V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
We present the results of a field experiment conducted within the Harvard Medical School system of hospitals and research centers to understand how colocation impacts the likelihood of scientific collaboration. We introduce exogenous colocation and face-to-face interactions for a random subset of biomedical researchers responding to an opportunity to apply for a research grant. While the overall baseline likelihood of any two researchers collaborating is small, we find that random colocation significantly increases the likelihood of pair-level coapplication by almost 70%. The effect of exogenous colocation on subsequent collaboration was greater for previous coauthors, pairs including a woman, and pairs researching similar clinical areas. Our results suggest that matching between scientists may be subject to considerable frictions—even among those in relatively close geographic proximity and in the same organizational system. At the same time, even a brief and focused intervention facilitating face-to-face interactions can provide information that impacts the formation of scientific collaborations.
TECHNOLOGY CAPACITY-BUILDING STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING PARTICIPATION & PERSIS...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
Democracy Assistance Efforts of Young Donors from the Visegrad Group: In Sear...Paulina Pospieszna
Until recently, the major donors in democracy assistance field were Western democracies and multilateral aid agencies; therefore the literature abounds with studies of aid coming from these donors. However, little is known about the effectiveness of democracy assistance from the young donor countries that not such as long time ago were recipient of this type aid. Much of democracy assistance work is done by civil society organizations that collaborate with partners in recipient countries within specific projects. How do these projects impact the beneficiaries of the project? How effective are these project in changing opinions and behaviors of the target groups? Finally, do they contribute to diffusing democratic ideas and behaviors? This paper demonstrates the shortcomings of existing impact evaluation methods to answer these questions and demonstrates the usefulness of randomization method that so far has been widely used in developmental aid.
social networking individual vs. crowd behavior (connected intelligence)INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The study of Human behavior is much more complicated in various situations, especially on the spectrum of Social Networks. The study of individual behavior cannot be replicated for a group/crowd behavior which can have many social and behavioral dimensions. In the connected world where intelligence is shared among individuals and groups, there exists another kind of complexity which needs to be examined.The complexity of human behaviors as an individual or as a group on the social networks is much more versatile and erratic. The research work studies and analyzes these behaviors in a connected networked intelligent environment and as to how these behaviors are reflected towards Connected Intelligence. Consequently it defines how they can affect the intelligent analytical outcomes. Finally it comes up with a generic model which can be applied in any setup.
Understanding Disengagement from Social Media: A Research AgendaUniversity of Sydney
Digital disengagement presentation for the Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference, Recovery, reconfiguration, and repair
Mobilising the social sciences and humanities for a post-pandemic world
11–12 November 2021
Evaluating impact: transliteracy and creative business innovation via social ...Dr Sue Thomas
This article outlines the emergent theoretical framework which informed a series of initiatives developed at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, between 2005-11 with the aim of stimulating the use of social media for business innovation, and analyses their impact in relation to the Research Excellence Framework (REF) exercise to be held in the UK in 2014 (in so far as it was understood in the first half of 2011). The new concept of transliteracy, developed at the Institute of Creative Technologies at DMU, was a key element in the theory informing the projects, some of which were also underpinned by research on the Amplified Individual undertaken at the Institute for the Future, Palo Alto. Although they differed in style and reach, all shared a focus on the use of social media by small to medium sized creative businesses and non-profit organisations in and around the city of Leicester, UK. In the light of the importance of assessing impact in today’s academic climate, Dr Souvik Mukherjee was appointed in 2011 to look at how that combination of research and practice might be used to demonstrate impact and make recommendations for future research. We understand that many other countries are already, or soon will be, conducting a similar audit of the ways in which higher education effects knowledge exchange and public engagement, so this article should also be of interest outside the United Kingdom.
Argumentative Essay On Mass Media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Adverti...Sara Roberts
Benefits of mass media argumentative essay samples - 430 Words - NerdySeal. Argumentative Essay On Media Telegraph. Mass Media Impact Essay Mass Media Advertising. Scholarship essay: Mass media essay. argumentative essay social media. Argumentative Essay On Telegraph. Media Essay News Mass Media. 004 Argumentative Essay On Mass Media Topics For Criminal Ju Justice .... Business paper: Essay on mass media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Advertising. How To Write An Argumentative Essay Quickly - Albert Author. Journalism and Mass media Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... The Role of Mass Media in the World of Politics - PHDessay.com. The Six Function of Mass Media in Society Essay Example GraduateWay. The Dual Nature of Social Media Free Essay Example. 011 Expository Essay About Social Media Sociological Imagination .... Amazing Social Media Argumentative Essay Thatsnotus. ᐅ Essays On Mass Media Free Argumentative, Persuasive, Descriptive .... Mass Media Essay; For all class students 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Ontaheen. Disadvantages of media essay. Essay on Media. 2022-10-09. Mass Media and Popular Culture Essay Example GraduateWay. An Example of Argumentative Essay Social Media Popular Culture .... How To Write An Argumentative Essay On Social Media.pdf DocDroid. Mass media today essay writer. Argumentative Essay Examples - PDF. The Development and Influence of Mass Media - PHDessay.com. Short essay on importance of mass media. Media Analysis Essay. essays on mass media. Mass media pte essay. Mass media essay pte. 2019-02-22. essay on mass media - Brainly.in. Media analysis essay COM155 - Culture to Cultures - Curtin Thinkswap. SOLUTION: Argumentative essay of The first mass - Studypool Argumentative Essay On Mass Media Argumentative Essay On Mass Media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Advertising
World Civilization I Professor Cieglo Spring 2019 .docxdunnramage
World Civilization I
Professor Cieglo
Spring 2019
“Cracking the Maya Code” Assignment (15 Points)
DUE Thursday, March 7th by 11:59pm on Blackboard
Link to Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQLG0RF5UZY
Link to Transcript: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/cracking-maya-code.html
Answer each of the three questions below with a minimum of 75 words per question (although you may
need more to fully answer one or more of the questions.) THIS ASSIGNMENT MUST BE SUBMITTED AS A
.WORD OR PDF attachment on Blackboard, or I will not accept it and you will receive a “0.” You can
number your answers 1, 2, and 3.
1) What was the common historical view of the Maya before their writing was deciphered?
2) How did the events of a) World War I and b) the Cold War influence J. Eric Thompson’s study of the
Maya? Be sure to explain the influence of BOTH World War I and the Cold War.
3) How did the decipherment of the Maya writing system change scholars’ understanding of the Maya
Civilization?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQLG0RF5UZY
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/cracking-maya-code.html
MK390 Marketing across Cultures – Individual Assignment 2 – 2018/19 – subject to external examiner approval
Tutors: Dr Keith Perks and Dr Carmen Lopez
Aims of the Assignment
· To enable students to learn about a new culture of their choice
· To explore the effects of a different culture on consumer attitudes and behaviour and how exporting firms can use this knowledge effectively
· To identify and review appropriate literature on culture and social media to apply relevant theories and concepts on consumer and exporting firms use of social media.
Assignment Brief
Select an overseas country of interest (but it cannot be the UK, your home country, or the main one selected for assignment 1). You should then address the following 4 points:
1. Based on the theories and concepts from the literature, describe, discuss and interpret what is known, in general, about consumers, customers and managers motivations and behaviour in the social media environment.
2. Using your research of what is known from the literature about social media discussed in point 1, critically evaluate and apply appropriate cultural theories and concepts to explain how and why they might affect motivations and behaviour in social media in your selected country.
3. From your findings discuss the implications of this knowledge of culture and social media for SME exporters.
4. Identify any future avenues for further research.
5. Conclusion
Marking Scheme
Marking criteria
Proportion of Marks
Secondary research
Use of relevant secondary data and research literature from a suitably wide range of sources, appropriately integrated, summarized and referenced (Harvard system).
25%
Relevant discussion, application and integration of knowledge and theories in the areas of culture and social media
Demonstration of a sound understanding of cultural .
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
We present the results of a field experiment conducted within the Harvard Medical School system of hospitals and research centers to understand how colocation impacts the likelihood of scientific collaboration. We introduce exogenous colocation and face-to-face interactions for a random subset of biomedical researchers responding to an opportunity to apply for a research grant. While the overall baseline likelihood of any two researchers collaborating is small, we find that random colocation significantly increases the likelihood of pair-level coapplication by almost 70%. The effect of exogenous colocation on subsequent collaboration was greater for previous coauthors, pairs including a woman, and pairs researching similar clinical areas. Our results suggest that matching between scientists may be subject to considerable frictions—even among those in relatively close geographic proximity and in the same organizational system. At the same time, even a brief and focused intervention facilitating face-to-face interactions can provide information that impacts the formation of scientific collaborations.
TECHNOLOGY CAPACITY-BUILDING STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING PARTICIPATION & PERSIS...IJITE
This research model uses an emancipatory approach to address challenges of equity in the science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce. Serious concerns about low minority participation
callfor arigorous evaluation of new pedagogical methods that effectively prepares underrepresented groups
for the increasingly digital world. The inability to achieve STEM workforce diversity goals is attributed to
the failure of the academic pipeline to maintain a steady flow of underrepresented minority students.
Formal curriculum frequently results in under-preparedness and a professional practices gap.
Exacerbating lower performance are fragile communities where issues such as poverty, single-parent
homes, incarceration, abuse, and homelessness disengage residents. Since data shows that more minorities
have computing and engineering degrees than work in the field [1], this discussions explores how
educational institutions can critically examine social and political realities that impede STEM diversity
while capturing cultural cues that identify personal barriersamongst underrepresented groups.
Democracy Assistance Efforts of Young Donors from the Visegrad Group: In Sear...Paulina Pospieszna
Until recently, the major donors in democracy assistance field were Western democracies and multilateral aid agencies; therefore the literature abounds with studies of aid coming from these donors. However, little is known about the effectiveness of democracy assistance from the young donor countries that not such as long time ago were recipient of this type aid. Much of democracy assistance work is done by civil society organizations that collaborate with partners in recipient countries within specific projects. How do these projects impact the beneficiaries of the project? How effective are these project in changing opinions and behaviors of the target groups? Finally, do they contribute to diffusing democratic ideas and behaviors? This paper demonstrates the shortcomings of existing impact evaluation methods to answer these questions and demonstrates the usefulness of randomization method that so far has been widely used in developmental aid.
social networking individual vs. crowd behavior (connected intelligence)INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The study of Human behavior is much more complicated in various situations, especially on the spectrum of Social Networks. The study of individual behavior cannot be replicated for a group/crowd behavior which can have many social and behavioral dimensions. In the connected world where intelligence is shared among individuals and groups, there exists another kind of complexity which needs to be examined.The complexity of human behaviors as an individual or as a group on the social networks is much more versatile and erratic. The research work studies and analyzes these behaviors in a connected networked intelligent environment and as to how these behaviors are reflected towards Connected Intelligence. Consequently it defines how they can affect the intelligent analytical outcomes. Finally it comes up with a generic model which can be applied in any setup.
Understanding Disengagement from Social Media: A Research AgendaUniversity of Sydney
Digital disengagement presentation for the Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference, Recovery, reconfiguration, and repair
Mobilising the social sciences and humanities for a post-pandemic world
11–12 November 2021
Evaluating impact: transliteracy and creative business innovation via social ...Dr Sue Thomas
This article outlines the emergent theoretical framework which informed a series of initiatives developed at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, between 2005-11 with the aim of stimulating the use of social media for business innovation, and analyses their impact in relation to the Research Excellence Framework (REF) exercise to be held in the UK in 2014 (in so far as it was understood in the first half of 2011). The new concept of transliteracy, developed at the Institute of Creative Technologies at DMU, was a key element in the theory informing the projects, some of which were also underpinned by research on the Amplified Individual undertaken at the Institute for the Future, Palo Alto. Although they differed in style and reach, all shared a focus on the use of social media by small to medium sized creative businesses and non-profit organisations in and around the city of Leicester, UK. In the light of the importance of assessing impact in today’s academic climate, Dr Souvik Mukherjee was appointed in 2011 to look at how that combination of research and practice might be used to demonstrate impact and make recommendations for future research. We understand that many other countries are already, or soon will be, conducting a similar audit of the ways in which higher education effects knowledge exchange and public engagement, so this article should also be of interest outside the United Kingdom.
Argumentative Essay On Mass Media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Adverti...Sara Roberts
Benefits of mass media argumentative essay samples - 430 Words - NerdySeal. Argumentative Essay On Media Telegraph. Mass Media Impact Essay Mass Media Advertising. Scholarship essay: Mass media essay. argumentative essay social media. Argumentative Essay On Telegraph. Media Essay News Mass Media. 004 Argumentative Essay On Mass Media Topics For Criminal Ju Justice .... Business paper: Essay on mass media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Advertising. How To Write An Argumentative Essay Quickly - Albert Author. Journalism and Mass media Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... The Role of Mass Media in the World of Politics - PHDessay.com. The Six Function of Mass Media in Society Essay Example GraduateWay. The Dual Nature of Social Media Free Essay Example. 011 Expository Essay About Social Media Sociological Imagination .... Amazing Social Media Argumentative Essay Thatsnotus. ᐅ Essays On Mass Media Free Argumentative, Persuasive, Descriptive .... Mass Media Essay; For all class students 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Ontaheen. Disadvantages of media essay. Essay on Media. 2022-10-09. Mass Media and Popular Culture Essay Example GraduateWay. An Example of Argumentative Essay Social Media Popular Culture .... How To Write An Argumentative Essay On Social Media.pdf DocDroid. Mass media today essay writer. Argumentative Essay Examples - PDF. The Development and Influence of Mass Media - PHDessay.com. Short essay on importance of mass media. Media Analysis Essay. essays on mass media. Mass media pte essay. Mass media essay pte. 2019-02-22. essay on mass media - Brainly.in. Media analysis essay COM155 - Culture to Cultures - Curtin Thinkswap. SOLUTION: Argumentative essay of The first mass - Studypool Argumentative Essay On Mass Media Argumentative Essay On Mass Media. ESSAY 6 - THE MEDIA 1 Mass Media Advertising
World Civilization I Professor Cieglo Spring 2019 .docxdunnramage
World Civilization I
Professor Cieglo
Spring 2019
“Cracking the Maya Code” Assignment (15 Points)
DUE Thursday, March 7th by 11:59pm on Blackboard
Link to Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQLG0RF5UZY
Link to Transcript: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/cracking-maya-code.html
Answer each of the three questions below with a minimum of 75 words per question (although you may
need more to fully answer one or more of the questions.) THIS ASSIGNMENT MUST BE SUBMITTED AS A
.WORD OR PDF attachment on Blackboard, or I will not accept it and you will receive a “0.” You can
number your answers 1, 2, and 3.
1) What was the common historical view of the Maya before their writing was deciphered?
2) How did the events of a) World War I and b) the Cold War influence J. Eric Thompson’s study of the
Maya? Be sure to explain the influence of BOTH World War I and the Cold War.
3) How did the decipherment of the Maya writing system change scholars’ understanding of the Maya
Civilization?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQLG0RF5UZY
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/cracking-maya-code.html
MK390 Marketing across Cultures – Individual Assignment 2 – 2018/19 – subject to external examiner approval
Tutors: Dr Keith Perks and Dr Carmen Lopez
Aims of the Assignment
· To enable students to learn about a new culture of their choice
· To explore the effects of a different culture on consumer attitudes and behaviour and how exporting firms can use this knowledge effectively
· To identify and review appropriate literature on culture and social media to apply relevant theories and concepts on consumer and exporting firms use of social media.
Assignment Brief
Select an overseas country of interest (but it cannot be the UK, your home country, or the main one selected for assignment 1). You should then address the following 4 points:
1. Based on the theories and concepts from the literature, describe, discuss and interpret what is known, in general, about consumers, customers and managers motivations and behaviour in the social media environment.
2. Using your research of what is known from the literature about social media discussed in point 1, critically evaluate and apply appropriate cultural theories and concepts to explain how and why they might affect motivations and behaviour in social media in your selected country.
3. From your findings discuss the implications of this knowledge of culture and social media for SME exporters.
4. Identify any future avenues for further research.
5. Conclusion
Marking Scheme
Marking criteria
Proportion of Marks
Secondary research
Use of relevant secondary data and research literature from a suitably wide range of sources, appropriately integrated, summarized and referenced (Harvard system).
25%
Relevant discussion, application and integration of knowledge and theories in the areas of culture and social media
Demonstration of a sound understanding of cultural .
RESEARCH ARTICLETalking about Climate Change and GlobalW.docxdebishakespeare
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Talking about Climate Change and Global
Warming
Maurice Lineman☯, Yuno Do☯, Ji Yoon Kim, Gea-Jae Joo*
College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South
Korea
☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.
* [email protected]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of social networks provides researchers greater opportunities to
evaluate and assess changes in public opinion and public sentiment towards issues of
social consequence. Using trend and sentiment analysis is one method whereby research-
ers can identify changes in public perception that can be used to enhance the development
of a social consciousness towards a specific public interest. The following study assessed
Relative search volume (RSV) patterns for global warming (GW) and Climate change (CC)
to determine public knowledge and awareness of these terms. In conjunction with this, the
researchers looked at the sentiment connected to these terms in social media networks. It
was found that there was a relationship between the awareness of the information and the
amount of publicity generated around the terminology. Furthermore, the primary driver for
the increase in awareness was an increase in publicity in either a positive or a negative
light. Sentiment analysis further confirmed that the primary emotive connections to the
words were derived from the original context in which the word was framed. Thus having
awareness or knowledge of a topic is strongly related to its public exposure in the media,
and the emotional context of this relationship is dependent on the context in which the rela-
tionship was originally established. This has value in fields like conservation, law enforce-
ment, or other fields where the practice can and often does have two very strong emotive
responses based on the context of the problems being examined.
Introduction
Identifying trends in the population, used to be a long and drawn out process utilizing surveys
and polls and then collating the data to determine what is currently most popular with the pop-
ulation [1, 2]. This is true for everything that was of merit to the political organizations present,
regarding any issue of political or public interest.
Recently, the use of the two terms ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Global Warming’ have become
very visible to the public and their understanding of what is happening with respect to the cli-
mate [3]. The public response to all of the news and publicity about climate has been a search
for understanding and comprehension, leading to support or disbelief. The two terms while
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0138996 September 29, 2015 1 / 12
a11111
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Lineman M, Do Y, Kim JY, Joo G-J (2015)
Talking about Climate Change and Global Warming.
PLoS ONE 10(9): e0138996. doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0138996
Editor: Hayley J. Fowler, Newcastle University,
UNITED KINGDOM
Received: August 18, 2014
Accepted: ...
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.docxaryan532920
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience
Author(s): Diana C. Mutz
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 483-508
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111487
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extend access to American Journal of Political Science
This content downloaded from 129.219.247.33 on Tue, 22 Nov 2016 19:15:23 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal
Experience*
Diana C. Mutz, Department of Political Science and School of Journalism and
Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This study combines contemporary research on the effects of mass communication with findings
on sociotropic voting to build a general model that explains the origins and effects of economic per-
ceptions. This model is then tested in the context of retrospective personal and social concerns about
unemployment.
Survey evidence suggests that retrospective assessments of unemployment result primarily from
mediated information rather than from direct experiences. Mass media are found to have an "imper-
sonal impact," influencing social, but not personal perceptions of the issue, while personal experi-
ences with unemployment influence exclusively personal-level judgments.
Mass media also influence the weighting of pocketbook as opposed to sociotropic concerns by
means of a "sociotropic priming effect." Rather than priming all considerations that surround eco-
nomic issues, high levels of media exposure to economic news prime the importance of collective
perceptions to political evaluations and decrease the importance of personal concerns.
Early studies of economic influences on voting simply assumed that people
voted their pocketbooks: when national economic conditions worsened, more
citizens experienced economic problems in their own lives, and these people
logically voted against the incumbent party. When empirical findings at the indi-
vidual level failed to support this explanation, research shifted from a focus on
personal economic experiences to an emphasis on "sociotropic" judgments; that
is, individuals' retrospective assessments of economic change at the collective
level (see, e.g., Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Schlozman and Verba 1979;
Kinder 1981; Kiewiet 1983).
Perceptions ...
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docxtjane3
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
This paper examines the Federal Reserve System’s dissemination of information strategy to see how well it has worked and how it can be improved. The System provides information to a broad spectrum of individuals and organizations (such as, but not limited to, the Congress, other federal agencies, state and local governments, consumer and community groups, analysts, bankers, investors, researchers and academics, financial institutions regulated by the System, the media, and the general public), referred to as "stakeholders". This information covers an array of subjects with varying degrees of importance and impact on monetary and public policy and economic conditions
1. TexsTech University
1
The Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing Through Communication and Personal Finance
Clayton Daniels
INTS 3300-001
Dr. Gail Bentley
Texas Tech University
2. TexsTech University
2
Abstract
The new energy extraction process of hydraulic fracturing has provided an influx of jobs
and has created many boom towns across the United States. This has caused significant
economic changes in those towns. Media has played a substantial role in hydraulic fracturing as
well because of its influence on people’s attitudes towards the subject. The main role of media in
hydraulic fracturing has been to broadcast stories that are framed around the negative
consequences, in particular, the environmental risks. The influence from the media has negative
effects on the people in the community’s attitude towards hydraulic fracturing and can cause
their financial health harm versus them realizing the financial benefits of a boom town economy.
The interdisciplinary research process was utilized to derive insight into the complex focus
question of how media can affect people’s attitudes in a hydraulic fracturing, boom town
community and how that will affect their financial health. The literature used is peer reviewed
and from scholarly journals. To better understand this concept more research can be conducted in
the field of financial planning on how media directly affects people financial decisions. In the
case of media sources affecting financial decisions of people in a hydraulic fracturing, boom
town community it can alter their attitude and therefore skew their financial decisions.
3. TexsTech University
3
This research paper utilizes the interdisciplinary research process to synthesize insight
about a complex problem. Synthesizing literature from the two disciplines of communication
studies and personal financial planning a comprehensive understanding of how media affects
people’s attitudes in the community and how that affects their financial health can be achieved.
Step 1: State the Focus Question
The question of how hydraulic fracturing affects communities has been a long-standing
question of scholars ever since the process’ implementation as an energy extraction technique.
There is an abundance of information that is being communicated by media sources to the public
about hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as oil fracking. The manner in which media
sources choose to communicate fracking information through the theory of framing will have a
large impact on the viewers and their attitude towards the subject (Shen, Ahern, & Baker, 2014).
According to Chaffee (1996), Americans actively search for information through media sources.
Therefore, the media will have an impact on the knowledge of the citizens in the community and
their attitudes on fracking.
Furthermore, hydraulic fracturing has created resource dependent towns, or
“boomtowns,” as the result of a large increase in employment opportunities (Sovacool, 2014).
Lawrie, Tonts, & Plummer (2012) found that in boomtowns there are several different economic
aspects that are affected, including higher leasing costs, and an increase of price in the housing
market. The price of natural gas or energy will lower with the increase of natural gas extraction
through fracking as well (Sovacool, 2014). These economic changes will affect people in the
community based on their attitude toward fracking and how the individual decides to plan for
economic changes financially.
4. TexsTech University
4
In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how hydraulic fracturing will affect
people in the community it can be stated in the form of a focus question: How will media affect
the attitudes and views of people in a hydraulic fracturing boomtown community, and in turn
how will their views affect their financial health? One may implement the use of the
interdisciplinary research process to derive a broader understanding of hydraulic fracturing and
its effects on the communities at the hub of the action.
Step 2: Justify Using an Interdisciplinary Approach
Hydraulic fracturing has many different facets and, therefore, has a broad range of
ramifications. One may deduce that the stated focus question is complex and requires using the
interdisciplinary research process. According to Repko (2012) one may justify using an
interdisciplinary research process with four pieces of criteria, and this study is justified by three
of the criteria. First: The problem or question is complex. The focus question stated is complex
and must be examined through multiple lenses to form a comprehensive understanding. Second:
The focus question meets the criteria for the interdisciplinary research process because there are
important insights and theories of the problem that are offered by two or more disciplines. To
develop an understanding of how media will affect the attitudes of people in the community the
theory of framing must be utilized from the perspective of Communication Studies. To have
knowledge of how the attitudes of the people in the community will affect their financial health,
insight must be drawn from Personal Financial Planning. Third: It is apparent that
Communication Studies or Personal Financial Planning alone cannot address the problem
comprehensively.
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Step 3: Identify Relevant Disciplines
The scope of the focus question is vast and encompasses insights from a number of
different disciplines. “Disciplines are academic communities that exhibit a disciplinary
perspective which involves preferences regarding phenomenon to study and theories and
methods to use, shared terminology called concepts, and epistemological and ethical and
ideological outlooks” (Repko, 2012, p. 94). This step will identify potentially relevant disciplines
and how they are linked to the problem, and then narrow the focus down to two disciplines that
will be most relevant to offering insight to the focus question stated.
Economics offers relevant perspective to the focus question. Economics examines the
financial changes that are taking place in the community. It also gives understanding to how an
influx of resources in the area will affect the market and prices. Although economics provides
relevant insight into how prices will fluctuate between certain markets, economics cannot give
one a comprehensive understanding of how problems related to fracking will affect the financial
health of people in fracking communities.
Psychology is relevant to the focus question by providing insight into how the attitudes
and views of people in a fracking community are formed and how these views may affect
everyday life. Psychology offers theories to explain how the mind works and affects it will have
on people and their decisions. Although Psychology is relevant, it does not provide full
knowledge of the way people’s attitudes in the community will affect their financial health.
The most relevant disciplines to the focus question, that offer insight and theories, and
that provide a scholarly understanding, are Communication Studies and Personal Financial
Planning. These two disciplines will be utilized when examining the focus question.
Communication Studies offers perspective to what information is being communicated to the
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people in the oil fracking community and how the different forms of communication will have an
effect on different individuals. It is important to have insight into how information streams will
affect the people of the community, more so than the information itself. Communication Studies
offers theories and insight that suggests the way in which information is presented is just as
important as the content that is being presented, which will be crucial to understanding the true
value of the information the people in the community are being subjected to. Personal Financial
Planning will give direct insight into how the attitudes and values of the people in the community
will affect their financial decisions and financial health. Personal Financial Planning is an
interdisciplinary field in itself, because it offers insight into how the psychological state of a
person will affect their financial decisions, and at the same time offers insight into how financial
decisions will affect the individual’s financial health through examination of numbers and
financial ratios. Utilizing scholarly research from Communication Studies and Personal Financial
Planning will produce a comprehensive understanding of how media will affect the attitudes of
people in a hydraulic fracturing boomtown, and how attitudes toward fracking will affect the
individual’s financial health.
Step 4: Conduct a Literature Search
The literature search for this particular focus question is difficult because Personal
Financial Planning is an emerging discipline as well as an Interdisciplinary field. Therefore,
literature that will develop the Personal Financial Planning perspective will come out of
scholarly journals found in different disciplines such as Economics, Finance, and Psychology.
According to Schafft (2013), people in the community of a boomtown can experience benefits
through leasing. The influx of jobs and workers in the area creates a huge need for housing and
lodging—causing a rise in home and apartment prices. A study that was based on resource
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dependent communities, that are boomtowns, shows a rise in rental price as well as housing.
These benefits can be realized by individuals who lease or sale property in the area. Another
economic benefit that can be experienced by the people of the community is job opportunities
and lower natural gas prices (Sovacool, 2014).
The majority of literature that strengthens the Communication Studies perspective will
come directly from scholarly journals found in the Communication Studies discipline, although
some of the theories that are utilized in Communication Studies can be found more specifically
defined in the discipline of media and communication. Regardless of what discipline the
literature is associated with it will be used to develop a stronger insight of Communication
Studies. Media sources use framing to portray stories and information from a certain perspective.
There is substantial evidence of media sources using framing when conducting news coverage
about the topic of hydraulic fracturing. Furthermore, there is a trend in the media of framing
hydraulic fracturing around risks, versus the benefits, with environmental risk being a
reoccurring theme (Mercado & Herranz, 2014). Framing plays a significant role in changing the
attitudes of the media source’s viewers on hydraulic fracturing. The attitudes of the people
towards hydraulic fracturing can be changed through framing—by word choice alone. People are
more likely to be supportive of the energy extraction process of hydraulic fracturing if it is
referred to as “shale gas development” as opposed to “fracking.” This suggests that the term
fracking has a negative connotation behind it (Clarke, Hart, Schuldt, Evensen, Boudet, Jacquet,
& Stedman, 2015). There are different ways to communicate information and this is an important
aspect of framing. Framing in informational versus narrative, and negative consequences versus
benefits has a substantial effect on the viewer’s attitudes and feelings toward the topic. Narrative
news focusing on the negative consequences of a topic evokes the most empathetic and
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supportive responses (Shen, Ahern, & Baker, 2014). Some forms of media sources or news will
have an effect on the majority of Americans. Americans actively search for information from the
media through the newspaper and news broadcasted on the television (Chaffee, & Frank, 1996).
Using these perspectives and existing knowledge we will be able to address the problem.
Step 5: Developing Adequacy
The interdisciplinary research process requires that adequacy in the disciplines be
achieved. According to Repko (2012), the fewer the disciplines the more depth is necessary to
synthesize them and answer the complex problem. To accomplish sufficient adequacy in the two
disciplines that best serve to answer the focus question, there needs to be a comprehensive
understanding of their major theories, key concepts, and research methods.
Communication Studies views the problem through the lens of how human
communication takes place, how the information is being transmitted from one person to
another, and how that specific form of communication will be processed by the receiver. There
are a number of theories within Communication Studies that help us understand this interaction
and its effects. Media sources will use framing, a persuasive technique, to evoke empathy from
their viewers (Shen, Ahern, & Baker, 2014). Framing occurs when one side of the story is
exaggerated, using different communication techniques, in order to have a certain impact on the
attitudes of the receiver. An example would be using word choice, narratives, or fear appeal.
Another theory that plays a substantial role in communication, and more specifically the media,
is confirmation bias. This is a phenomenon where people tend to listen to sources of media that
confirm what they currently believe, rather than a source that challenges it. The same problem
that is presented within confirmation bias is also present within framing, because not all of the
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information is always being communicated, and misinformation is also being communicated
within the content of the message.
A sub-discipline of Communication Studies that will play a significant role in answering
our focus question is persuasion. Persuasion is a sub-discipline of Communication Studies
because it is not a discipline, theory, or phenomenon in itself, but it encompasses many
communication theories and phenomenon that support its perspective. Persuasion is an
applicable tool of Communication Studies because it plays a prime role in the delivery of
information and the affect is has on the receiver who is processing the information. These
concepts, among others from the discipline of Communication Studies, will play a key role in
understanding how the attitudes and views of the people in the hydraulic fracturing—
boomtown—community will be affected by media sources. With this understanding, one may
synthesize our knowledge of Communication Studies and Personal Financial Planning to derive
conclusions about how their financial health will be affected.
Personal Financial Planning will play a crucial role in understanding the focus question.
“Personal finance is the study of personal and family resources considered important in
achieving financial success; it involves how people spend, save, protect, and invest their
financial resources” (Garman & Forgue, 2012, p. 4). By examining people’s values and
perspectives on money an understanding of how this will affect their financial decisions can be
achieved. Looking at a number of economic and financial changes due to a boomtown economy,
one may predict how people will react based off of their attitude and values. Personal Financial
Planning utilizes numbers and financial ratios to understand someone’s financial health, and with
counseling identifies their values and uses them to create financial goals. Personal Financial
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Planning uses quantitative and qualitative research to derive understanding of personal finance.
Both of the two disciplines will be used to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the problem.
Step 6: Analyze the Problem and Evaluate Each Insight or Theory
The purpose of Step 6 is to “view the problem through the lens of each relevant
discipline, comparing their perspectives and determining their strengths and limitations, and then
evaluate each disciplines insights into the problem and reveal their strengths and limitations”
(Repko, 2012, p. 224).
The perspectives from Communication Studies are being utilized to examine the focus
question. This will derive understanding of how information on hydraulic fracturing is being
processed by people in the community. Understanding how the information is being transmitted
is crucial to answering the question of how the information is being received and processed and
the affects that it has on the attitudes and views of people. The strength of using Communication
Studies is in how it deals with the communication of information and the effects it has on
individuals, which will give understanding to the attitudes of the people in the community. The
weakness of using Communication Studies is that it lacks certain psychological factors that could
influence the people’s attitude and views in the community. Another weakness of
Communication Studies is cultural differences. Although it does address culture in many of the
topics of communication, some of the topics of Communication Studies are exclusive to
American culture. Aside from the two afore mentioned setbacks Communication Studies will be
the most helpful to derive a comprehensive understanding of the focus question.
The most influential theory from Communication Studies related to the media
transmitting information about hydraulic fracturing is framing. In almost every case of the media
reporting about hydraulic fracturing framing was involved. The majority of news reports about
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hydraulic fracturing involve framing it in line with negative consequences. Of these negative
consequences environmental risk was a trend found in news reports with the topic of hydraulic
fracturing (Mercado & Herranz, 2014). In the largest examined case of hydraulic fracturing in
the United States, the Marcellus shale region, there are specific instances of framing and the
affects it had on people’s decisions to make policy (Smith & Ferguson, 2013). There is
substantial evidence one may see that the media sources utilizes framing when disusing
hydraulic fracturing.
The next question we need answered through the perspective of Communication Studies
is: What affect does framing have on the people’s attitudes in the boomtown community, if any,
and is it substantial? Framing has different ways of working to communicate a message. One of
the simpler factors in framing that causes a huge effect on the attitudes of the receiver is word
choice—because of word connotation. According to Clarke, Hart, Shuldt, Evensen, Boudet,
Jacquet, and Stedman (2015), people are more likely to support the energy extraction process of
hydraulic fracturing if it is referred to as “shale gas development,” as opposed to “fracking.”
Another way that framing takes effect in transmitting information about hydraulic fracturing is
through the style in which the information is transmitted. The findings of Shen, Ahern, and
Baker (2014), support that if the information is being presented through narrative there is a
stronger affect than if it is presented in an informational form, also whether it is presented with
the benefits versus the consequences has substantial affect on an individual’s perception of and
attitude toward hydraulic fracturing. Information that is being framed in a narrative form, with
negative consequences, draws the greatest emotional response. This means that the majority of
the information being transmitted by media sources, which is being framed within the negative
consequences of hydraulic fracturing, is going to have a substantial impact on the people in the
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boomtown community. The impact of the negative consequences will have a greater influence on
the people in the community than the benefits. This is an important conclusion that helps bring
understanding to our focus question. One may synthesize this information and the discipline of
Personal Financial Planning to understand the financial decisions the people in the community
could be making.
Using the perspective of Personal Financial Planning is crucial to understanding the
aspect of our focus question that deals with the financial decisions of the people in the boomtown
community and the affect it will have on their financial health. Using the discipline of Personal
Financial Planning has its benefits. It is an interdisciplinary field which gives us access to a large
number of perspectives and literature from other disciplines. Utilizing this discipline is crucial to
understanding a person’s values and financial goals, and work financial ratios, which will
explain their financial health.
There are several economic changes in a hydraulic fracturing boomtown economy that
will have effect on the people’s financial wellbeing. In order for these economic changes to
affect the people in the community, they will have to directly relate to their budgeted expenses or
income. According to Sovacool (2014), in areas of shale gas development, the price of natural
gas is significantly cheaper. Some areas are far more dependent on energy from natural gas than
others. For instance, in North America, they have long winters and if you have a gas heater, as
opposed to an electric heater, then you could substantially benefit from the lower cost of natural
gas. Another factor is whether you make use of a gas or electric water heater.
The creation of high paying jobs is another economic factor that will play a role into
answering our focus question. Depending on the persons career they may or may not be able to
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benefit directly from the increase in job opportunities. Any manual laborer in the area could
possibly take advantage of better wages through a job in the oil field.
Another economic change that will have an effect on people in the town is the rise in
leasing costs and housing prices (Schafft, 2013). This is a common economic change in
hydraulic fracturing boomtowns and it can have a positive or negative effect depending on if you
are a land owner or not. The rise in housing costs will hurt the financial health of renters only.
Especially the renters that are not able to incur the benefits of new job opportunities with
increases wages. On the other side it will benefit land owners especially ones that are looking to
put their house on the market.
Step 7: Identify Conflict Between Insights and Their Sources
When taking an interdisciplinary approach, which is warrant by the complex
problem, conflict can arise within your discipline and literature. These conflicts are often a
product of the different perspective that each discipline take. According to Repko (2012) it is
necessary to identify these conflicts because they interfere with establishing common ground
which is critical to integration. When using Communication Studies to better understand a
complex problem it can be difficult because the vastness of theories. In order to avoid this
conflict the focus question only considers communication through media sources and news
outlets. This will void a number of theories and situations where interpersonal and other types of
communication could affect their values. For instance, Standpoint Theory, concerns the authority
generated by people knowledge and the affect that has to shape people opinions (Craig, 1999).
This could obstruct how media will affect the family’s views by taking in account the
misinformation that could be passed off as knowledge and in turn affect their opinion of the
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matter. This conflict was avoided as much as possible by narrowing the focus of my literature
search and finding theories that are only relevant to media and news outlets, such as framing.
Some basic assumptions of Personal Financial Planning and Communication Studies
come into conflict. Personal Financial Planning uses counseling in order to examine the client or
family’s values because they assume that values are what will determine their decision (Garman
& Forgue, 2012), . Communication Studies presents a theory that will reject this idea. Cognitive
dissonance supports the idea that you can hold two or more contradictory beliefs and in order to
ease the discomfort this creates you justify it (Craig, 1999). If we applied this theory to a
financial planning situation then we could say that even though the family holds their child’s
education high in terms of value they could still chose to spend their money on something else
they value that would contradict the idea of saving for college. For instance they could be really
bad cooks and so they value eating out every night. They justify this by saying that they need to
feed their children good food even though they cannot budget to do so and at the same time save
for their child’s college fund.
Another place conflict often arises is within the literature. The literature search brought to
light other conflicts. One of the conflicts in the literature was using different terms for the same
meaning. Each article used a different term when talking about hydraulic fracturing. The terms
used in its place were fracking, shale gas development, and natural gas extraction.
Step 8: Creating Common Ground
According to Repko (2012) there are four techniques to creating common ground, a
critical step in integration. The conflict that is identified within my literature can be remedied
using the technique of redefinition to create common ground. Therefore fracking, shale gas
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development, and natural gas extraction are terms that all mean the same thing, hydraulic
fracturing.
In order to create common ground between disciplinary insights the technique of
organization will be utilized (Repko 2012). Organization will map out the insights of each
discipline and show how they interact, overlap and conflict with each other. Personal Financial
Planning uses mathematics and financial ratios to understand someone’s financial health. This
does not interact with communication in any way. Communication is a social science that cannot
be explained using numerical values. However communication interacts with Personal Financial
Planning as it does many other disciplines. A sub discipline of Personal Financial Planning is
counseling. Counseling involves many aspects of communication and more specifically
interpersonal communication. Personal Financial Planning could not exist without the strong
relationship with communication.
Step 9: Construct a More Comprehensive Understanding
The perspectives utilized to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the focus
problem are synthesized in Step 9. According to Chaffe (1996), people in the community will
actively search for information on hydraulic fracturing through media sources. Media sources
will use framing to portray the negative consequences particularly the environmental risk of
hydraulic fracturing versus the benefits (Mercado & Herranz, 2014). This will cause the people
in the community to side more strongly with negative aspects of hydraulic fracturing even if they
are exposed to the benefits because negative consequences cause a stronger reaction to stories
than the benefits (Shen, Ahern, & Baker, 2014). Furthermore the term fracking is often used by
media sources which has a negative connation for viewers and is substantially less likely to
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acquire support for hydraulic fracturing than the term shale gas development (Clarke, Hart,
Schuldt, Evensen, Boudet, Jacquet, & Stedman, 2015).
At the same time Sovacool (2014) supports that the hydraulic fracturing boomtown can
exhibit economic benefits such as the creation of jobs. This benefit cannot be realized if the
people the community do not support the process of hydraulic fracturing. Also, the price of
natural gas in these communities will significantly decrease. These benefits will be realized by
people in the communities that are in the North and experience the long winters because their gas
bill will encompass the majority of their energy needs. The benefits can also be realized by
people in the community that run businesses that use a large amount of natural gas (Sovacool,
2014).
According to Lawrie, Tonts, & Plummer (2011), rental costs in the community of a
boomtown will go up a long side with the pricing on the housing market. This can tarnish the
financial health of renters in the community if they are not realizing the benefits of higher wages
or lower energy costs due to the boomtown economy. However, homeowners who are looking to
put their house on the market and land lords will benefit from the boomtown economy. Schafft
(2013) supports that there are financial benefits through leasing property in a hydraulic fracturing
boomtown economy. These benefits also cannot be realized if the land lord refuses to support
hydraulic fracturing and refuses to allow new renters who are moving for business. In
conclusion, people in the community that will be influenced by media sources and not support
hydraulic fracturing because of it will not be able to realize the full financial benefits of a
boomtown economy and their financial health can in turn suffer, particularly renters versus land
owners. The homeowners and land lords in the community that support hydraulic fracturing will
have a greater chance of taking advantage of the benefits and profiting to improve their financial
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health. Renters who support hydraulic fracturing and realize the benefits can minimize their loss
due to rent prices rising.
Step 10: Communicating the Results
The interdisciplinary research process has brought insight to our complex problem: How
will media affect the attitudes and views of people in a hydraulic fracturing boomtown
community and in turn how that will affect their financial health? The literature and existing
knowledge on hydraulic fracturing supports that the media will frame news stories about
hydraulic fracturing around the negative consequences, highlighting the environmental risks
which will evoke the strongest response from their viewers. These feelings will hinder people’s
ability to make educated financial decisions and has the potential to harm their financial health.
If media sources are not recognized by people in the community they have a better chance of
profiting from the boom town economy or minimizing their losses due to certain economic
changes.
This study’s validity has the opportunity to be strengthened as the emerging discipline of
personal financial planning grows. More research in the field of personal financial planning
would be useful when developing the interdisciplinary research process for this question. After
seeing the effects of media on attitudes and in turn financial decisions more research is welcome
in this topic of discussion. This would help explain further how media directly affects people
financial decisions positively and negatively. The knowledge derived from the interdisciplinary
process is applicable to certified financial planners knowing that media sources can affect their
client’s attitudes and financial goals and decisions.
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References
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Stedman, R. C. (2015). Public opinion on energy development: The interplay of issue
framing, top-of-mind associations, and political ideology. Energy Policy, 81131-140.
Craig, R. T. (1999), Communication Theory as a Field. Communication Theory, 9: 119–161.
Garman, T., & Forgue, R. (2012). Personal Finance (11th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western.
Margonell, L. (2013). The energy debate we aren’t having. Pacific Standard, 6, 30-34.
Mercado, M., Álvarez, À., & Herranz, J. M. (2014). The fracking debate in the media: The role
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Popkin, J. H., Duke, J. M., Borchers, A. M., & Ilvento, T. (2013). Social costs from proximity to
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Smith, M. F., & Feguson, D. P. (2013). Fracking democracy: issue management and locus of
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Sovacool, B. K. (2014). Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas
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