which would be deemed today as improving the social determinants
of health. Since the 1920’s with the work of Wald and Breckinridge we have made inroads into
the health status of people in the US. In general we have better living situations for individuals
Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 17(1)
http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i1.452 2
and families, more education and more wealth. However, the upward trajectory in health status
over the years is not carrying all and Healthy People 2020 (n.d.) promotes a place based
organizing framework that addresses five major determinants of health: a) Economic Stability, b)
Education, c) Social and Community Context, d) Health and Health Care, and e) Neighborhood
and Built Environment. Nursing has a clear role in providing health care beyond care of the
individual. Flynn (2016) writes that “…nursing may have more potential than other health
professions in bringing power and authority to the idea of.
Chapter 4 ADVOCACY IN SOCIAL WORK Learning Objectives AWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4: ADVOCACY IN SOCIAL WORK
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
1. Differentiate case advocacy and cause advocacy.
2. Summarize the ethical issues involved in advocacy.
3. Explain how advocacy is a signature aspect of social work practice.
4. Identify costs and benefits associated with advocacy.
5. Describe a cycle of advocacy.
6. List and describe four tenets of the dynamic advocacy model.
Nancy Advocates to Professionalize
Social Work in Her State
Nancy is a SSW-level social worker residing in a state that recognizes and provides licensure only
for MSW-level clinical social workers who have passed a national examination and completed at
least 2 years of supervised clinical experience. The license is what allows clinical social workers
to enter private practice with individuals and families, obtain reimbursement through insurance
companies and other third parties, and tap into public funding sources. In contrast, BSW and
nonclinical MSW social workers have been limited to obtaining state certifications in social work.
These certifications lack credibility with potential clients and funding sources.
In Nancy's state, human service organizations rarely require proof of certificat ion or of a
degree in social work for employment as a social worker in nonclinical settings. So by law,
just about anyone with at least a bachelor's degree can choose to be called a social worker.
People who have majored in psychology, sociology, criminal justice, history, and English routinely
obtain employment in human service and mental health agencies in her state. They often refer
to themselves as social workers, care managers, caseworkers, and intervention specialists. As
a result, the general public believes that the term social worker can be applied to nearly anyone
doing good for others.
Nancy worked hard for her BSW degree and wonders how nonprofessionals can effectively
do the work without the training she has received. It seems to her that the potential for doing
harm is high.
The important point here is that Nancy is thinking and acting as an advocate. To ensure that
clients receive quality services from competent social workers, Nancy works with her National
Association of Social Workers state chapter and local social work educators to promote
state legislation that will establish licensure and title protection for all social workers. As their
recommended changes in state laws are considered, social workers and some client groups
have also been talking with administrators of social work agencies about how important it is to
require that every "social worker" in a human service position have a social work degree and be
appropriately educated.
58 PART 1 Understanding Social Work
A Social workers can act as advocates for their clients by promoting legislation
that has a positive effect on the community.
T he element of social work that grea ...
1
6
Policy Review
Erika Tallent
SOCW 6361
Issue Statement
When people are released from prison, they face an environment that is difficult to navigate, designed to keep them from becoming useful members of their communities. Most ex-offenders are arrested again within three years of their release, with a majority of 77 percent of instances occurring within five years. As the nation's prison population approaches 2 million inmates, recidivism is becoming an issue for both convicts' families and society (Bhandari, 2019). This explains why social reintegration is one of the biggest social problems in the United States. Re-incarceration and unsuccessful re-entry have a devastating impact on communities, families, and individuals. Ex-offenders and those recently released from prison are the most vulnerable populations to this social problem. It is vital to have a thorough grasp of the science of offender reintegration since efficient reintegration of offenders is crucial to crime reduction.
The need for change
After being released from prison, offenders are pushed into a new environment that is very different from their previous one, and many struggle to adapt. Aside from that, due to the dynamic and the always-changing environment, ex-offenders who have spent considerable time in prison are liberated into an environment vastly different from their prior surroundings. This is a serious impediment to criminals' reintegration back into society. Furthermore, re-entry into the workforce is a significant challenge to overcome for persons who have served time in jail. Previously imprisoned individuals have difficulties getting and maintaining employment after being released from prison due to employers' apprehension about hiring people with criminal histories (Weber, 2021). Many offenders have no formal education or work experience, making it strenuous to obtain gainful employment. According to studies, about 60% of criminals and ex-offenders are high school dropouts.
In the aftermath of their imprisonment and engagement with the criminal justice system, many ex-inmates are perceived unproductive and risky by former employers and members of their old professional networks, assuming they ever had one. When ex-convicts combine a restricted professional network with a glaring gap in their resume, it may be very difficult for them to get an interview with a potential employer. An estimated 70 percent of previously jailed males have a history of drug misuse, and a large number of them suffer from physical and mental health problems (Petrich et al., 2022). As a result, employers may not consider them "work-ready," so restricting their employability. The prospect of being sued for damages resulting from "negligent hiring" is a source of anxiety for many firms. Given the possibility that a firm could be held responsible for exposing the employees to a potentially harmful individual, many companies are wary of hiring someone who has a criminal ...
Similar to The age discrimination in employment act of 1967 was an expansion (16)
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from the state crime lab request that AB Investigative Services (ABIS) prepare a standard operations procedure document concerning the general processing of computer evidence. Recent forensic investigator actions during the processing of computer evidence have failed to show understanding of how computer data are created, modified, and stored. In addition, the investigators have not understood the underlying technical issues tied to evidence processing and associated security issues. Provide four general evidence processing guidelines to ensure investigators understand the steps of processing evidence and the results when standard operating procedures are not followed.
Please submit your assignment.
.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of a balance sheet and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Analyze Ford Motor Company’s balance sheet from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style and it must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly
.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India
1947 Partition
Deepa Mehta’s earth (1998)
Characters
Aamir Khan - Dil Navaz, the Ice Candy Man
Nandita Das - Shanta, the Ayah
Rahul Khanna - Hassan, the Masseur
Maia Sethna - Lenny Sethna
Shabana Azmi - older Lenny, narrator
Kitu Gidwani - Bunty Sethna
Arif Zakaria - Rustom Sethna
Kulbhushan Kharbanda - Imam Din
Kumar Rajendra - Refugee Police
Pavan Malhotra - Butcher
IN Deepa Mehta’s words
I wanted desperately to make CRACKING INDIA into a film, a particular film, EARTH, which would be the second in my trilogy of the elements of Fire, Earth and Water.
Tracing Bapsi was no easy task but persevere we did and soon I was talking to Bapsi on the phone, hoping that the film rights to her book were still available. Two months later, thanks to David Hamilton's unwavering belief in the project, we owned the rights, had development funds, and I was sitting at my kitchen table, writing the screenplay of EARTH.
David and Anne Masson and I had worked together on FIRE and we re-assembled the team to begin the detailed planning of the production.
During this phase Bapsi became a friend and was exceedingly generous with information and old photographs. She would talk with me for hours about what it was like growing up in Lahore during those times. Lenny, after all, was based on Bapsi. In fact, Lenny was Bapsi.
The irony of our situation hasn't escaped Bapsi or myself. Bapsi is from Pakistan and now a US citizen. I'm from India and now living in Canada. If neither of us had moved from our respective homelands, the film just wouldn't have been possible. Pakistan and India, since the Partition of 1947, are sworn enemies. Not only have they fought three major wars against each other, but also, as I write this, both countries talk blithely about their nuclear capabilities and continue their militant aggression against each other across the still- disputed Kashmir border.
Fallen Women in the novel and film
Abducted women like Ayah and Hamdia, Lenny’s new nanny are viewed with suspicion from Lenny.
Page 226
“It isn’t a jail, Lenny baby…it’s a camp for fallen women.”
“What are fallen women?”
“Hai! The questions you ask! Your mother won’t like such talk…Now keep quiet”
“Are you a fallen woman?”
Fallen women – Abducted and raped women
In the aftermath of the 1947 declaration of Indian independence, the roughly drawn new state boundaries triggered what may have been the biggest migration in human history.
Historical consensus supports a figure of 12 million people displaced, although the BBC suggests figures as high as 14.5 million people. An undeclared civil war erupted as communities of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fought one another to establish their own identities in their redefined homelands. And, in the process, the Indian government estimates, 83,000 women were abused and abducted. Others put the number even higher.
“Rather than being raped and abandoned,” Yasmin Khan writes in The Great Partition: The ...
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The age discrimination in employment act of 1967 was an expansion
1. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was an
expansion of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The provisions
apply to federal, state, and local governments and organizations
with twenty or more employees. In addition, this law protects
job applicants and employees over forty years of age from
employment discrimination based on age in terms of hiring,
firing, promotion, layoffs, benefits, compensation, job
assignments and or training. The ADEA forbids retaliation
against those who file charges, testify, or participate in
investigations, proceedings, and litigation under the ADAE.
Visit these websites:
http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/age.cfm
http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adea.cfm
Addressing the six questions below, write a five-to-six-page
paper with at least 5 sources from your course textbook. All
sources must be properly cited and referenced. Assignment must
be APA compliance.
1. Analyze the need for work– life balance in terms of the
forces promoting and the forces resisting these types of
programs.
2. It is mentioned in the reading that even when organizations
offer work– life balance plans, some workers, especially men,
often do not feel that they can use them. Why might men feel
this way more than women?
3. What might the presence or absence of flexible work
programs suggest to you about the corporate culture and values
of an organization?
4. Apply the concept of the business case for diversity to
offering more flexible work arrangements for caregivers.
5. In spite of people living longer and healthier lives,
stereotypes about older workers being hard to manage and slow
to adapt to new technologies still persist. How do the media
2. contribute to and reinforce these perceptions?
6. The organizations profiled in this article are quite different
and represent a range from small businesses to huge
corporations. What might they all have in common that has
enabled them to be innovative about their programs for older
workers?
GENERALIST PRACTICE IN SOCIAL WORK
Name: Gabrielle Lewis
Generalist practice in social work focuses on the interaction of
individuals and their environment. This approach requires that
social workers recognize the variety of systems that interact
with the individual and that interact with one another (Miller,
Tice, & Harnek Hall, 2008)
Introduction
2
Individuals in a society interact with each other for several
3. reasons. The role of generalists in social work is to track those
interactions and recognize the reason behind interaction and
how they proceed. Generalist practices in social work are
grounded on the values, knowledge, and skills associated with
one’s beliefs and the reason for interaction.
2
Social Work Problem
* According to a Survey
3
Social work problem that I have identified in last weeks was the
impact of COVID-19 crisis on mental health and the role of
social workers in helping people through telehealth.
The use of telehealth system helped social workers to access
needs of patients and provide them counselling for the trauma
from which they are suffering.
During the COVID-19 crisis, it was difficult for social workers
to provide physically interactive counseling; thus, through the
telehealth system, they adjusted their hours(Mi Jin Choi, 2015).
4. That social problem has been selected for the sake of enhancing
the knowledge of audience regarding an important issue and
help them to understand the role of social workers. Social
workers played a crucial role in managing situations and helps
people suffering in mental health traumas during COVID-19. By
helping children and parents, Social workers ensured that
everyone is safe and doing well at their ends.
3
Intervention of Generalists at MULTIPLE LEVELS
The image is illustrating the four levels of intervention of
generalists and also showing where they are involved. In further
details I will explain how generalists are involved at different
levels and plays crucial role in studying human interaction,
causes and effects. At every level illustrated above the role of
generalists and social workers differs.
4
MACRO SYSTEM
5
The role of generalists at macro level is to deals with
5. community and state level problems.
The responsibility of generalists is at the macro level is to find
the root cause of national problems and then extract the solution
from the problem.
Generalists are responsible for the creation of programs that
addresses real-life problems and focus on large social problems.
For example, commentaries on corruption, rape, racial
discrimination, adultery and numerous other social problems
that needs voice(Fricke, 2017).
At macro level, The role of generalists is to talk about social
problems that are affecting the nation as a whole. generalists at
macro-level think about problems at state level and then filter
solutions for these problems. COVID-19 was a state level
problem and social workers played a crucial role in addressing
the problem and to bring solution for people. in order to address
that problem generalists as social workers. Generalists from al l
fields played a crucial role in helping people during COVID-19
and motivate them to stay active and encouraged all the time.
5
Social Workers who worked at macro-level are often work
through non-profit organizations and followed by legal
authorities, government department or funds and motivated by
human right organizations.
Continued.…
6. At Macro-level the role of generalists social workers is
designed by the state actors. Based on their roles they followed
laws and government orders to accomplish some tasks. Such as
generalists working on some highlighted issues by the use of
sensitive information let say the mental health conditions of
people during COVID and how the government deals with this
situation is favored from the upper level.
6
The growth of social work industry
The division below is showing the role of social work at each
level.
https://www.degreequery.com/social-work-degrees/is-social-
work-a-growing-industry/
The image above is showing the division of all the dimensions
of generalists role in social work. Generalists at state level are
evolved at much extent but ranked as the second most used
social work practice. At this level workers are getting
instructions from state government and bring results that meets
with the expectations of the government.
7
EXO System
8
The exo-system is an important system in which generalist
social workers looks and analyze the interactions of one group
with the other group.
The exo-system analyzes internal structures of an organization
and reviews the strength of its overall role in managing the
7. workplace operations. For example, during COVID-19 crises the
role of generalists social workers in exo-system by analyzing
how individuals interact and these interactions affects their
mental health(Fricke, 2017).
Exo-system is when the interaction between two persons affect
the well-being of the third person. In the social problem to
which I am dealing, that third person are families of people who
are being impacted by the distorted healthcare of customers.
Social work generalists are publishing highly encouraging
statements for workers and organizations that will motivate
them to achieve more.
8
Cont.…
Exo-system is related to the individual’s work station and the
role of generalists social workers in motivating workers to
achieve higher at work is the highlighted one.
Mental health problems because of physical and emotional
trauma during COVID-19 provides a chance for social workers
to use their skills to help patients and motivate them to get out
of the problem.
8. At the exo-system level social workers will determine how
organizations and work contribute in mental health problems.
there were millions of people who lost their jobs during
COVID-19 that out them into depression and stress. In order to
deal with this stress and sufferings social workers provide
assistance to people. At this level the analysis of organization
where the individual interacts with other people is conducted
and then treatment will be planned and discussed by generalist.
9
Mezzo SYSTEM
At this level or in this system the individual's primary
belongings will be analyzed by generalist social workers to
understand the reason behind the mental health problems during
COVID-19(Fricke, 2017).
For example, if an individual have lost his/her loved one due to
COVID-19, this can affect their mental health and leave them in
fear and mistrust. At this level the role of generalists skimmed
and they focus on family and peer interaction of the individual
and make assumptions whether the cause is their mental health
or not.
10
DIMENSIONS
11
The above illustration states three dimensions of generalists'
9. social work and the purpose and role of generalists in each
dimension. Although the explanation of each dimension is
provided, the keyword illustration is presented to make the role
of generalists apparent. Whether as generalists or any other
position, the role of social workers in crisis is not ordinary
because they offer immediate non-profit help to people.
11
MICRO SYSTEM
12
Micro-system is one of the simplest stage of social workers in
which they participate with the individual and his/her direct
interaction with the environment.
At this level generalists will analyze how at the individual level
mental health problem affects during COVID and what are the
factors that contribute in it.
Here generalists should have micro-skills to intervene with
individuals and understand the cause of mental health problem.
During COVID-19 numerous people suffered with mental health
problems. If the problem will be studied by social workers they
will focus on all the four dimensions and come up with the
desired solution, root causes and effects of the problem. Mental
health problem is associated with COVID-19 and the correlation
should be understood by establishing understanding their
interaction at state, local, organizational and individual levels.
(Thomas, 2019).
12
10. All the dimensions of social work practice helps to explore the
issue by analyzing the reason behind the problem and the way
individuals interact with each other.
13
Cont..
All the dimensions of social work step- by-step analyzes the
performance of individuals and explores how the problem exists
and how it impacts the well-being of individuals. During
COVID-19 there is a huge increase in mental health problems
that raises because of serious outcomes of the disease. Four
dimensions of the social work used by generalists will analyze
individual interaction, at all the levels from state, local,
organizational and individual and implement knowledge on how
the problem could effect.
13
REFERENCES
Fricke, A. (2017). CHAPTER 4: GENERALIST PRACTICE.
https://ferrisintroductiontosocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/c
hapter-4-generalist-
practice/#:~:text=The%20focus%20of%20macro%20level,and%
2For%20national%20social%20problems.
Mi Jin Choi, P. U. (2015). Early Career Patterns for Social
Work Graduates. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 475-
493.
Miller, S., Tice, C, & Harnek Hall, D. (2008). The generalist
model: Where do the micro and macro converge? Advances in
Social Work, 9(2), 79-90.
Thomas, S. (2019). Generalist Social Work Practice.
https://www.stthomas.edu/socialwork/undergraduate/about/pract
ice/.
11. 14
Running head: Correlation of the Code of Ethics1
Correlation of the Code of Ethics8
Correlation of the Code of Ethics
Gabrielle Lewis
North Central University
The correlation between COVID-19 and mental health is one of
the many social problems faced in today's world. This paper
focuses on the impact of mental health with COVID-19 and how
social workers are playing their role in helping people.
According to the preamble of NASW codes of ethics, social
workers' primary purpose is to help the public in all possible
12. ways regardless of their self-interests. Social workers are
pursuing the interests of individuals and working for their well -
being. In the first week, I have explained that social workers
helped the public through telehealth during a pandemic which
motivates them to face the problem with courage and firmness.
While everyone is suffering from acute effects of the virus, one
of the strongest professions is social work. This profession is
rooted in numerous ethical and legal limitations that affect their
ethical decision-making.
1st Code of Ethics: Conflict of Interests
The first code of ethics is "conflict of interests" from NASW
that can become an ethical challenge while addressing the social
work problem. While dealing with the public through telehealth,
conflict of interests could occur because social workers will be
dealing with a huge number of people. To console the public
and help them overcome trauma, the first thing that a social
worker will do is make them comfortable with him/her.
Treatment could be effective when the patient is comfortable
with the social worker and accepting their counselling and
absorbing all the words. But this code of ethics says; "Social
workers should not engage in dual or multiple relationships with
clients or former clients in which there is a risk of exploitation
or potential harm to the client. In instances when dual or
multiple relationships are unavoidable, social workers should
take steps to protect clients and are responsible for setting
clear, appropriate, and culturally sensitive boundaries" (Code of
Ethics, 2020). Social workers cannot build any relation with
clients, but the question raised is that if there won't be any
relationship with the client and the social worker, how can we
expect that the treatment would be effective or bring
satisfactory results.
In last week's assignment, I have discussed ways in which social
workers can help people during COVID. Such as, "during and
after the pandemic, social workers' change to telehealth can be a
better solution for both social workers as well as the patients.
Social workers can hit a button to share the screen and use
13. Zoom to help children with homework for parents who may not
understand the criteria. This increases engagement and
frequency when clients are being seen" now considering this.
How can we imagine that we can teach their children or help
them without establishing or developing any relationship with
the client? In order to help them understand the criteria and
come upon the solution, there should be semi-formal interaction
between the client and the social worker (Reamer, 1998).
My ethical values contrast with this code of ethics in ways that
I believe that maintaining the trustful relation with clients
should be a priority. As a professional counsellor and patient's
health and well-being, their loyalty is also important for
counselors that can be enhanced by establishing a steady
relationship. As a professional social worker, I will pursue an
authentic social worker's goals and meet those expectations.
While offering health opportunities to people through
telehealth, the state's ethical and professional standards must be
followed. If I focus on NASW's ethical standards will contrast
with my personal, professional, ethical beliefs as a social
worker (Reamer F. G., 2003). because commitment and having
any sort of physical, emotional and sexual relation with the
client is prohibited under NASW. Although I am not advocating
to develop any sort of such relation but at least understanding
and readily communicating to share information should be
ensured.
2nd Code of Ethics: Impairment of Colleagues
The second code of ethics of NASW is the "impairment of
colleagues", and according to this code of ethics, the
impairment should be discussed with clients in order to avoid
complications in treatment. For example, while offering
treatment through telehealth, patients suffering from stress
because of COVID-19 might have some rooted cause because of
some family issues. Thus, to design the treatment plan, social
workers should consult patients to make the plan more
effective. During the pandemic, there were numerous reasons
14. social workers can help people and solve their problems. But in
the previous week, the major focus was on how mental health
was affected during a pandemic and how medical social workers
coped with the situation through a telehealth system. But there
could be a limitation in this code of ethics because, through the
telehealth system, social workers will be unaware of whether
the client is providing accurate information.
This code of ethics will be a challenge for social workers
because it will affect the quality of the treatment or help
provided to clients. There is no doubt that the client's
impairment will interfere in the counselling or the type of help
social workers provide. Based on my professional beliefs, I
would say that clients' impairment should be the part of
counselling so social workers can offer them right and effective
treatment and help them deal with the scenario. By staying
within described limits and keeping legal, professional and
ethical standards in place, social workers can integrate these
practices.
Recommendations
1. The recommendation for social workers is to follow ethical
codes and maintain client's loyalty. They can develop
an informal relationship that will not violate the NASW code of
ethics of social work. For example, there should be no physical,
sexual, or emotional relationship. Based on the purpose of
social work, well-being for individuals can only be brought
when they are satisfied and trustworthy. According to the State
Board of Social Work, those who provide planning, counselling,
consultation, and assessment are termed as certified social
workers. Thus, certified social workers must align their
practices and the code of ethics (Caruso, 2020).
2. In the case of impaired client's counselling, social workers
can conduct an informed consent in which they can ask open-
ended questions from people and motivate them to share if they
have any impairment and any other way social workers can
help. This will help social workers follow the code of conduct
and resolve client's impairment simultaneously (Zur, 2016).
15. Social workers' ethics codes support these recommendations
because they are made between personal preferences and the
stated ethical and professional limits. Implementation of these
recommendations will bring effective results.
References
Caruso, K. A. (2020). State Board of Social Work Examiners.
https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/sw.
Code of Ethics . (2020).
https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-
Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English.
Reamer, F. (1998). Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Critical
Review of the NASW Code of Ethics. NASW PRESS, 1-8.
Reamer, F. G. (2003). Boundary Issues in Social Work:
Managing Dual Relationship. EBESCO, 121-129.
Zur, O. (2016). Codes of Ethics on Therapists' Impairment,
Burnout and Self Care. https://www.zurinstitute.com/ethics-of-
burnout/.
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
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Code=wrsp20
16. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social
Thought
ISSN: 1542-6432 (Print) 1542-6440 (Online) Journal homepage:
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wrsp20
The ecosystems perspective in social work:
Implications for culturally competent practice with
American Muslims
Sawssan R. Ahmed, Mona M. Amer & Amal Killawi
To cite this article: Sawssan R. Ahmed, Mona M. Amer & Amal
Killawi (2017) The ecosystems
perspective in social work: Implications for culturally
competent practice with American
Muslims, Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work:
Social Thought, 36:1-2, 48-72, DOI:
10.1080/15426432.2017.1311245
To link to this article:
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Published online: 25 Apr 2017.
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18. University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
ABSTRACT
The ecosystems framework is relevant to social work because it
helps to envision a better fit between clients and their environ-
ments by improving the quality of transactions across different
ecological systems. This approach can be useful to
understanding
the experiences of Muslims living in America, and is consistent
with Islam’s emphasis on person-in-context. This article
analyzes
American Muslims’ experiences at different ecological levels;
namely, family and peers, organizations that individuals are in
regular contact with (school, college, workplace, Islamic
center),
and pervasive sociopolitical influences at the macrolevel. For
each of these ecosystems, the article outlines challenges the
person may have in adapting, strategies that enhance the quality
of the environment and person-environment fit, and practical
recommendations for social work practice. The aim of this
review
is to provide social workers with a rich understanding of the
various systemic factors that can influence the well-being of
their American Muslim clients so that they can support their
growth and empowerment.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 24 July 2016
Accepted 6 March 2017
KEYWORDS
American Muslims;
discrimination; ecosystems;
Islam; person-in-environment
The person-in-environment perspective is a central and guiding
19. framework
for social work practice. It is based on the belief that an
individual can only
be understood in the context of his/her environment (e.g.
physical, familial,
spiritual, social, political, societal, etc.), and thus practitioners
must consider
both the person and the various aspects of that person’s
environment in their
assessment, planning, and intervention processes. This dual
focus on the
person and environment has been a distinguishing feature of
social work,
setting it apart from many other disciplines (Kondrat, 2008).
Although the person-in-environment perspective has guided
social work
for almost a century (Mattaini & Meyer, 2002), there has been a
historical
tension between micro/clinical practice with individuals and
macro/commu-
nity practice with the environment (Austin, Coombs, & Barr,
2005). Social
workers did not always attend to both areas, often paying more
attention to
individual interventions, modeling their practice after
psychiatrists and
CONTACT Sawssan R. Ahmed, PhD [email protected]
Department of Psychology, California State
University, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA
92831USA.
JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL
WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT
2017, VOL. 36, NOS. 1–2, 48–72
21. rately, social workers “pay attention to the multiple interacting
elements that are
always present”(Mattaini & Meyer, 2002, p. 33).
Germain (1978) conceptualized a metaphor for the ecological
approach,
organizing various client systems in a hierarchal fashion, like a
set of Chinese
boxes with smaller boxes fitting into increasingly larger ones.
For example, a
person may exist in a family system, which exists in a religious
community,
which then exists in a region. Kondrat (2002) offered a
modified metaphor
for the ecological model, suggesting instead that people were
more like
dancers in a ballet or players in a football game, engaging in a
constructive
and recursive process in which they shape their environment,
and the
environment in turn shapes their behavior.
Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model of human
development has also
been useful to social work, in that it clarifies the various social
systems in which a
person lives as a series of concentric circles: the microsystem,
mesosystem,
exosystem, and macrosystem. The microsystem consists of
family, peers, neigh-
bors, classmates, and other individuals and institutions that the
person regularly
interacts with. The mesosystem represents the relationships
between compo-
nents in the microsystem, such as the transactions between a
child’s parents and
22. his/her school, which in turn influences the child. There are
distal factors in
settings that do not directly touch the person but link to settings
that do
influence the person, and this is considered the exosystem. For
example, dis-
crimination faced by a mother at her workplace may increase
her levels of
distress, which in turn influences her childcare practices in the
home setting,
thus impacting the child. Finally, the macrosystem includes the
pervasive cul-
tural influences on the person including socioeconomic,
political, and religious
factors.
With an ecosystem approach, social work’s purpose is to ensure
a better fit
between clients and their environments, aiming for improved
quality of these
JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL
WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT 49
transactions so “that growth and adaptive potential are released
and environ-
ments are more responsive to people’s needs and goals”
(Gitterman & Germain,
1981, p. 44). Interventions can occur in any of the multiple
elements of a client’s
case, even in the transactions directly, which provides social
workers with end-
less possibilities for action (Mattaini & Meyer, 2002). Thus, the
ecological
23. approach allows social workers to move between various client
systems, treating
problems at the individual, family, small group, organizational,
and community
levels (Pardeck, 2015). Although some have criticized the
ecological model as
being too abstract to be helpful to practitioners and lacking
rigor and clarity
(Brower, 1988; Wakefield, 1996a, 1996b), it remains the most
popular and
widely used framework in social work.
The ecosystems approach may be particularly relevant to
working with
American Muslim clients, not only because it provides a rich
understanding
of the person’s experience but also because it is aligned with
how Islam views
the person-in-context. The Islamic perspective considers a
person’s context
and environment to play a vital role in shaping individual
behaviors and
experiences. For example, there are hadiths (religious sayings
of Prophet
Muhammad) that speak to the contextual influences on
individuals. As
narrated in one hadith:
The good companion and the bad companion can be compared to
a perfume seller
and a blacksmith. When you visit the perfume seller he may
give you a gift or you
may purchase some musk from him and at the very least you
leave with a sweet
trace of his scent upon you. When you visit the blacksmith his
flying sparks may
24. burn your clothes and you will leave smelling of the smoke
from his furnace.
(Sahih Bukhari, Chapter 34, Hadith #314)
This hadith highlights how peer relations can have a positive or
negative
influence depending on whether they are health promoting or
not. Another
hadith highlights the systemic influence on individuals: “The
Muslim ummah
[global Muslim community] is like one body. If the eye is in
pain the whole
body is in pain, and if the head is in pain then the whole body is
in pain”
(Sahih Muslim, Chapter 32, Hadith #6261).
Thus, Islam views the individual as embedded within a larger
ecosystem in
which different parts of the system interact with and impact one
another.
Therefore, improving an individual’s environment will have a
positive impact
on that individual. This is why the Islamic way of life
incorporates detailed
guidelines for all aspects of living including family, social,
political, economic,
and religious systems. For example, alcohol is prohibited to
avoid harming
families and communities, recommended marital and family
interactions are
meant to prevent discord, economic well-being is maintained
through prohibit-
ing unjust usury and business transactions, and just governance
is outlined to
ensure effective policies. The regulation of these different
settings aims to
25. encourage healthy environments to produce healthy individuals.
50 S. R. AHMED ET AL.
In this narrative review, a conceptual framework that focuses on
promot-
ing wellness among American Muslim clients across different
ecological
levels is offered. American Muslims are a diverse and growing
community
in the United States, estimated to become the second largest
religious group
by 2050 (Pew Research Center, 2016a). Estimates on the
number of Muslims
in the United States vary greatly with ranges between 3.3 and 7
million (Pew
Research Center, 2016b; Smith, 2002). Ethnically, estimates
indicate that
most Muslims in the United States are African American (35%),
Arab
American (25%–30%), or South Asian American (20%–25%)
(Gallup
Center for Muslim Studies, 2009). More than half of Muslims in
the
United States are immigrants (Pew Research Center, 2007), and
although
most American Muslims identify as Sunni (65%), a significant
minority
(11%) identify with the Shiite sect of Islam (Pew Research
Center, 2011).
Despite the diversity among Muslims, common experiences
including the
shared stress associated with rise in anti-Muslim sentiment
26. post-9/11 and an
increase in anti-Muslim rhetoric, make it increasingly important
to pay attention
to the well-being and mental health of American Muslim
communities (Clay,
2011; Padela & Heisler, 2010). Due to the diverse settings in
which social workers
function, it is likely that social workers will interact with
American Muslims in
some capacity. In fact, there are more social workers in the
United States than
there are psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses
combined, and social
workers provide the largest group of mental health services in
the United States
(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
[SAMHSA], 2013).
Thus, social workers can play a key role in supporting American
Muslims.
In this review, the authors have divided the ecological levels
into family
and peers who are closest to the individual; organizations that
American
Muslims may interact with frequently (including school,
college, workplace,
Islamic centers); and macrolevel factors such as the
sociopolitical context.
The macrolevel factors may be more distal yet profoundly
impact Muslims
living in America. Using the existing literature as a backdrop,
the authors
explore the person-in-environment fit at each level. First, a
review is pro-
vided of the factors that increase stress and distress at that
ecological
27. level. Second, factors that enhance adaptation and quality of the
environment
are discussed. Finally, recommendations for social work
practice are pre-
sented, aiming to improve the quality of interactions between
individuals and
their environment in each of these settings. The ultimate aim of
this narrative
is to guide culturally competent social work practice with
American Muslims
by integrating relevant literature on members of this faith
community with a
conceptual framework that demonstrates how the ecosystems
perspective
coincides with their Islamic worldview.
JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL
WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT 51
Families and peers
As the groups of people that American Muslims have the most
contact with,
families and peers play a significant role in shaping the lives of
American
Muslims. The concept of person-in-environment fit is important
in two ways
when discussing families and peers. First, families may face
tensions when
interacting with surrounding ecological systems, and these
challenges in
adaptation can negatively influence the individual who is
embedded in the
family unit. Second, the individual may need to adapt to
28. differences in
worldviews and cultural norms within family and friendship
groups, which
may have the potential to be stressful.
Family
For American Muslims, the definition of “family” may extend
beyond the
Western concept of the nuclear family to include extended
family members
who actively influence family decisions and dynamics (Carolan,
Bagherinia,
Juhari, Himelright, & Mouton-Sanders, 2000; Smith, 2007).
There is great
heterogeneity in Muslim family structures based on
ethnic/national back-
ground and nativity status. Among immigrants, the gender
division of house-
hold labor may be more traditional with men having higher
authority
(Ayyub, 2000; Carolan et al., 2000). In immigrant families,
parents, particu-
larly mothers, play a key role in socializing children into
cultural and
religious traditions by encouraging an Islamic lifestyle (Ross-
Sheriff,
Tirmazi, & Walsh, 2007). For many Muslim families regardless
of immigra-
tion status, Islam is interwoven across multiple aspects of daily
family life
(Carolan et al., 2000; Smith, 2007).
Many American Muslim families face pressures when adapting
to the
surrounding ecological contexts, and such tensions in turn can
29. place strain
on individual family members. For example, practicing religion,
particularly
rituals such as prayer and dietary restrictions, can be
challenging especially to
those newly arrived to the United States (Carolan et al., 2000).
The pressures
associated with adaptation, also known as acculturation
stressors, that immi-
grant Muslim families face can precipitate psychological
distress especially if
families arrive with lower levels of education, English fluency,
familiarity
with Western culture, and social support systems (Ross-Sheriff
& Husain,
2004). Refugee families have typically faced prior exposure to
violence and
other traumatic transactions in their homelands. This may
contribute to
individual psychological disorders, as well as disruptions to
family roles
and family relationships (Alemi, James, Cruz, Zepeda, &
Racadio, 2014;
Snyder, May, Zulcic, & Gabbard, 2005; Weine et al., 2004).
Conflictual transactional processes within the family system can
also pre-
cipitate stress and distress for individual family members. For
example,
intergenerational differences between parents and children may
be
52 S. R. AHMED ET AL.
30. exacerbated by intercultural and acculturation differences.
Parents may feel
anxious to protect their children and ensure that the children
maintain
family honor by adhering to community norms and
religiocultural codes of
behavior (Ross-Sheriff et al., 2007; Smith, 2007). Yet the
school environment
and other ecosystems may act as competing socializing agents,
leading
children to struggle with negotiating between the demands of
their family
culture with other norms (Ross-Sheriff & Husain, 2004).
Parental restrictions
may frustrate children and precipitate family conflicts,
particularly for girls
who grow annoyed at the double standards that accord boys
greater freedoms
(Kanji & Cameron, 2010; Smith, 2007).
Conflicts can also occur within the marital dyad, including
severe disrup-
tions such as domestic violence and divorce. Sociocultural
factors associated
with higher risk for domestic violence in American Muslim
families include
acceptance of male dominance, lower education, and female
employment
(Adam & Schewe, 2007). Some men may interpret Islamic texts
to give them
license to hit their wives, and cultural and social norms
emphasizing family
honor and pressure to maintain traditional family structures may
lead
women to remain in abusive relationships (Ayyub, 2000). With
regards to
31. divorce, it is permissible but highly eschewed in Islam (Smith,
2007).
Surrounding microsystems such as family, friends, and religious
leaders
may intervene to resolve the marital conflicts in order to
prevent divorce
(Alshugairi, 2010). Stigma, shame, and blame often follow
women who are
divorced (Ayyub, 2000), which can exacerbate the stress of the
divorce itself.
There are many factors that can improve the quality of the
family envir-
onment thereby fostering growth of its individual members.
Religious faith
and ethnic/national identity can be sources for resilience within
American
Muslim families. Moreover, family well-being can be
strengthened through
healthy linkages with external systems such as social and
community con-
nections and accessing institutional resources such as social
services (Beitin
& Allen, 2005; Carter, 2010; Kanji & Cameron, 2010). Given
the salience of
religion to many American Muslim families, it’s not surprising
that religios-
ity, in particular, has been found to be a significant source of
strength. For
example, shared religious practices among couples was found to
enhance
marital and family bonds, regulate rights and responsibilities of
the partners,
and buffer against potential domestic abuse (Alghafli, Hatch, &
Marks, 2014).
Religion may also serve as a link to other forms of external
32. supports such as
faith communities and religious leaders (Marks, 2005).
Social work practice
Social workers interact with Muslim families in multiple
settings such as commu-
nity mental health centers, schools, and social service agencies.
Previous authors
have argued that to work effectively across these settings, it is
important to respect
religious and cultural values and avoid imposing European
American world views
JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL
WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT 53
(Carter, 2010; Ross-Sheriff & Husain, 2004). It is important for
social workers to be
aware of the gender roles and divisions of household labor
chosen by the family
(Beitin & Allen, 2005). The high respect bestowed upon
parents, extended family
members, and other authorities in the family hierarchy should
be considered when
assessing and offering services to American Muslim families.
For example,
extended family members may be involved in the services if
desired (Carolan
et al., 2000).
Because American Muslim families may come from
collectivistic cultures,
more individualistic-focused services may create tension
between the client
33. and the service setting (Carter, 2010; Kiely-Froude & Abdul-
Karim, 2009).
Instead, social workers can work to promote healthier
interactions among
family members. For example, assessing acculturation can help
social work-
ers better understand family dynamics (Beitin & Allen, 2005)
including
intercultural gaps between parents and children. Social workers
can then
strengthen parent–child relations by exploring interventions that
balance the
cultural expectations of both parents and children. Positive and
open com-
munication channels between parents and children can help with
these
dynamics (Ross-Sheriff et al., 2007).
When working with women who face domestic violence, social
workers may
consider how spirituality and the Islamic faith can be integrated
in the services, if
relevant (Kiely-Froude & Abdul-Karim, 2009). Research has
found religion to be
an important resource for coping and healing among American
Muslim women
who experienced domestic violence (Ayyub, 2000; Hassouneh-
Phillips, 2003).
Moreover, surrounding support systems will likely have eroded
over time; these
women may have become isolated as a result of their husbands’
controlling
behaviors, and the community may have criticized or shunned
these women for
leaving their marriages (Hassouneh-Phillips, 2001; Kiely-
Froude & Abdul-Karim,
34. 2009). Thus, it would be essential to support these women in
establishing new
support systems, perhaps through exploring new mosques or
community net-
works (Kiely-Froude & Abdul-Karim, 2009). These women may
also need various
medical, mental health, legal, and social services (Abu-Ras,
2007), which social
workers can facilitate access to. If available in their locale,
social workers can
connect Muslim clients with Muslim-specific services. Social
workers can also
engage in community education efforts to increase awareness
about domestic
violence and promote healthy family relationships.
In cases of divorce, social workers can support Muslim families
better adapt to
the surrounding systems. They may help families, particularly
immigrants, under-
stand the ideologies and practices of U.S. laws. The division of
financial assets and
child custody arrangements may have regulations under Islamic
family law or
cultural traditions that do not align with U.S. legal standards.
Social workers can
help clients navigate the court systems, connect them with legal
advocates and
interpreters, and educate judges about their religious and
cultural backgrounds.
Women from immigrant backgrounds who can legally remain in
the United States
54 S. R. AHMED ET AL.
35. can be supported in developing skills for managing independent
living by con-
necting them with support groups and employment programs.
American Muslims
may have the perception that social workers break up families.
In cases of neglect
or abuse in particular, it is imperative that social workers
explain their role and
provide reassurance that the goal is to establish healthy
relationships and help
families adapt to their situation (Graham, Bradshaw, & Trew,
2009).
Peers
Similar to families, peer groups are one of the most important
sources of
support for American Muslims. Almost all of the literature
related to Muslim
peer relationships focuses on children and emerging adults. For
Muslim
youth who were born and raised in the United States and those
of
European or African American heritages, friendship-making
may be less
complicated compared to those who immigrated to the United
States at a
young age. For example, some children express concern that the
quality and
sincerity of friendships in North America are less than what
would be found
in their home country (Kanji & Cameron, 2010).
American Muslim youth who adhere to traditional cultural and
religious
36. values may find it challenging to adapt to and “fit in” with peer
groups
that don’t share the same belief systems (Ross-Sheriff &
Husain, 2004;
Zine, 2001). Parents may also play a role in isolating their
children by
encouraging their children to engage only with others from the
same
ethnic, national, and/or religious backgrounds (Ross-Sheriff &
Husain,
2004). Poor quality of the peer group setting, or poor cultural
concordance
between the child and his/her peers, can facilitate engagement
in risk-
taking behaviors (Kanji & Cameron, 2010). For example, peer
pressure
(from both Muslim and non-Muslim peers) may result in Muslim
youth
experimenting with tobacco, drug and alcohol use, and
premarital sex, all
of which run counter to religious dictates (Ahmed & Ezzeddine,
2009).
Moreover, in the absence of religiously and culturally
sanctioned leisure
and recreational activities, youth may turn to activities that
conflict with
religiocultural norms in order to feel accepted by surrounding
social net-
works (Ahmed & Ezzeddine, 2009).
One of the greater challenges for Muslim youth relates to
interactions with
the opposite sex (Ahmed & Ezzeddine, 2009; Zine, 2001).
Religious and
cultural proscriptions against premarital romantic and sexual
relationships,
37. as well as physical contact, may place young Muslims at odds
with American
cultural norms, which can be stressful (Ahmed & Ezzeddine,
2009; Smith,
2007).
On the other hand, when American Muslim youth are embedded
in healthy
peer groups, this can positively influence their identity
development, self-
concept, and self-esteem (Ahmed & Ezzeddine, 2009). To cope
with the
JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL
WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT 55
challenges of finding healthy peer groups, Muslims at many
schools and colleges
have founded associations for Muslim students with networks of
peers who
share social and religious supports (Ahmed & Ezzeddine, 2009;
Zine, 2001).
Moreover, Islamic organizations and community centers have
tried to address
the challenges of ensuring Islamically sanctioned interactions
between the sexes
by designing structured activities at which boys and girls, and
young men and
young women, can meet and interact in a protective
environment. Matchmaking
services have also gained attention by these organizations
(Smith, 2007).
Social work practice
38. Muslim youth can benefit from strength-based and youth-
generated pro-
grams and interventions that incorporate mentoring and provide
a safe space
to socialize with their peers and engage in meaningful activities
(Ahmed,
Patel, & Hashem, 2015). Social workers can connect Muslim
youth with
supportive networks that share their cultural and religious
values or design
such programs if it they are not available. Social workers can
also provide
educational programs and interventions to parents and religious
and com-
munity leaders about youth development, challenges, and needs,
thereby
fostering improved parenting.
Organizational settings
American Muslims may be in regular contact with on a daily or
at least
weekly basis, with their school, college, workplace, and
mosque. Although
social workers may not typically be employed at colleges,
workplaces, and
mosques, these settings are presented because they may have
significant
influences on individuals seen in social work practice in other
settings.
Moreover, if a member of a client’s family faces tensions in
those environ-
ments (e.g., a parent faces employment discrimination), the
impacts may
indirectly influence the client, as described above with
Bronfenbrenner’s
39. concept of the exosystem. Finally, social work strategies that
can enhance
the person-in-environment fit at schools may be transferred to
future aca-
demic and professional settings if the child has gained new
skills.
Schools
American Muslim children may experience numerous challenges
in their transac-
tions with public schools. They are faced with the tough tasks
of negotiating their
Islamic beliefs with the secular curricula and maintaining their
religious and
cultural identities within the European American cultural
environment (Ahmad
& Szpara, 2003; Khalifa & Gooden, 2010; Zine, 2001).
Adapting to the school
context can be more difficult when the academic system ignores
Muslim students
(Khalifa & Gooden, 2010) or there are biased, incomplete, and
stereotypical
56 S. R. AHMED ET AL.
depictions of Islam and Muslim historical events in curricula
and textbooks
(Douglass & Dunn, 2003; Sabry & Bruna, 2007). There may be
biases and
insufficient knowledge about Islam among teachers (Ezzani &
Brooks, 2015;
Mastrilli & Sardo-Brown, 2002; Sabry & Bruna, 2007); …
40. COMMENTARY
Ten Emerging “Communities” for Social Work
Education and Practice
Jerry Don Marx
Recent research (Fisher & Corciullo,2011; Rothman, 2012) has
documentedthe decline of community organization
content in social work education curriculums.
There are several factors that contribute to this
trend. Among them is the fact that most social
work faculty members have little experience in
community organization and do not feel prepared
to teach such content. In addition, and perhaps
more important, most students are unaware of or
uninterested in community organization. In any
case, they do not see it as a primary career path and
are choosing not to concentrate their study in this
area. Faculty members may contribute to this stu-
dent disinterest, but in any case, where there is lit-
tle demand (that is, students), there will be little
supply (that is, content). Social work has survived
as a profession in part because of its broad applica-
bility in an ever-changing world. If community
organization is to survive as a social work interven-
tion method, then a broader conceptualization of
community organization is needed. With the pre-
mise that “communities” should be broadly defined
as groups of people who form a distinct social unit
based on location, interests, or identification, this
article delineates 10 emerging communities for social
work education and practice and, in so doing, offers
a means for reconceptualizing and reinvigorating
41. community organization in professional social work.
1. The Online Community: Social work educa-
tion programs need to revise their community
organization curriculum content to emphasize the
knowledge, values, and skills required for effective
organizing in online communities. Online advo-
cacy groups such as MoveOn.org and DoSometh-
ing.org are well known to young people. The
effectiveness of using Facebook and other new
technologies such as Twitter to organize social
action activities has been demonstrated by the Arab
Spring and Occupy Wall Street movements. Given
this track record and social media’s appeal to young
people, classroom readings and assignments need
to emphasize their potential use by social workers
in community organizing.
2. Green Communities: Global warming and
the aim of preserving a healthy environment are
primary topics of interest of students today. Sur-
prising research is showing that the “greenest”
communities are densely populated urban areas
where dwellings are relatively small, recreation
areas are shared by many, and people use bicycles,
subways, trains, elevators, or their legs for transpor-
tation. New York City is a prime example. Social
work education needs to better define and illustrate
the potential role of social workers in organizing
their communities to promote greener and there-
fore healthier environments. These roles include
work with neighborhood organizations, city plan-
ning boards, citizen advisory committees, and land
preservation trusts.
43. porary shelters, and local volunteer recruitment.
Social work students, like all of us, are no doubt
concerned for the victims of these disasters but,
unless informed otherwise, may not discern a role
for macro social workers in such events.
5. Hispanic Communities: Another major
demographic trend is the growing Hispanic popu-
lation in the United States. The U.S. Census
Bureau projects that by 2060, one in every three
U.S. citizens will be Hispanic (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2012). Consequently, more and more
social work students will find employment in
Spanish-speaking communities. The need for
developing and coordinating services that are sensi -
tive to the culture of these communities is one that
can be met by social workers in the role of com-
munity organizer. Because of these trends, faculty
advisors in social work education programs must
point out to current social work students the utility
of taking Spanish courses as double majors or
minors.
6. International Communities:
Solution
s to
global poverty, disease, and infant mortality will
require social work knowledge, values, and skills in
communities internationally. At the macro level,
social workers will have special opportunities run-
44. ning international nonprofit organizations (that is,
nongovernmental organizations) and organizing
community services across poverty-stricken regions.
I know, in part, because social work students and
colleagues of mine have taken part in the organiz-
ing of community efforts to build schools in the
Dominican Republic.
7. Innovative Communities: It seems that every-
one has heard of Silicon Valley, but do we have
social versions of Silicon Valley? To some extent,
the answer is “yes,” and macro social workers
should be more involved. Social innovation often
takes place internationally and has taken several
forms. “Social businesses” are those that primarily
exist to address social problems and have been used
to launch the “microcredit” movement around the
world. A second entrepreneurial model is Vision-
Spring, a nonprofit organization that works to
reduce poverty around the world through the sale
of affordable eyeglasses in remote communities. Its
distribution vehicle is the “microfranchise,” a busi -
ness toolkit that supplies local entrepreneurs with
the needed information to start a small business
45. selling eyeglasses in poor communities. These are
just two examples of social innovation. Macro
social workers, including those who hold second
degrees in business or public administration, can be
innovators and entrepreneurs in their communi-
ties, but social work education will need to do
more to incorporate this material.
8. Electoral Communities: In the period 2011–
2012, there were 164 social workers holding public
office at the local, state, and national levels. All but
13 of these officials held an MSW or a DSW. The
current 113th Congress has nine social workers
among its members. In fact, Senator Barbara
Mikulski from Maryland is a social worker who
this year became the first woman to chair the
Appropriations Committee (NASW, 2013). The
knowledge, values, and skills involved in commu-
nity organization provide a solid foundation to
social workers for running campaigns for elected
office. Most incoming social work students do not
understand this possibility at first. They have to be
educated to the fact. The experience of Barack
Obama offers a great case example.
46. 9. Cinematic Communities: Film and other
visual arts happen to be some of the most effective
public education and advocacy tools available
today. Witness the success of documentaries such
as Roger and Me (1978) about the community
impact of General Motors factory shutdowns and
Wal-Mart: The High Costs of a Low Price (2005)
about the negative effects of big-box discounters
on main-street communities. And now, anyone
who owns a smartphone is a potential filmmaker.
Given its new “Virtual Film Festival” for student
filmmakers, the Council on Social Work Educa-
tion evidently sees the student appeal and advocacy
potential here.
10. Business Communities: In the Alinsky
(1971) model of organizing, business is frequently
cast as the bad guy, a target to be attacked and
embarrassed. In some cases, social justice requires
this strategy. There are more consensual models of
Marx/Ten Emerging “Communities” for Social Work Education
and Practice 85
47. community organizing, however, that involve
business leaders in a collaborative fashion. United
Way is the most well-known model, with its
long history of serving as a community organiz-
ing mechanism, bringing business and nonprofit
groups together to solve community problems.
There are hundreds of local United Way agencies
across the United States that hire macro social
workers, and with the forming of United Way
Worldwide in 2009, there are now over 1,800
United Way organizations around the world
(United Way, 2013).
In summary, there are many new communities
offering exciting educational and practice opportu-
nities for community organization. Social work
must take note.
REFERENCES
Alinsky, S. D. (1971). Rules for radicals: A pragmatic primer
for
realistic radicals. New York: Random House.
Fisher, R., & Corciullo, D. (2011). Rebuilding community
48. organizing education in social work. Journal of Commu-
nity Practice, 19, 355–368.
National Association of Social Workers. (2013). Social work-
ers in state and local office. Retrieved from www.naswdc.
org/pace/state.asp
Rothman, J. (2012). Education for macro intervention: A survey
of problems and prospects. Lynwood, IL: Association for
Community Organization and Social Administration.
United Way. (2013). History. Retrieved from www.unitedway.
org/pages/history
U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). U.S. Census Bureau projections
show a slower growing, older, more diverse nation a half cen-
tury from now. Retrieved from www.census.gov/
newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-243.
html
Jerry Don Marx, PhD, is associate professor, Department of
Social Work, University of New Hampshire, 55 College Road,
Pettee Hall, Room 317, Durham, NH 03824; e-mail: Jerry.
[email protected]
49. Original manuscript received February 6, 2013
Accepted February 27, 2013
Advance Access Publication December 30, 2013
86 Social Work Volume 59, Number 1 January 2014
www.naswdc.org/pace/state.asp
www.naswdc.org/pace/state.asp
www.unitedway.org/pages/history
www.unitedway.org/pages/history
www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-
243.html
www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-
243.html
www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-
243.html
www.census.gov/newsroom/rel eases/archives/population/cb12-
243.html
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Community practice and the Afrocentric paradigm
Colita Nichols Fairfax
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53. segregation, Black social leaders, also referred to as social
reformers, were
creating institutions and systems that not only attended to
human needs but
also affirmed culture, family, and traditions. As the Afrocentric
perspective
reinterpreted African philosophy, socioeconomic/political
realities, and cul-
ture in the latter 20th century, social workers should apply this
point of view
within a community practice context to attend to systemic and
environmen-
tal issues impacting the African American community. This
article explores
the intersection of community practice and the Afrocentric
paradigm that
social workers can apply in the 21st century.
KEYWORDS
Afrocentric paradigm;
community; community-
defined practice; social work
Introduction
54. Community practice is indispensable to transforming the
environmental landscape where impo-
verished Black people reside, attend school, worship, and
engage recreation, while simultaneously
negotiating crime, environmental hazards, food deserts, decrepit
economic outlets, and health and
mental health challenges as well as tyrannically dominating
systems of public welfare, child
support enforcement, corrections, and law enforcement. Without
appropriate economic engines,
alienated schools, and environmental hazards within the
vicissitudes of life, community practice is
essential and culturally congruent in applied science when
working in the African American
community. Societal marginalization of these resources,
predicated upon systemic values of
African dehumanization and sensibilities, have rendered
segments of the neighborhoods unpala-
table for human living and thriving. In fact, the field of social
work has weakly addressed issues of
culture and race and the dehumanization of African philosophy
and culture, as thought leaders in
community social work posit grassroots work as perfunctory
social action and legislative advocacy
as sufficient to transformative change. A three-pronged model
55. of community intervention of
locality development, social action, and social planning/policy
(Rothman, 1996) is widely promul-
gated as a viable and appropriate response. Another example of
conventional community practice
is in “four major processes that focus on the democratic
revitalization of communities and
societies reflect the scope of contemporary practice are
development, organizing, planning and
progressive change efforts” (Weil, 1994, pp. xxx–xxxi; Weil,
Reisch, & Ohmer, 2013, p. 11). This
conceptual framework of the profession’s response assumes that
all people have equal access to
American social systems and quality-of-life standards: “The
absence of culturally-specific para-
digms challenges the community practitioners’ ability to
develop the most appropriate community
organizing strategies and interventions for the target milieu”
(Laing, 2009, p. 21). This article
explores community practice with an Afrocentric paradigm with
contemporary implications for
culturally congruent community practice. This knowledge is
paramount to social workers engaging
in human transformation and change:
57. intellectual critique, which is also related
to African philosophy. African-centered research is rooted
within philosophies, cultures, and principles
that analyze and apply theories to praxis, unique locally and
globally. Given that academic knowledge
production has been formulated within European cultural and
philosophical foundation, out of which all
academic disciplines are formulated, this knowledge production
is predicated upon intellectual traditions
emanating from the Greco-Roman period. African centeredness
represents the intellectual and philoso-
phical foundations of scientific and moral criteria for
authenticating human reality (Nobles, 1986), from
ancient Egypt, Mali, Songhay, Ghana, Nigeria, and Angola.
Africentric has been used by psychologists to
explain the theoretical, cognitive, and behavioral processes with
African-centered therapies and treatment
(Kambon, 1992). The term Afrocentricity has garnished more
attention, and, to connect with the reader,
this term will be used. “The Afrocentric paradigm is a social
science paradigm premised on the philoso-
phical concepts of traditional [precolonial] Africa” (Thabede,
2008, p. 235). Afrocentricity is a theory
concerned with African epistemological relevance to achieve
intellectual agency (Asante, 1999) and social
58. change and for inquiries in historical, political, cultural, and
developmental proportions: “African culture is
at the center of discovery” (Asante, 1987; 1999). As America’s
demographic population increases with
African diasporic, African American, Asian ethnicities,
Hispanic, Moslem and Arab cultures, social work
should stand on the precipice of change by embracing
paradigms and practice models that are culturally
centered, culturally relevant, and culturally endorsed for
community application: “African-centered social
work challenges the all-embracing universal nature of the
ethnocentric social science paradigms which have
hitherto formed the basis of existing social work theory and
practice” (Graham, 1999, p. 265).
The African worldview is used to center Afrocentricity. The
African worldview is based in
conceptual pillars applied to beliefs, perceptions, intuitions, and
the nature of reality (Parham,
2002, xv) and has informed the theory and application of
Afrocentricity to the study of African
diasporic phenomena. The principles and values that underpin
this worldview are the intercon-
nectedness of all things, the spiritual nature of human beings,
the collective/individual identity and
59. the collective/inclusive nature of family structure, the oneness
of mind, body, and spirit, and the
value of interpersonal relationships (Graham, 1999, p. 258), for
which we seek behavioral outputs.
As the long struggle for civil and human rights unfolded in the
20th century, Black Power
movement scholars articulated alternative ways of knowing and
questioning phenomena about
the global African experience. Not just a field of Black history,
Afrocentricity grew as a unique
paradigm applicable in the various disciplines, with the common
goal of knowledge production
and improving quality of life. Since theory drives social work
practice, social workers should
master theories and philosophical frameworks that reflect the
humanity and reality of the popula-
tion served. Applying the Afrocentric paradigm is an important
step in community practice,
“requiring community practitioners to acknowledge the role that
identities and group member-
ships play in shaping people’s lives and experiences” (Reisch,
Ife, & Weil, 2013, p. 99).
Afrocentricity may be applied to all practice levels because of
the obscene manner in which
American social institutions assault African Americans:
60. In human services, hegemony is best expressed through two
models: (1) the theories and models for explaining
and solving social problems arise from a Eurocentric conception
of human behavior and social problems, and
(2) the cultural values of people of color, generally and African
Americans, specifically, have not been used
sufficiently as a theoretical base to establish new human service
practice paradigms and methods. (Schiele, 2000,
pp. 5–6)
The legacy of empirically applied theories in social work has
marginalized the relevance of other
cultural theories, though there are aspects of epistemology.
Pellabon explains:
74 C. N. FAIRFAX
Because the social work profession is grounded in empi rically-
based theories and accepted perspectives, other
ways of knowing augment knowledge developed through the
scientific method. In place of empiricism,
Afrocentricity’s epistemology consists of truth based on
61. authority, cultural tradition, and mysticism.
(Pellabon, 2007, p. 177)
This article explores the use of African principles in Afrocentric
community practice, where
African American and other African diasporic populations
reside. “The need for African-centered
cultural programs in the African American community continues
to be a necessity” (Fairfax, 2011,
p. 122).
Defining community
The physical and conceptual definitions of community is a
tantamount principle of what an African
American is. Social workers must understand that when
interfacing with African American commu-
nity, “community is [a] necessary condition for the realization
of human social goals” (Agulanna, 2010,
p. 283). Not just an environmental or neighborhood
geographical location, it is an intimate part of who
a person is, how that person perceives him- or herself, and the
concomitant aspects of life—educational
experiences, economic prosperity or degradation, spirituality,
safety, relationships, etc. Community has
62. been defined as a network of connections, “informally inscribed
in such institutions as churches, social
clubs, member organizations, and associations, …with
neighborhoods as places where some set of
social (as in kin, friend, and acquaintance networks), functional
(as in the production, consumption,
and transfer of goods and services), cultural (as in religion,
tradition, or ethnic identity), or circum-
stantial (as in economic status or lifestyle) connections exist”
(Chaskin, 2013, p. 107). When applying
African principles, a community represents simultaneously a
place (geography and ideological), a
history (set of shared experiences and conditions), and a people
(sense of being and belonging) of a
connected people with a shared common worldview,
experiences, values, and beliefs (Goodard,
Haggins, Nobles, Rhett-Mariscal, & Williams-Flournoy, 2014,
p. 16; Nobles, 1986). Social workers
must consider this concept of community within practice, as it
presents much more meaning about
how people function, flourish, and build future generations.
More importantly, when applying these
principles, social workers should attend to transforming the
landscape and sensibilities of the popula-
tion who (1) stayed for generations, because of ancestral
63. settlement after enslavement, (2) migrated
there due to economic and family choices, and (3) aligned
themselves with the neighborhood due to
political choices. Terms such as the home place, family home,
or “my block” speak more to spaces
where people first understood their humanity and their cultural
reality and are visceral indicators of
the landscape of belonging and being. “Africans argue that it is
in community that the life of the
individual gets its meaning and significance” (Agulanna, 2010,
p. 297). Survey data show that this
conceptualization of community influences community
involvement with personal benefits that are
“comprised of 1) support of historically Black institutions, 2)
support of non-historically Black
institutions serving the community, 3) mentorship to other
adults of African-descent, 4) mentorship
of youth of African descent, 5) provision of financial support,
6) provision of emotional support, 7)
engagement in self-care and 8) provision of safety to the Black
community” (Grayman-Simpson,
2012, p. 28). This level of involvement speaks to the relevance
and viability of cultural development to
actualize progress and resources.
64. Often community development refers to political activism,
resource and capacity development,
and economic development to rebuild communities. Yet
community is the vessel not only of
economic development, but also of social development, which is
complimented, reinforced, and
sustained by African values (Agulanna, 2010), and social
workers should attend to transforming the
landscape where social and cultural development are variables
in practice. Attending to the land-
scape means that social workers should acknowledge not only
the dearth of economic development
in certain communities, but also the absence of cultural
development and the presence of practiced
African behaviors. Every cultural group has parameters by
which normal, abnormal, and deviant
behavior is defined, predicated upon illness, treatment/healing,
and health (Waldron, 2010). In social
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT 75
work assessments, only behaviors that are viewed as abnormal
65. and deviant are expressed and
explored, yet theoretical data of normal and African-informed
behaviors are not infused in social
work curriculums, published documents, forums, and
conferences. Given that community is neces-
sary in the human by-product of personality, behaviors, social
structures, and productivity, under-
standing normal African American behaviors, informed by
worldview, is important.
“The study of clients’ cultural orientations provides workers
with knowledge so that they can
make accommodations accordingly” (Li, n.d.). Community
organizing, development, and mobiliza-
tion through an Afrocentric paradigm requires a benchmark of
culturally oriented behaviors that
defines a human person. Cultural customs of a belief in God
reflected in high moral character traits,
the sanctity of family and children and other social
relationships (kinship bonds), a sense of
excellence in education, civics, business, and domestic affairs
(rearing of children, organization of
the home), importance of history, and race pride (Goodard et
al., 2014; Nobles, 1986) are exempli-
fied in family and organized communities. Cultural values of
66. the respect of elders, self-mastery of
cognitive processes and skilled behavior, patience, collective
responsibility, restraint and resilience,
devotion, cognitive flexibility (akin to code switching),
persistence, reciprocity, productivity, defi-
ance, and integrity of behavior (Goodard et al., 2014; Nobles,
1986) are also components of cultural
orientation and normalcy. Last, spirituality/(religion),
humanism, communalism, orality, verbal
expressiveness and emotional vitality, personal uniqueness, and
musicality/rhythm are aspects of
cultural orientation and behaviors that are normal aspects of
African American community life
(Goodard et al., 2014; Nobles, 1986). The presence of these
behavioral traits is tantamount to
recognizing African cultural orientation in communities, where
interventions and treatment pro-
grams are enabled for transformative change. In fact, the
absence of this orientation should be
equally addressed, as political activism, economic development,
and resource capacity development.
Without appropriate cultural orientation, the other conventional
aspects of community development
are truncated and meaningless. Furthermore, community
development policies in states have
67. truncated community leadership involvement with shaping
meaningful and philosophically influ-
enced practices.
Perfidious community development policy
Although social reformers always created social institutions that
addressed educational, religious,
and cultural uplift practices, the predominance of community
implementation has been funneled
through programs funded by the Economic Opportunity Act of
1964 (EOA). Yet community policy
has engaged in duplicity with leaders, funding of certain
programs and interventions, and maximum
feasible participation. The perfidy of policy engagement is
bewildering, as none of the programs
designed and implemented address identity and behavioral
depths of African human beingness
(Fairfax, 2011). Social programs originally articulated in the
EOA included VISTA (Volunteers In
Service To America), Job Corps, the Neighborhood Youth
Corps, Head Start, adult basic education,
family planning, community health centers, Congregate Meal
Preparation, economic development,
fostering grandparents, legal services, neighborhood centers,
68. summer youth programs, and senior
centers (Fairfax, 2015). Additionally, the EOA established more
than 1,000 community action
agencies (CAAs) and community action programs. Some CAAs
were nonprofit groups, some
became city agencies, and some became community-controlled
groups. The EOA required that the
poor have “maximum feasible participation” in poverty program
planning. CAAs sought participa-
tion by the poor by opening storefront and neighborhood
centers, yet a new generation of federally
recruited community activists joined the ranks of federal
poverty program administration, and states
had the freedom to operate these programs (Bailey & Duquette,
2014). It was originally thought that
Black people “have been called upon to speak in their own
behalf, to assess their needs, and to join in
the design and implementation of programs to meet those
needs” (Rubin, 1969, p. 29).
But the Green Amendment of 1967 stipulated that local elected
officials had the authority to designate
official CAAs for their areas. The Quie Amendment that same
year stipulated that one-third of CAA
69. 76 C. N. FAIRFAX
boards be composed of elected officials, and another third be
composed of private sector representatives,
limiting representation of the African American community to
one-third (http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/
media/objects/751/769950/Documents_Library/eoa1964.htm).
Rubin explains that the manner in which
the indigent would participate was never clarified in the policy
(1969, p. 19): “welfare agencies and
politicians made massive efforts to retain their doctrine, dogma,
and power” (p. 29). Leadership developed
from the Civil Rights movement, particularly its youth
organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC), were excluded. State leadership did not
turn to the traditional machinery of
organized participation (Boone, 1972, p. 449). More
administrative and programmatic changes came
under the Nixon-Ford administrations, as the Housing and
Community Development Acct in 1974
created Community Development Block Grants, authorizing
low-income housing (project areas), veteran
home loans, rural housing, mobile home construction, and other
70. public housing needs (Boone, 1972).
Even with community proposal funding, African American
community decision making and participa-
tion were diminished. Succeeding federal administrations
focused on housing rehabilitation, home
insulation, and Community Block Grants with Housing and
Urban Development, as states engaged in
duplicity by disinvesting in Black neighborhoods and
appointing business leaders to community boards.
During the 1990s and into the 21st century, community
organizing efforts were led by faith-based groups
(Brueggemann, 2013, p. 41) under President George W. Bush.
We have seen the same policy pattern as
community development under President Barack Obama, where
it is paired with housing, relying on
social organizations to deliver third party services, wi th little to
no feasible maximum participation from
the community. The perfidy of community policy prevails,
trumped by amendments and administrative
bias. Programs fragile in social capital and unskilled in
mobilization, religious, and financial resources are
fraught with rigid oversight and a disregard for cultural
relevance and human development. We find that
communities have not been engaged to inform program practices
that are culturally specific and
71. influenced by the Afrocentric paradigm.
Methodological steps for infusing the Afrocentric paradigm in
community-defined
practice
Theory is elusive and esoteric if it is rendered inapplicable. In
order to engage communities through
an Afrocentric paradigm is to ensure that those working in the
community have a framework in
which to apply it. These mezzo-steps are necessary to take to
infuse in “community-defined practice
(CDP) that is practice located in community-based
organizations and initiatives whose implicit
intent and explicit consequence is to restore and reinforce
African American meaning of being a
whole person (Goddard, et al, 2014, p. 17). CDP advances
problem solving by creating and designing
activities that develop the African cultural person. There are
methodological steps that social workers
should take to apply the Afrocentric paradigm in praxis:
(1) Social workers may start the process of infusing the
Afrocentric paradigm in community
practice by including cultural brokers in the helping process.
72. Cultural brokers (Siegel,
Jackson, Montana, & Hernandez, 2011) are persons who are
working in the community
but may not embody the theoretical knowledge of Afrocentricity
and other African-
influenced theories of social change. Persons such as ward and
block captains, youth leaders
in creative productions, athletics, and safety, business owners,
educational specialists within
school boards/systems, para-professional health and childcare
workers, service workers with
local public health/social services and housing, religious and
spiritual leaders, local leaders
associated with city government, and city departments are
appropriate cultural brokers to be
trained in the theoretical knowledge.
(2) Social workers should create experiential scenarios for
cultural brokers to test their knowl-
edge of the Afrocentric paradigm. Suitable scenarios include
having cultural brokers journal
data of community resource persons, observe and document
cultural-oriented behaviors,
and discuss these behaviors with identifiable local leaders who
are not aware of cultural-
73. JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT 77
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/751/769950/Docume
nts_Library/eoa1964.htm
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/751/769950/Docume
nts_Library/eoa1964.htm
oriented behaviors. These activities are helpful in applying the
Afrocentric paradigm in the
natural environment.
(3) Social workers should include engagement with apps such as
Nextdoor and AlertID with poor
communities, for modeling Afrocentric theory by posting
observations of cultural-oriented
behaviors. They showcase healthy extended families activities,
youth who have achieved the
art of code switching at work and at school, availability of
cultural brokers in the community,
and reciprocal arrangements of employment and resources that
can provide brokers with
community examples to demonstrate the applicability of
74. Afrocentricity.
(4) Social workers should meet with economic leaders of local
credit unions and other business
cooperatives to explore possibilities of funding pilot projec ts
such as Afrocentric rites-of-passage
programs, adult cultural development programs, and healthy
relationship groups for young
parents working to exit public welfare and child support
enforcement, to examine the efficacy of
programs that “reflect and reinforce the restoration of an
African American general design for
living and patterns for interpreting reality (worldview) as
grounded in African American
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, beliefs, customs,
language, rituals, ceremonies, meta-
phors and practices” (Goddard et al., 2014, p. 15). Moreover,
these entities may be willing to
fund aesthetic and creative production programs so that the
impoverished may be exposed to
theater that reflects African American humanism.
(5) Social workers studying African and African American
culture recognize the role of father,
grandfather, uncle, and godfather as compulsory in community
75. and family interventions.
Applying the African worldview to this fact means to create
private mentoring relationships
between men who are father, grandfather, uncle, and godfather
willing to develop family
skills, and other men who become cultural brokers to younger
men and boys who are bereft
of these models in their lives. Private mentoring ushers in the
male development process
without embarrassment and public scrutiny.
(6) Service workers who do not have social work degrees but
are employed in helping activities
should be solicited to become a cultural broker, because they
are often direct line profes-
sionals and para-professionals in the African American
community. This provider commu-
nity is often ignored because they do not belong to a
professional organization. Yet their
application of the Afrocentric paradigm is vitally important, as
they are on the frontline of
crisis, respite, and hospice action. Workers in day care,
homeless shelters, halfway facilities,
correctional outlets, residential homes, after-school programs,
juvenile detention facilities,
76. and medical clinics are where the applicability of the
Afrocentric paradigm can be
influential.
(7) Social workers should consider introducing the Afrocentric
paradigm to colleagues who engage
the community in their residences, such as family
interventionalists, crisis workers, home health
care workers, mental health workers, child welfare program
specialists, and guardians ad litem.
Empowering these workers with this knowledge and application
only strengthens CDP and
advances culturally relevant work for group change. Case
management is a utility that organizes
resources and tasks, yet it is not an empowering, change-
altering manner that is empowering,
inspiring, fulfilling and engaging to those who receive on-the-
job training.
(8) Social workers should introduce to public housing directors
interventions of home organization
and domestic skills for adults in need of learning how
traditional African American homes are
fashioned. Not only proposing life skills and/or fiduciary
budgets, but morning and evening
77. rituals and affirmations of parents and children, reflective time
considering history as found on
history calendars, playing cultural and spiritual music, and
monitoring language are some
aspects of home organization and domestic skills reflective of
African cultural orientation.
These are some methodological community-defined practices
that may be utilized to begin the
process of transformative change, with the acknowledgment that
these practices need to be con-
sistently implemented for years.
78 C. N. FAIRFAX
Conclusion
Rates of residential racial segregation impacting economic and
social well-being, unemployment, home
ownership, and other quality-of-life issues remain consistently
worse for African Americans. Yet,
application of the Afrocentric paradigm addresses human
development, and group advancement, as
78. it is infused with African principles of cognitive and behavioral
directives that are vital portions of
African humanity. Additionally, the Afrocentric paradigm
acknowledges that community is a system
that informs the person, who then informs the community.
Without this interchange, community
intervention is fragile and substandard. Furthermore, the need to
engage CDP corrals social workers to
apply the Afrocentric paradigm in ways that address African
human behaviors and community
behaviors, so that other local entities are inculcated, informed,
and developed in a local network of
change. Training persons as cultural brokers is an important
aspect in mezzo-community work, as it
requires developing a local network of …