The article discusses the latest Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 report released by the U.S. National Science Board. Some key points:
1) Worldwide R&D expenditures in 2007 totaled an estimated $1.1 trillion, with the U.S. accounting for about 33% and the top five performers (U.S., Japan, China, Germany, France) representing 66% of global R&D spending.
2) Four-fifths of global R&D is concentrated in just ten countries, showing R&D activity remains heavily concentrated in a few high-income nations and regions.
3) The report provides data on science, engineering, and technology trends in the U.S.
The document discusses Dow's performance heat transfer fluids and their applications. Dow offers advanced and reliable solutions for heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, corrosion protection, and deicing. Their fluids help increase processing efficiency, prevent corrosion and freeze damage, protect systems from corrosion and erosion, and reduce equipment wear while providing important benefits. Dow supports customers with application assistance, technical support, regulatory support, sales assistance, and customer service globally.
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides information on performance fluids from Dow Chemical. It summarizes Dow's portfolio of advanced performance fluids for applications such as heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, corrosion protection, and deicing. The fluids help improve processing efficiency, prevent corrosion and freeze damage, protect systems, reduce wear, and offer economic and fire resistance benefits. The document encourages choosing Dow's performance fluids for applications requiring critical functional and protection needs.
This document summarizes performance fluids from Dow that can help improve efficiency and productivity in demanding applications. It lists fluids that can increase processing efficiency at high temperatures, prevent corrosion and freezing in HVAC and other systems, protect circulating systems against corrosion in oil and gas applications, and reduce wear in industrial equipment while providing fire resistance. Contact information is provided for customers seeking application, technical or other assistance regarding Dow's performance fluids.
This document provides information on performance fluids from Dow that can be used in various applications. It discusses how Dow's fluids help achieve high performance levels and productivity in demanding applications, such as heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, and deicing. It also notes that Dow provides global support to help customers select and implement the right fluids for their needs.
In all areas of modern society, the animal feed industry included, packaging is the subject of constant scrutiny. No longer is it enough for a solution to deliver advanced product protection, it must also do so in a way that is cost effective, efficient and green.
For tough cleaning jobs, pressure blasting delivers higher abrasive
velocity for greater impact intensity, compared to suction blasting, and
can increase your production rate by as much as 300 percent.
This document provides information about companies featured in the "Company Profiles - 2011/12" section of the publication "Grain & Feed Milling Technology". It lists publishing details such as the publisher, copyright information, and website. It also previews profiles of two companies - Bühler, which delivers leading grain processing technology and solutions, and Antares, which sets new standards for round-the-clock milling. The next page of the document likely contains these full company profiles.
CROSSWINDS continued to buffet world grain and feed markets during the later summer months, making for choppy conditions and a lack of consistent price direction
The document discusses Dow's performance heat transfer fluids and their applications. Dow offers advanced and reliable solutions for heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, corrosion protection, and deicing. Their fluids help increase processing efficiency, prevent corrosion and freeze damage, protect systems from corrosion and erosion, and reduce equipment wear while providing important benefits. Dow supports customers with application assistance, technical support, regulatory support, sales assistance, and customer service globally.
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides information on performance fluids from Dow Chemical. It summarizes Dow's portfolio of advanced performance fluids for applications such as heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, corrosion protection, and deicing. The fluids help improve processing efficiency, prevent corrosion and freeze damage, protect systems, reduce wear, and offer economic and fire resistance benefits. The document encourages choosing Dow's performance fluids for applications requiring critical functional and protection needs.
This document summarizes performance fluids from Dow that can help improve efficiency and productivity in demanding applications. It lists fluids that can increase processing efficiency at high temperatures, prevent corrosion and freezing in HVAC and other systems, protect circulating systems against corrosion in oil and gas applications, and reduce wear in industrial equipment while providing fire resistance. Contact information is provided for customers seeking application, technical or other assistance regarding Dow's performance fluids.
This document provides information on performance fluids from Dow that can be used in various applications. It discusses how Dow's fluids help achieve high performance levels and productivity in demanding applications, such as heat transfer, lubrication, fluid power, freeze protection, and deicing. It also notes that Dow provides global support to help customers select and implement the right fluids for their needs.
In all areas of modern society, the animal feed industry included, packaging is the subject of constant scrutiny. No longer is it enough for a solution to deliver advanced product protection, it must also do so in a way that is cost effective, efficient and green.
For tough cleaning jobs, pressure blasting delivers higher abrasive
velocity for greater impact intensity, compared to suction blasting, and
can increase your production rate by as much as 300 percent.
This document provides information about companies featured in the "Company Profiles - 2011/12" section of the publication "Grain & Feed Milling Technology". It lists publishing details such as the publisher, copyright information, and website. It also previews profiles of two companies - Bühler, which delivers leading grain processing technology and solutions, and Antares, which sets new standards for round-the-clock milling. The next page of the document likely contains these full company profiles.
CROSSWINDS continued to buffet world grain and feed markets during the later summer months, making for choppy conditions and a lack of consistent price direction
Presentación de la conferencia inaugural de la novena edición del Marketing Strategy Forum que se celebró en Madrid el 21 de octubre de 2014. Juan José Peso-Viñals, socio de Daemon Quest Deloitte, habló sobre la importancia de la diferenciación estratégica y la necesidad de que las empresas de presentarse ante los clientes con una propuesta única y distintiva.
Puedes acceder al vídeo completo de la ponencia: http://goo.gl/MqyORU
También puedes leer los dos post resumen en el que se profundizan sobre algunos de estos conceptos:
* Diferenciación estratégica para alcanzar el éxito: http://goo.gl/W7NB8L
* Los tres pasos necesarios diferentes para diferenciarse: http://goo.gl/bO6FCZ
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of flavonoids from acai (Euterpe oleracea) pulp and evaluation of their antioxidant capacities. Seven flavonoids were isolated from freeze-dried acai pulp using chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by NMR, MS and comparison to literature. Two compounds (vitexin and quercetin) were reported from acai pulp for the first time. The antioxidant capacities of the flavonoids were evaluated using ORAC, CAP-e, and ROS PMN assays. ORAC values varied significantly among compounds. CAP-e and ROS PMN assays provided information on cellular antioxidant effects and potential biological relevance.
Este documento es un listado de nombres de estudiantes de un instituto español. Contiene los nombres completos de los estudiantes agrupados en dos tablas, una para la promoción 14 y otra para otros estudiantes. También incluye el nombre del instituto, el Badaia B.H.I.
El documento describe varios tipos de ventanas, puertas, rejas, armarios, claraboyas y mamparas de madera para carpintería metálica, incluyendo ventanas correderas, practicables, banderas y oscilobatientes de diferentes colores y materiales.
Vous pouvez dès maintenant réserver l'achat d'un appartement à Lutry avec le projet immobilier Vue-Lac, qui porte très bien son nom : vue unique sur les vignobles du Lavaux et du lac Léman depuis la Suisse. Féerique.
Informe sectorial n. 234 . oportunidades negocio en agricultura y maquinaria ...Mk Maroc
Este documento presenta los servicios de Agriculture Maroc Consulting para empresas españolas que participan en la feria agrícola SIAM 2014 en Marruecos. Resume la situación del sector agrícola marroquí, que representa una parte importante de la economía pero aún depende de técnicas anticuadas. Explica que Marruecos necesita mejorar su producción y calidad para competir, y que existe una demanda de maquinaria y equipos agrícolas de alta calidad. Agriculture Maroc Consulting ofrece apoyo a empresas españolas para evaluar el mercado mar
El documento habla sobre la autoestima en niños y adolescentes. Explica que la autoestima se forma a través de las opiniones de las personas cercanas y que tiene componentes social, académico, familiar e imagen física. También describe que la autoestima infantil se desarrolla a través de la relación con los padres y que en la adolescencia puede descender debido a los cambios físicos y sociales. Ofrece además consejos para fomentar una autoestima sana como crear un ambiente de afecto y respeto.
Android Gingerbread fue la versión más utilizada de Android después de Jelly Bean, lanzada en diciembre de 2010. Tomó su nombre de pan de jengibre y fue la primera en soportar NFC a nivel de hardware y software. Presentó mejoras como un navegador web más completo, soporte para cámaras, calendarios de Google y mapas de Google.
Dires Beza Sendekie's curriculum vitae provides the following information:
- He has a MSc in Agronomy from Haramaya University and BSc in Plant Sciences from Alemaya University.
- He has over 15 years of work experience in agricultural roles, most recently as Deputy Manager at Zeleke Agricultural Mechanization Plc.
- His experience includes positions in extension services, seed laboratory management, and coordinating malt barley production and supply.
- He has additional training certificates in various agricultural topics and is computer literate in Microsoft Office programs.
This document summarizes various initiatives and programs across multiple elementary schools that are promoting healthy living and nutrition for students. It highlights how teachers are integrating physical activity and healthy eating lessons into their curriculum. It also profiles nutrition staff who are working to offer healthier cafeteria options and educate students on nutrition. The schools are seeing positive impacts on students' health and food choices from implementing these CATCH programs.
Pepe empezó a perder el pelo con el paso de los años y probó muchos remedios sin éxito para recuperarlo. Finalmente, tuvo la idea de ponerse abono en la cabeza y le creció una mata de hierba, lo que le devolvió la alegría. Otros vecinos empezaron a imitarlo haciendo crecer hierba y flores en sus cabezas.
Why Join RE/MAX Crest Westside as a Sales Partner Info Bookdebupton
All of the services that we provide as a company are contained in this booklet and are used as an introduction to our company and RE/MAX as to what the benefits are to considering putting your good name to our good name.
El documento describe las características de la sociedad actual como una sociedad de la información dominada por las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Explica que la cultura y la educación deben adaptarse a este nuevo contexto para aprovechar las oportunidades que brindan las TIC y abordar los desafíos que plantean, como la desigualdad digital y la necesidad de alfabetización. También analiza los cambios socioculturales, económicos y políticos impulsados por la globalización y la innovación tecnológ
Team Zebra's charter outlines their goals of learning course concepts, producing quality work, and having fun. It details their project assignments and performance goals. Key roles are assigned, including implementers, supporters, and shapers. Processes for communication, decision making, conflict resolution and evaluation are established. Members agree to complete their first self and peer assessment in week 6 to evaluate their performance based on criteria such as decision making, work quality, participation, respect, and communication.
El documento describe los sistemas operativos, sus funciones y clasificaciones. Explica que un sistema operativo gestiona los recursos de hardware, ejecuta programas de software y provee servicios a las aplicaciones. Luego clasifica los sistemas operativos en multiusuario, multiprocesador, multitarea y tiempo real. También enumera ejemplos como Windows, Mac OS X, Linux y Android.
El documento habla sobre varios temas relacionados a la ciudad de Castillos, Uruguay. Menciona problemas ambientales como desagües bloqueados y la necesidad de que OSE dote de una red sanitaria a varias calles. También destaca la importancia de limpiar las cañadas y bocas de tormenta antes del invierno, y la necesidad de un nuevo plan regulador urbanístico para la ciudad.
Zie jij je stage als meer dan een verplicht onderdeel van je studie en wil je de ideale basis leggen voor een serieuze stap in je carrière? Dan ben je bij ons aan het juiste adres! Avanade heeft verschillende stageopdrachten ontwikkeld voor ambitieuze studenten met een passie en talent voor Microsoft-technologie. Ook staan wij altijd open voor goede ideeën en initiatieven voor opdrachten.
The document is an issue of a chemical engineering magazine from April 2009. It highlights the upcoming Achema trade show in Frankfurt that year. Despite an economic recession, over 180,000 visitors from 100 countries were expected to attend the triennial event. The issue also includes articles on optimizing pumping systems, recycling cathode ray tubes, temperature measurement and control, and capital cost calculations. It profiles performance fluids from Dow and advertises pneumatic conveying systems from Flexicon.
Project Sales Corp introduces a new sealing compound called Q4-2805 for sealing generator end-shield flanges. Q4-2805 is designed to remain flexible and swell upon contact with fuels to tighten seals. It can withstand temperatures up to 200°C and immersion in fuels. The product increases reliability by sealing the critical generator end-shields and preventing unscheduled outages that can cost $50,000 or more. Project Sales Corp markets high performance sealing products for turbines, compressors and other power equipment.
The document provides information about the Integrated Tote Mixer (ITM) product from Dynamix Inc. The ITM is designed to enable tote containers to be used as an important part of mixing processes. It features a dynamic drive coupling that allows the mixer to be used at different stages of a product's life cycle. The ITM's unique impeller technologies can provide mixing that was not previously possible in tote containers and help assure product specifications throughout the life cycle. The document discusses the ITM's configuration options, components like the drive coupling and collapsible impellers, specifications for different models, and mounting configurations.
Presentación de la conferencia inaugural de la novena edición del Marketing Strategy Forum que se celebró en Madrid el 21 de octubre de 2014. Juan José Peso-Viñals, socio de Daemon Quest Deloitte, habló sobre la importancia de la diferenciación estratégica y la necesidad de que las empresas de presentarse ante los clientes con una propuesta única y distintiva.
Puedes acceder al vídeo completo de la ponencia: http://goo.gl/MqyORU
También puedes leer los dos post resumen en el que se profundizan sobre algunos de estos conceptos:
* Diferenciación estratégica para alcanzar el éxito: http://goo.gl/W7NB8L
* Los tres pasos necesarios diferentes para diferenciarse: http://goo.gl/bO6FCZ
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of flavonoids from acai (Euterpe oleracea) pulp and evaluation of their antioxidant capacities. Seven flavonoids were isolated from freeze-dried acai pulp using chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by NMR, MS and comparison to literature. Two compounds (vitexin and quercetin) were reported from acai pulp for the first time. The antioxidant capacities of the flavonoids were evaluated using ORAC, CAP-e, and ROS PMN assays. ORAC values varied significantly among compounds. CAP-e and ROS PMN assays provided information on cellular antioxidant effects and potential biological relevance.
Este documento es un listado de nombres de estudiantes de un instituto español. Contiene los nombres completos de los estudiantes agrupados en dos tablas, una para la promoción 14 y otra para otros estudiantes. También incluye el nombre del instituto, el Badaia B.H.I.
El documento describe varios tipos de ventanas, puertas, rejas, armarios, claraboyas y mamparas de madera para carpintería metálica, incluyendo ventanas correderas, practicables, banderas y oscilobatientes de diferentes colores y materiales.
Vous pouvez dès maintenant réserver l'achat d'un appartement à Lutry avec le projet immobilier Vue-Lac, qui porte très bien son nom : vue unique sur les vignobles du Lavaux et du lac Léman depuis la Suisse. Féerique.
Informe sectorial n. 234 . oportunidades negocio en agricultura y maquinaria ...Mk Maroc
Este documento presenta los servicios de Agriculture Maroc Consulting para empresas españolas que participan en la feria agrícola SIAM 2014 en Marruecos. Resume la situación del sector agrícola marroquí, que representa una parte importante de la economía pero aún depende de técnicas anticuadas. Explica que Marruecos necesita mejorar su producción y calidad para competir, y que existe una demanda de maquinaria y equipos agrícolas de alta calidad. Agriculture Maroc Consulting ofrece apoyo a empresas españolas para evaluar el mercado mar
El documento habla sobre la autoestima en niños y adolescentes. Explica que la autoestima se forma a través de las opiniones de las personas cercanas y que tiene componentes social, académico, familiar e imagen física. También describe que la autoestima infantil se desarrolla a través de la relación con los padres y que en la adolescencia puede descender debido a los cambios físicos y sociales. Ofrece además consejos para fomentar una autoestima sana como crear un ambiente de afecto y respeto.
Android Gingerbread fue la versión más utilizada de Android después de Jelly Bean, lanzada en diciembre de 2010. Tomó su nombre de pan de jengibre y fue la primera en soportar NFC a nivel de hardware y software. Presentó mejoras como un navegador web más completo, soporte para cámaras, calendarios de Google y mapas de Google.
Dires Beza Sendekie's curriculum vitae provides the following information:
- He has a MSc in Agronomy from Haramaya University and BSc in Plant Sciences from Alemaya University.
- He has over 15 years of work experience in agricultural roles, most recently as Deputy Manager at Zeleke Agricultural Mechanization Plc.
- His experience includes positions in extension services, seed laboratory management, and coordinating malt barley production and supply.
- He has additional training certificates in various agricultural topics and is computer literate in Microsoft Office programs.
This document summarizes various initiatives and programs across multiple elementary schools that are promoting healthy living and nutrition for students. It highlights how teachers are integrating physical activity and healthy eating lessons into their curriculum. It also profiles nutrition staff who are working to offer healthier cafeteria options and educate students on nutrition. The schools are seeing positive impacts on students' health and food choices from implementing these CATCH programs.
Pepe empezó a perder el pelo con el paso de los años y probó muchos remedios sin éxito para recuperarlo. Finalmente, tuvo la idea de ponerse abono en la cabeza y le creció una mata de hierba, lo que le devolvió la alegría. Otros vecinos empezaron a imitarlo haciendo crecer hierba y flores en sus cabezas.
Why Join RE/MAX Crest Westside as a Sales Partner Info Bookdebupton
All of the services that we provide as a company are contained in this booklet and are used as an introduction to our company and RE/MAX as to what the benefits are to considering putting your good name to our good name.
El documento describe las características de la sociedad actual como una sociedad de la información dominada por las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Explica que la cultura y la educación deben adaptarse a este nuevo contexto para aprovechar las oportunidades que brindan las TIC y abordar los desafíos que plantean, como la desigualdad digital y la necesidad de alfabetización. También analiza los cambios socioculturales, económicos y políticos impulsados por la globalización y la innovación tecnológ
Team Zebra's charter outlines their goals of learning course concepts, producing quality work, and having fun. It details their project assignments and performance goals. Key roles are assigned, including implementers, supporters, and shapers. Processes for communication, decision making, conflict resolution and evaluation are established. Members agree to complete their first self and peer assessment in week 6 to evaluate their performance based on criteria such as decision making, work quality, participation, respect, and communication.
El documento describe los sistemas operativos, sus funciones y clasificaciones. Explica que un sistema operativo gestiona los recursos de hardware, ejecuta programas de software y provee servicios a las aplicaciones. Luego clasifica los sistemas operativos en multiusuario, multiprocesador, multitarea y tiempo real. También enumera ejemplos como Windows, Mac OS X, Linux y Android.
El documento habla sobre varios temas relacionados a la ciudad de Castillos, Uruguay. Menciona problemas ambientales como desagües bloqueados y la necesidad de que OSE dote de una red sanitaria a varias calles. También destaca la importancia de limpiar las cañadas y bocas de tormenta antes del invierno, y la necesidad de un nuevo plan regulador urbanístico para la ciudad.
Zie jij je stage als meer dan een verplicht onderdeel van je studie en wil je de ideale basis leggen voor een serieuze stap in je carrière? Dan ben je bij ons aan het juiste adres! Avanade heeft verschillende stageopdrachten ontwikkeld voor ambitieuze studenten met een passie en talent voor Microsoft-technologie. Ook staan wij altijd open voor goede ideeën en initiatieven voor opdrachten.
The document is an issue of a chemical engineering magazine from April 2009. It highlights the upcoming Achema trade show in Frankfurt that year. Despite an economic recession, over 180,000 visitors from 100 countries were expected to attend the triennial event. The issue also includes articles on optimizing pumping systems, recycling cathode ray tubes, temperature measurement and control, and capital cost calculations. It profiles performance fluids from Dow and advertises pneumatic conveying systems from Flexicon.
Project Sales Corp introduces a new sealing compound called Q4-2805 for sealing generator end-shield flanges. Q4-2805 is designed to remain flexible and swell upon contact with fuels to tighten seals. It can withstand temperatures up to 200°C and immersion in fuels. The product increases reliability by sealing the critical generator end-shields and preventing unscheduled outages that can cost $50,000 or more. Project Sales Corp markets high performance sealing products for turbines, compressors and other power equipment.
The document provides information about the Integrated Tote Mixer (ITM) product from Dynamix Inc. The ITM is designed to enable tote containers to be used as an important part of mixing processes. It features a dynamic drive coupling that allows the mixer to be used at different stages of a product's life cycle. The ITM's unique impeller technologies can provide mixing that was not previously possible in tote containers and help assure product specifications throughout the life cycle. The document discusses the ITM's configuration options, components like the drive coupling and collapsible impellers, specifications for different models, and mounting configurations.
The document discusses maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) products from Dow Corning that can help pulp and paper plants maximize efficiency by extending equipment life, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. It provides an overview of Dow Corning products for various applications including agitators, bearings, belts, chains, conveyors, corrosion protection, cutting applications, flanges, gear boxes, motors, pumps, valves and more. The products are designed to last longer in demanding industrial environments.
Pulp and Paper Industry - Maintenance Guide - Project Sales CorpProject Sales Corp
The document discusses maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) products from Dow Corning that can help pulp and paper plants maximize efficiency by extending equipment life, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. It provides an overview of Dow Corning products for various applications including agitators, bearings, belts, chains, conveyors, corrosion protection, cutting applications, flanges, gear boxes, motors, pumps, valves and more. The products are designed to last longer in demanding industrial environments.
Dow Corning offers a line of Molykote lubricants for mining applications that can withstand extreme conditions. Their lubricants protect equipment from heat, cold, dust and heavy loads to extend equipment life. Dow Corning has expertise in lubrication solutions and works with customers to ensure the right products are applied effectively through testing, engineering support and trained lubrication experts. Their global presence allows them to provide consistent high-quality lubricants and services worldwide.
Dow Corning offers a line of Molykote lubricants for mining applications that can withstand extreme conditions. Their lubricants protect equipment from heat, cold, dust and heavy loads. They also resist flinging off and wash out to reduce downtime. Dow Corning's global presence and engineering expertise can provide customized lubrication solutions and services to mining customers worldwide. Their lubricants are used in a wide range of mining equipment from draglines to conveyors to help extend equipment life.
Dow Corning offers a line of Molykote lubricants for mining applications that can withstand extreme conditions. Their lubricants protect equipment from heat, cold, dust and heavy loads. They also resist flinging off and wash out to reduce downtime. Dow Corning's global presence and technical expertise can provide customized lubrication solutions and services for open pit mining customers around the world.
The document describes Dynamix's Integrated Tote Mixer (ITM) system for mixing products stored in plastic or stainless steel totes. The ITM consists of two detachable segments - a drive segment and an agitator segment - that can be easily installed and removed by one person through a tote opening without exposing the contents. This portable design helps prevent contamination during mixing and transport. Dynamix provides customized ITM solutions tailored to specific applications and guarantees mixing performance.
HI-TECH Industries manufactures mechanical seals, rotary joints, and pumps located in Nashik, India. The document provides details on the various types of seals produced, including conical spring seals, Alfa Laval seals, multi spring seals, Dura seals, PTFE bellow seals, TEX seals, rubber bellow seals, compressor seals, vacuumed seals, and agitator seals. Each seal is designed for specific applications in industries such as sugar, paper, textiles, dairy, distilleries, and pharmaceuticals.
MITA Water Technologies has been innovating water treatment solutions since 1971. They design, manufacture, and market equipment for purifying wastewater from civil and industrial sources, including cloth filters, biological cylinders, lamella packs, sand filters, and DAF systems. MITA works closely with customers to design customized, reliable, and efficient solutions that meet their needs and provide ongoing support services.
This document provides information about ZECO, a closed loop specialist serving the Rocky Mountain area since 1991. It outlines ZECO's experienced service, highly trained technicians, and hands-on training program. ZECO offers high performance, reliable equipment along with additional services like trucking, disposal, and drying agents. Customers benefit from competitive pricing, on-site technicians, and cost savings.
The MRO network architecture document discusses:
I. The network model adopted for the MRO network is classified as "heavy" according to guidelines.
II. The network aims to increase business, develop innovative products and services, and allow for professional growth.
III. Companies in the network fall into production, maintenance, certification, training, engineering, and support categories.
This document provides information about ZECO, a closed loop specialist serving the Rocky Mountain area since 1991. It outlines ZECO's equipment and services for solids control and mud handling, including centrifuges, vertical cuttings dryers, drying shakers, mud cleaners, dewatering units, and pressure control equipment. It emphasizes ZECO's experienced technicians, high performance and reliable equipment, and focus on cost savings and environmental benefits for customers.
MroNet.it - the Italian Network for MROAntonio Musto
On 20 November 2012 fifteen Italian companies and an international consortium of eight companies, created a network focused on MRO for civil and military applications, named MRO-net.it.
The network aims to :
- develop innovative products, services and techniques of LEAN MRO for aeronautical applications (UAV, ULM, General Aviation, Commercial Aviation, cargo operators, Air forces, governative air forces),
- transfer the best MRO practices from the aeronautical market to the nautics, railways and military sectors;
- propose a unique interface with the customers to reduce management costs for customers and providers themselves;
- rise the capabilities and abilities of MRO providers utilizing common desing and management organization, reducing the costs of the products and services offered to the market.
The document contains various snippets of text and images related to bulk material handling equipment and processes. It includes advertisements and descriptions for bulk bag fillers, conveyors, unloaders, and other bulk solids handling equipment from various manufacturers. The document also previews some of the products and technologies that will be displayed at the upcoming Achema 2012 exhibition in Germany.
Started to create milestones, we Indo Fab Industries marked our presence in the year 2000 and operates in the manufacturing/servicing of High Torque Drives & Industrial Pumps, Biological Waste Water Treatment, Milk of Lime/Paper & Pulp Equipments, Design & Development of Equipments & Spareses since 11 years. Our quality services/products have always won us many appreciations from our clients. Our spontaneous performance and confident approach in offering the excellent range of High Torque Drives & Industrial Pumps, Biological Waste Water Treatment, Milk of Lime/Paper & Pulp Equipments, Design & Development of Equipments & Spareses, Industrial Filters that has made us to deepen our roots in the market. We Indo Fab Industries breathe with the aim to satisfy our clients with our smart products/services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals who all contribute best of their potentials to offer high efficiency.
This document provides information about ZECO, a closed loop specialist serving the Rocky Mountain area since 1991. It details ZECO's equipment and services for solids control and mud handling, including centrifuges, vertical cuttings dryers, drying shakers, mud cleaners, dewatering units, and pressure control equipment. It also discusses ZECO's experienced technicians, hands-on training program, high performance durable equipment, and competitive pricing. Customer testimonials praise ZECO's efficient operations and willingness to ensure jobs run smoothly.
Dry ice cleaning for foundry catalog cold jetCold Jet Polska
W Odlewnictwie jednym z problemów są przestoje spowodowane czyszczeniem stałych form aluminiowych, kanałów odpowietrzeń, rdzennic i maszyn odlewniczych. Tradycyjne formy czyszczenia wymagają schłodzenia, demontażu urządzeń, wielu bezproduktywnych godzin czyszczenia i ponownego ich złożenia.
Czyszczenie suchym lodem skraca czas czyszczenia o 60% oraz eliminuje uszkodzenia sprzętu i powstawanie odpadów produkcyjnych. Pozwala czyścić on-line w temperaturze roboczej i nie wymaga demontażu maszyn!
A major issue for the foundry and forging industries is the downtime caused when cleaning permanent aluminum molds, core box vents, semi-solid castings and die casting machines. Typical manual cleaning methods require cool down, disassembly, unproductive hours of messy hand cleaning or bead blast cleaning and then reassembly. In addition, most traditional cleaning methods are not fully effective and often result in damage to the part or equipment.
Dry ice cleaning offers significant improvement in cleaning times (up to 60%) as well as reduction of damage to equipment and resulting scrap product. Dry ice blast cleaning is a non-conductive, in-place method to clean parts and even touch-up cleaning is safe and easy.
The document provides tips for rebuilding standard transmissions. It advises technicians to carefully inspect components for subtle wear that could lead to problems. Rebuilders should use the manufacturer's specified fluid and consider customer needs when deciding whether to install a high-performance clutch. With practice, technicians can gain confidence working on standard transmissions.
Dispersion Without Agglomeration: Keep it Clean!Downtp Livros
This document summarizes several articles from the July 2009 issue of CHE magazine. It discusses recent advances in mixing technology that offer increased efficiency in dispersing powders in low- and high-viscosity applications. It also briefly outlines other articles about separation processes offering more efficiency and purity, attendees not being disappointed by Achema 2009 despite economic turmoil, and facts about flowmeter selection.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document appears to be the May 2009 issue of a magazine focused on the chemical and process industries. The main stories summarize:
1) Refiners facing an uncertain future due to declining demand, volatile margins, and the global recession forcing investment rethinking.
2) Properly designed bulk solids bins or silos offer advantages for slow, diffusion-limited drying operations.
3) Integrating fire-and-gas detection and mitigation systems into overall process safety control can help ensure fast responses to emergencies.
This document is the March 2009 issue of a publication focused on chemical engineering. The cover story discusses the growing construction of concentrating solar power plants, which is bringing jobs and business to equipment suppliers and chemical producers. Other articles discuss more efficient coal energy extraction, multiscale reactors for fine chemicals, using coal as a feedstock for carbon/graphite electrodes, and using sunlight for cooling in Australia. The issue also contains various news briefs, features on industrial gas applications, and advertisements.
This document summarizes an article from the January 2009 issue of Chemical Engineering magazine. It discusses how the chemical process industries are facing a deep recession due to plant closings and layoffs. While the situation is sour, the article provides a few recommendations that could help sweeten the situation. These include strategic capital investments, predictive maintenance programs, and industrial wireless technologies, which can improve performance and reduce costs. The article also notes that now may be a good time for longer-term projects that require plant shutdowns due to reduced demand and lower equipment costs.
The document is the March 2010 issue of Chemical Engineering magazine. It includes the following articles and sections:
- A cover story on regenerative thermal oxidizers and how they can be retrofitted with catalyst beds to reduce energy consumption during oxidation of VOCs.
- A news article on new EPA rules requiring nearly 10,000 facilities to collect data on greenhouse gas emissions starting on January 1, 2010.
- An engineering practice article on using a programmable logic controller for process safety in addition to process control.
- A feature report on the mechanisms of agglomeration technology, focusing on wet granulation and compaction methods.
- An engineering practice article on a new method for treating coke
Design decisions: Don't leave economics to chanceDowntp Livros
The article discusses the announcement of a new award from the HART Communication Foundation called the HART Innovation Achievement Award. The award recognizes exceptional achievement, ingenuity, and innovation in using HART communication to improve operations and maintenance. The first recipient of the award is Evonik Degussa GmbH for its use of HART communication at its Methacrylates Complex at the Multi User Site in Shanghai's Chemical Industry Park. The award aims to highlight successful applications of HART communication to inspire broader adoption across the chemical process industries.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
That's entrainment
1. February
2010
Energy
Audits
Page 34
www.che.com
2
Distillation trouble shooting • energy auDits
Page 26
VFDs for
Supercritical
Centrifugal Pumps
Co2
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Focus on
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Vol. 117 no. 2 february 2010
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Displacement
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5. february 2010 In ThIs Issue Volume 117, no. 2
Commentary
www.che.com 5 Editor’s Page
Status of World-
wide R&D In
general, R&D expen-
ditures indicate the
priority that a nation
Cover story or region gives to
advancing science
26 Cover Story Kettle Trouble- and technology rela-
shooting Here's proof that tive to other goals.
kettle reboilers can behave like The recently released
thermosiphons and thereby bot- Science and Engineer-
tleneck an entire plant. Under- ing Indicators 2010
stand the mechanism to blame report gives the latest
and avoid it with these preven- figures for this indica-
tion and troubleshooting tips tor across the globe
news departments
11 Chementator Demonstration
Letters . . . . . . . . . . . 6
plant for a biomass-to-gasoline
process; Scaleup for a “greener” Calendar . . . . . . . . 7, 8
cement; Oxygen separation mem- Who’s Who . . . . . . . 25
branes; Seal selection in handling Reader Service
and storing biofuels; Hydrogen page . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
from a can; Carbon nanotube
production process; Vitrification Economic
makes a product from rice husk Indicators . . . . . 55, 56
waste; Lignite-fired power plant advertisers
uses activated carbon to capture
mercury; and more Product Showcase. . 49
15 Newsfront Supercritical CO2: Classified
A Green Solvent Carbon dioxide, in its equipment & serviCes Advertising . . . . .50–52
supercritical state, is being used to replace 24D-1 Pump User’s Symposium Preview Advertiser Index . . . 53
conventional organic solvents in chemical (Domestic Edition) The 26th International
Coming in marCh
processes Pump Users Symposium will be held March
19 Newsfront Beyond Plant Design Simu- 15–18 at the George R. Brown Convention Look for: Feature Re-
lation software finds use in plant optimiza- Center in Houston. A sampling of products ports on Agglomeration
tion, energy reduction and operator train- to be displayed is given, including: Find de- Mechanisms and Process
ing projects sign files quickly with this search software; Selection; and Using
This pump is available in many size combi- Catalysts for Energy
engineering nations; and more Savings in Regenerative
24 Facts At Your Fingertips Positive Dis- 24D-2 New Products & Services Oxidizers; Engineering
placement Pumps This one-page guide (Domestic Edition) This blower applies Practice articles on
covers the essentials of selecting positive rotary screw technology; This laboratory Using a Safety PLC for
displacement pumps reactor can handle the pressure; Enforce Process Control; Treat-
tighter security with this portable finger- ment Method for Coke-
34 Feature Report Doing an Energy
print reader; Eliminate static electricity Cooling Wastewater;
Audit Some pointers to help you find
from surfaces with this air jet system; Drift- and Water Solubility in
where energy savings can be found at
free dew-point measurement is now por- Hydrocarbons; Focus
your plant
table; A faster way to evaporate solvent on Analyzers; News
38 Engineering Practice Variable Fre- articles on Greenhouse
from laboratory samples; A control device
quency Drives: An Algorithm for Se- Gases — Mandatory
that cuts energy consupmtion
lecting VFDs for Centrifugal Pumps Reporting and Outlook
for making WFI; and more
Using this algorithm, engineers can identify for Practical Reduction
the most cost-effective and energy-efficient 47 Focus Mixing Uniformly Techniques; and High-
pump-system design blend batches with this Purity Processing; Facts
44 Environmental Manager The ‘BIST’ inline mixer; Quickly change at Your Fingertips on
In Electronic Valve Actuators Smart mount configurations with Steam Systems; and
actuators designed with built-in self-test this modular system; A microchip for mix- more
capabilities allow rapid identification of ing immiscible fluids; Side-entry mixers
for asphalt agitation; A double planetary Cover:
potential downtime and increased overall
mixer for viscous materials; and more David Whitcher
plant safety
ChemiCal engineering www.Che.Com february 2010 3
7. Winner of Eight Jesse H. Neal
Awards for Editorial Excellence
Editor’s Page
Published since 1902
An Access Intelligence Publication
Status of worldwide R&D
L
PublisHEr Art & dEsiGN
ate last month, in an event at the White House, the U.S. National Sci-
MikE O’rOurkE dAvid WHitcHEr ence Board (NSB) released its Science and Engineering Indicators 2010
Publisher Art Director/ report. Produced every two years by NSB — the governing body for
morourke@che.com Editorial Production Manager
dwhitcher@che.com the National Science Foundation (NSF; Arlington, Va.; www.nsf.gov) and
EditOrs
PrOductiON NSF’s div. of Science Resources Statistics — the Science and Engineering
rEbEkkAH J. MArsHAll
Editor in Chief MicHAEl d. krAus Indicators Series is an authoritative source of U.S. and international data
VP of Production & Manufacturing
rmarshall@che.com
mkraus@accessintel.com
on science, engineering and technology. The NSF likens the publication to
dOrOtHy lOzOWski stEvE OlsON a report card on U.S. science, engineering and technology, comparing U.S.
Managing Editor
dlozowski@che.com
Director of Production & performance with other nations. For the broader, global context of CE’s
Manufacturing
GErAld ONdrEy (Frankfurt) solson@accessintel.com audience, the report reveals a number of interesting facts about the pres
pres-
Senior Editor JOHN blAylOck-cOOkE ent status and future outlook of research and development (R&D), and
gondrey@che.com Ad Production Manager
jcooke@accessintel.com
therefore, the innovation platform on which our profession rides.
scOtt JENkiNs
Associate Editor MArkEtiNG In general, R&D expenditures indicate the priority that a nation or re-
sjenkins@che.com
HOlly rOuNtrEE gion gives to advancing science and technology relative to other goals. The
cONtributiNG EditOrs Marketing Manager
hrountree@accessintel.com
report estimates that worldwide R&D expenditures in 2007 (the most re re-
suzANNE A. sHEllEy
AudiENcE cent year for which data is available) totaled an estimated $1,107 billion.
sshelley@che.com
dEvElOPMENt Even though many countries conduct R&D, for now the lion’s share contin
contin-
cHArlEs butcHEr (U.K.) sylviA siErrA
cbutcher@che.com Senior Vice President,
ues to be concentrated in a few high-income countries or regions. The U.S.
PAul s. GrAd (Australia) Corporate Audience Development alone accounts for about 33% of the current global R&D total. The next
ssierra@accessintel.com
pgrad@che.com four performers are Japan (13%), China (9%), Germany (6%) and France
tEtsuO sAtOH (Japan) JOHN rOckWEll
tsatoh@che.com Vice President, (4%). NSB’s report puts that in perspective by noting that the top two
JOy lEPrEE (New Jersey)
Audience Development Chemical countries account for around 47% of the global R&D total, while the top
jrockwell@accessintel.com
jlepree@che.com
sArAH GArWOOd
five countries represent about 66%. When the report factors in the next
GErAld PArkiNsON Audience Marketing Director five countries — South Korea, the U.K., the Russian Federation, Canada
sgarwood@Accessintel.com
(California) gparkinson@che.com and Italy — the total increases to just below 80%, meaning that four-fifths
tErry bEst
EditOriAl
Audience Development Manager of the world’s R&D is concentrated in only ten countries.
AdvisOry bOArd
tbest@accessintel.com There are a number of trends, however, that predict an inevitable upset
JOHN cArsON GEOrGE sEvEriNE
Jenike & Johanson, Inc.
Fulfillment Manager
in the status quo. Consider, for instance, that growth of R&D expendi-
dAvid dickEy gseverine@accessintel.com tures in the U.S. and the EU averaged 5–6% annually over the period
MixTech, Inc. JEN fElliNG 1996–2007. At the same time, comparable R&D growth rates of the Asia-8
MukEsH dOblE List Sales, Statlistics (203) 778-8700
IIT Madras, India j.felling@statlistics.com (China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and
HENry kistEr cONfErENcEs Thailand) economies often exceeded 10%, and in China’s case approached
Fluor Corp. dANA d. cArEy 20%. Meanwhile, both India and Brazil are in the report’s top-15 R&D
Director, Global Event Sponsorships
trEvOr klEtz
dcarey@chemweek.com
performers and are acknowledged for essentially doubling their R&D ex-
Loughborough University, U.K.
PEck siM penditures over the past decade or so. Also noteworthy is that research
GErHArd krEysA (retired)
DECHEMA e.V. Senior Manager, publications with authors in Asia are relatively more heavily concentrated
Conference Programming
rAM rAMAcHANdrAN psim@chemweek.com in engineering (China at 16%, Japan at 11%, and the Asia-8 at 19%) than
BOC
bEAtriz suArEz those with authors in the U.S. (7%) or the European Union (8%), where
Director of Conference Operations
iNfOrMAtiON
bsuarez@chemweek.com
focus instead leans toward medical research.
sErvicEs
rObErt PAciOrEk cOrPOrAtE Another basis for the report’s geographical comparisons is R&D inten-
Senior VP & Chief Information Officer stEvE bArbEr sity, typically measured as the ratio of a country’s national R&D expen-
rpaciorek@accessintel.com VP, Financial Planning & Internal Audit
sbarber@accessintel.com
ditures to GDP for a given year. This approach does not require currency
cHArlEs sANds
Senior Developer briAN NEssEN conversion to a standard international benchmark and provides a way to
Web/business Applications Architect Group Publisher adjust for differences in the sizes of national economies. In 2007, Israel
csands@accessintel.com bnessen@accessintel.com
had the highest R&D intensity (4.7%), followed by Sweden (3.6%), Finland
HEAdquArtErs
(3.5%), South Korea (3.5%), Japan (3.4%), Switzerland (2.9%) and Iceland
110 William Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10038, U.S.
Tel: 212-621-4900 Fax: 212-621-4694 (2.8%). In comparison, R&D intensity was lower in the
EurOPEAN EditOriAl OfficEs U.S. (2.7%), the EU (1.8%) and China (1.5%).
Zeilweg 44, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany In an April 2009 speech and on several occasions since
Tel: 49-69-2547-2073 Fax: 49-69-5700-2484
then, U.S. President Barack Obama set a R&D intensity
circulAtiON rEquEsts:
Tel: 847-564-9290 Fax: 847-564-9453
goal of 3%. For the U.S. or any large economy today, how
how-
Fullfillment Manager; P.O. Box 3588, ever, an increase in R&D intensity would almost certainly
Northbrook, IL 60065-3588 email: clientservices@che.com
fall on the back of stimulus packages. Industry’s prolific
AdvErtisiNG rEquEsts: see p. 54
cost-cutting programs have only recently begun to subsub-
For photocopy or reuse requests: 800-772-3350 or info@copyright.com
For reprints: chemicalengineering@theygsgroup.com side, and widescale impacts on R&D are flat at best. ■
Rebekkah Marshall
ChemiCal engineering www.Che.Com February 2010 5
8. Letters
Comparing
petrochemical plant aging
The massive buildup of new petrochemical capacity in
the Middle East and Asia has been well documented, and
its effect on future supply-demand much discussed. But a
look at the average ages of plants in different regions in
the years that follow this capacity buildup, prompts new
conclusions on just how profound the effects of this new
capacity will be.
Ed Gartner, Director of SRI Consulting’s World Petro-
chemicals research program, has examined the aging of
ethylene plants through 2015. Gartner’s methodology is
to compare the current- and future-average ages of plants
in different regions, using 1974 as the base, or “zero” year.
The regions themselves are defined by the OECD. They
comprise China-India; ME-AF, which stands for Middle
East and Africa, but does not include Turkey; Europe,
which includes Western Europe plus Turkey, Poland, the
Czech Republic, Hungary and the Slovak Republic; and
Pacific, which includes Japan, Korea, Australia and New
Zealand
By 2015, analysis shows that the average life of ethyl-
ene plants in China-India and ME-AF will be around 10
years, while the average of plants in North America and
Europe will be around 30 years. There are several conclu-
sions to be drawn and extrapolations to be made from
Gartner’s study:
• irst and foremost, plants in the Middle East and
F
China-India will have an efficiency advantage com-
pared with plants in the rest of the world, just because
of their age, scale and relatively modern technology
• eanwhile, plants in North America, Europe and the
M
Pacific will be candidates for closure or replacement,
unless their efficiency and competitiveness can be im-
proved and their lifespan expanded
• huttering capacity in North America and Europe is
S
Circle 7 on p. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-07
becoming increasingly expensive, mainly because of
the requirement to remediate the sites on closure. This
may lead to the lifetime of older plants being extended
beyond normal expectations and/or their product slates
being reformulated
• ubstantial investment would be needed to rebuild
S
older capacity, and apart from national governments
and oil majors, it is not apparent who would have the
wherewithal to rebuild North American, European and
Pacific capacity
All of these observations point to a more rapid shift of
the petrochemicals industry to the axis between the Mid-
dle East and China in the years to come. In the North
American, European and Pacific regions, meanwhile, the
most likely outcome will be a drive towards added-value
products that can serve the domestic markets.
John Pearson, President
Access Intelligence, Chemical Business Media div.
Postscripts, corrections
December, Building a Better Dryer: On p. 28, the
Website for Drytech should be drytecheng.com not
drytechinc.com. ■
9. Calendar
NORTH AMERICA
Pittcon 2010. Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry Applied Spectroscopy (Pittsburgh, Pa.).
Phone: 412-825-3220; Web: pittcon.org
Orlando, Fla. Feb. 28–March 5
Biopharmaceutical Development Production
Week (“Five Conferences In One”). IBC Life Sciences
(Westborough, Mass.). Phone: 800-858-4881;
Web: ibclifesciences.com/courses
Carlsbad, Calif. March 1–5
Global Plastics Engineering Conference 2010.
Society of Plastics Engineers (Lindale, Ga.). Phone:
706-238-9101; Web: sperecycling.org
Orlando, Fla. March 8–10
23rd Conference of the Organic Reaction
Catalysis Society. Organic Reactions Catalysis Soc.
(Devens, Mass.). Phone: 805-313-5237; Web: orcs.org
Monterey, Calif. March 14–18
Corrosion 2010. NACE International (Houston). Phone:
281-228-6213; Web: nace.org
San Antonio, Tex. March 14–18
Circle 8 on p. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-08
DCAT Week 2010. Drug, Chemical Associated
Technologies Assn. (Robbinsville, N.J.). Phone:
609-448-1000; Web: dcat.org
New York, N.Y. March 15–18
The 2010 National Symposium on Market
Transformation. American Council for an Energy-
Efficient Economy (Washington, D.C.). Phone:
202-507-4000; Web: aceee.org/conf/mt10/index.htm
Washington, D.C. March 16–18
Secrets of Batch Process Scaleup. Scientific Update
Conferences (Mayfield, U.K.). Phone:+44 1435 873062;
Web: scientificupdate.co.uk
Atlanta, Ga. March 17–19
Spring 2010 National Meeting Expo. American
Chemical Soc. (Washington, D.C.). Phone: 800-251-8629
(domestic); Phone: 508-743-0192 (international);
Web: acs.org
San Francisco, Calif. March 21–25
NPRA Annual Meeting. National Petrochemical
Refiners Assn. (Washington, D.C.). Phone: 202-457-0480;
Web: npra.org
Phoenix, Ariz. March 21–23
Odors and Air Pollutants 2010. Air Waste Manage-
ment Assn. (Pittsburgh, Pa.) and the Water Environment
Federation (Alexandria, Va.). Phone: 412-904-6020;
Web: wef.org/oap/
Charlotte, N.C. March 21–24
(Continues on p. 8)
Circle 9 on p. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-09
Chemical Engineering www.che.com February 2010 7
10. Calendar
2010 Spring Meeting 6th Global Congress on
Process Safety. American Inst. of Chemical Engineers
(New York, N.Y.). Phone: 646-495-1360; Web: aiche.org
San Antonio, Tex. March 21–25
37th Annual NOBCChE Conference. National
Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black
Chemists and Chemical Engineers (Washington, D.C.).
Phone: 866-544-9677; Web: nobcche.org
Atlanta, Ga. March 29–April 2
Molding 2010: Emerging Technologies for
Business Success in Changing Global Market.
Executive Conference Management (Plymouth, Mich.).
Phone: 734-737-0507; Web: executive-conference.com
San Antonio, Tex. April 12–14
SynGas 2010. SynGas Assn (Baton Rouge, La.). Phone:
225-922-5000; Web:
ay
syngasassociation.com
Tulsa, Okla. April 19–21
ies
ew
ustr Europe
at
ind Second Annual Conference on Ethics and Human
ess
Values in Engineering. World Federation of Engineer-
g oc ing Organizations (Paris). Phone: +34-93-401-1714;
r
’s p
he
Web: icehve.com
ina Barcelona, Spain March 2–4
t
ch
to Understanding Polymorphism and Crystallization
Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Scientific
a Update Conferences (Mayfield, U.K.). Phone: +44 1435
hin
R C 2 010 873062; Web: scientificupdate.co.uk
, P ne
ing Nice, France March 22–24
eij -4 Ju
B 1
Analytica 22nd International Trade Fair. Messe
München GmbH/Analytica (Munich, Germany). Phone:
China's most international +49-89-949-11488; Web: analytica.de
event for the chemical process Munich, Germany March 23–26
industries welcomes YOU!
Secrets of Batch Process Scale-Up. Scientific
• Chemical Apparatus and
Update Conferences (East Sussex, U.K.). Phone:+44 (0)
Plant Construction
1435 873062; Web: scientificupdate.co.uk
• Process Technology
Barcelona, Spain April 13–15
• Petrochemistry
• Maintenance and Quality Assurance 6th EE and RES Congress and Exhibition. Via Expo
• Environmental Protection (Sofia, Bulgaria). Phone: +359-32-960012; Web: viaexpo.com
• Water Treatment Sofia, Bulgaria April 14–16
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Biotechnology Asia Elsewhere
World CTL 2010 Conference. World CTL (Paris).
• Food Industry
Phone: +33-1-44-01-8713; Web: world-ctl.com
• Agrochemistry
Beijing, China April 13–16
• Laboratory and Analytical Techniques
• Packaging and Storage Techniques Middle East Plastic Pipes 2010. Applied Market In-
• Resources Development formation Ltd. (Bristol, U.K.). Phone: +44 117 924 9442;
Web: www2.amiplastics.com/events
www.achemasia.de www.achema.cn Dubai, UAE May 17–19 ■
Suzanne Shelley
2010 Springp. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-10
Circle 10 on Spring Meeting 6th Global
8 Chemical Engineering www.che.com February 2010
11. Circle 11 on p. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-11
12.
Powder Inlet
Liquid Inlet
Completed
Dispersion
An intense vacuum draws powders including silica, SLIM eliminates the clogging and poor dispersion quality
thickeners and pigments into the mix chamber of the associated with eductor-based systems. It also eliminates
SLIM Solids/Liquid Injection Manifold. They are injected the need for an auxiliary pump in most applications.
through a ported rotor directly into the high shear zone Operation is simple – and the portable inline SLIM easily
and dispersed instantly. serves multiple process lines.
Circle 12 on p. 54 or go to adlinks.che.com/29247-12
13. Edited by Gerald Ondrey February 2010
Heat and
Tryout set for biomass- power
to-gasoline process Pyrolysis
Solid Fast
A demonstration plant that will produce Upgrading Transport
biomass pyrolysis oil
fuels
transportation fuels from cellulosic bio-
mass will be built at Tesoro Corp.’s petro-
leum refinery in Kapolei, Hawaii, by Enver- in a circulating transported fluidized-bed re-
gent Technologies (Des Plaines, Ill.; www. actor. The biomass is vaporized, then rapidly Water reclamation
envergenttech.com), a joint venture of Hon- quenched, yielding 65–75 wt.% pyrolysis oil, last month, a new water-
eywell’s UOP (Des Plaines; www.uop.com) plus char and non-condensable gas, which are reclamation process for the
and Ensyn Technologies Inc. (Ottawa, Ont.; used for fuel. The residence time is about 2 s. oil-and-gas industry was
www.ensyn.com). Scheduled to start up in A shortcoming of bio-oils (including the launched by hbC Systems,
2014, the plant will convert biomass into pyrolysis oil) is that they contain 10–40% a newly created joint venture
about 22,000 gal/yr of fuels — mostly gaso- oxygen, versus essentially none for petro- between hydration Tech-
line, with a small amount of diesel fuel. leum, as well as a high percentage of water. nology innovations (hTi;
The facility will combine Ensyn’s rapid ther- The UOP process deals with these issues Scottsdate, ariz.; www.hti-
water.com) and bear Creek
mal processing (RTP) technology with UOP’s in a two-stage hydroprocessing strategy. In
Services, llC (albany, ore.;
hydroprocessing knowhow to process a range the first step, H2 combines with O2 to form www.bearcreekservices.
of cellulosic feedstocks, including agricultural H2O, then all the water is removed as vapor. com). The so-called bear
waste, pulp, paper, woody biomass, algae and In the second step, the partially processed Creek green machine in-
dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass oil is upgraded to gasoline and diesel fuels. corporates hTi’s proprietary
and sorghum (diagram). In the RTP step, The project is being funded by a $25-million forward-osmosis-membrane
biomass is rapidly heated by hot sand to ap- grant from the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE, technology, which separates
proximately 500°C, in the absence of oxygen, Washington, D.C.; www.energy.gov). water from “virtually all con-
taminants” as it migrates
through the membrane by
Lignite-fired power plant osmosis. The concentration
difference across the mem-
uses activated carbon to capture mercury brane (needed for osmosis)
is supplied by concentrated
W hat is said to be the first grassroots
lignite-fueled power plant to use pow-
dered activated carbon (PAC) for mercury
PAC, with technology supplied by Bab-
cock Power Environmental Inc. (Worcester,
Mass.). PAC is injected into the fluegas at
brine, which is already typi-
cally available at well sites.
The mobile unit processes
capture has been started up near Frank- a rate of up to 10 lb/million acf of gas and wastewater at rates of more
lin, Tex., by Luminant (Dallas, Tex.). In its is subsequently collected on a fabric filter, than 100 gal/min. in field
initial operation the 800-MWe supercriti- along with other particulate matter. In tests, the green machine re-
cal plant has achieved better than 90% Hg contrast, a 242-MWe plant that Fluor com- claimed almost 125,000 gal of
reserve pit waste (using less
removal, says James Brown, director of pleted in 2008 at a Newmont Mining Corp.
than 20 gal of diesel fuel),
engineering for Fluor Corp. (Irving, Tex.; gold mine near Elko, Nev., combines Br-PAC, which would have required
www.fluor.com), which built the plant. This for fluegas treatment, with the injection of 20 truckloads to transport
meets the limit of 9.2 lb per trillion Btu for halogen (CaCl2) directly onto the coal feed the waste to distant disposal
Hg determined in the permitting process. A to enhance Hg scrubbing. The process, from wells for underground injec-
second 800-MWe unit is scheduled to start Babcock Wilcox (Barberton, Ohio), uses a tion, says hTi.
up around mid-year. lime spray-dryer absorber and fabric filter
Mercury from lignite and sub-bituminous to capture both sulfur and Hg. It reduces Hg A new mineral
coals is generally in the elemental form and emissions to 0.02 lb/GWh. minerologists from the insti-
hence more difficult to capture than the The choice and cost-effectiveness of using tute of applied geosciences,
oxidized Hg from bituminous coals. Lignite PAC, Br-PAC or halogen fuel additives de- Karlsruhe institute of Tech-
and sub-bituminous coals lack the halogen pends on the coal and the emissions limit, nology (KiT; germany; www.
compounds that promote oxidation, says says Brown. For example, the consumption kti.edu) have discovered a
Brown. This problem may be overcome by of PAC at the Newmont plant has been re- new mineral in northwest
using more PAC or by using a brominated duced by about 50% through the use of Br- iran that may find applica-
PAC (Br-PAC) to capture the Hg. The latter PAC alone, and the halogen fuel additive tions in solar cells. approved
by the international miner-
is more expensive, but the amount of bro- has further reduced Br-PAC consumption
alogical assoc. (ima; Van-
minated activated carbon required is only by roughly another 50%. He adds that the doeuvre-les-nancy, France;
20–50% as much as standard PAC. system at the Luminant plant is capable of
The Luminant plant uses conventional using Br-PAC, if the economics justified it. (Continues on p. 12)
Note: For more information, circle the 3-digit number
on p. 54, or use the website designation. ChemiCal engineering www.Che.Com February 2010 11
14. C hementato R
Scaleup slated for a ‘greener’ cement (Continued from p. 11)
www.ima-mineralogy.org)
T his summer, Celitement GmbH (Eggen-
stein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; www.
celitement.de) will begin construction on a
to control the hydration and the quality of
the final product.
The process operates at considerably
and named Daliranite after its
discoverer, Farahnaz Daliran,
the mineral (PbHgAs2S6) is
pilot plant to produce a new cement known lower temperatures than that used in con- a sulfosalt, which are sulfur
as Celitement. Located at the north cam- ventional routes to Portland clinker (up to compounds with semiconduc-
pus of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 1,450°C), and therefore consumes about half tor metals. The soft (Mohs’
(KIT), the facility will produce up to 100 kg/d the energy with a corresponding reduction in hardness 1–2), red-orange
of Celitement when it starts operating in CO2 emissions, says the company. The pro- mineral consists of very fine
2011, using a process first developed at KIT. cess also uses “far less” lime, and the prod- fibers (20 µm dia.), and it is an
In the first step, limestone and sand (Ca- uct binding material can be handled just as excellent semiconductor. For
industrial purposes, we could
to-Si mole ratio of 0.5–2.0) and water are ordinary Portland cement. Addition of water
grow large crystals of Daliran-
transformed into calcium silicate hydrates starts the hydration process, and the only ite, says Daliran.
in an autoclave operating at 180–210°C and product, calcium hydrate (CaO-SiO2-H2O),
10–20 bar. The product is dried, then mixed is formed. The homogeneous composition of
with a second silicate component and trans- Celitement enables easy control of harden-
A more robust sensor
formed into Celitement — a hydraulically ing and product quality, with good durabil- Pressure sensors used in ex-
treme service, such as those
active calcium hydrosilicate — by a reac- ity and resistance due to highly connected
used for monitoring drilling
tive milling process. Additives can be used silicate building units and low porosity. operations, can typically only
withstand temperatures of
Printed electronics made possible 80–125°C. To enable opera-
tion at higher temperatures,
by this carbon-nanotube-production process researchers at the Fraunhofer
Institute for Microelectronic
A recently commercialized method for with a narrow distribution of diameters in Circuits and Systems (IMS;
growing single-walled carbon nanotubes the range of 0.8 to 1.5 nm, Arthur adds, and Dresden, Germany; www.
(SWCNs) in large quantities enables their lengths typically 1,000 times the diameter. ims.fraunhofer.de) have
developed a pressure sen-
use in a downstream process for depositing In a collaboration with Chasm Technolo-
sor system that can handle
semiconducting inks onto flexible surfaces. gies Inc. (Canton, Mass.; www.chasmtek. 250°C. Unlike conventional
Southwest NanoTechnologies Inc. (Nor- com), Southwest NanoTechnologies has in- sensors, which are mounted
man, Okla.; www.swentnano.com) has de- corporated its nanotubes into an ink formu- on a monocrystalline-silicon
veloped a scalable technique (CoMoCAT lation that allows them to be printed as thin wafer, IMS’ device is mounted
process) in which carbon monoxide is decom- films onto flexible surfaces using commer- on a modified wafer of silicon-
posed into carbon and CO2 at 700–950ºC in cially available printing processes. A carbon oxide, with the oxide layer pro-
a fluidized bed reactor. Growth of the nano- nanotube paste is mixed with an evaporating viding better electrical insula-
tubes depends on a specialized proprietary ink component that dries at low tempera- tion (current leakage occurs
cobalt and molybdenum catalyst that gives tures (100ºC) and leaves no residue. at higher temperatures). The
device — composed of the
rise to high selectivity. Because of its electronic and optical prop-
pressure sensor and an EE-
CEO David Arthur says the process is able erties, carbon nanotube ink has potential PROM (an element for storing
to generate SWCNs that are semiconducting- uses in various printed electronics applica- measurement and calibration
enriched (90% versus 66% industry average) tions, such as flexible circuits, sensors, dis- data) — can theoretically
or metallic-enriched (50% versus 33% indus- plays, radio-frequency identification tags withstand temperatures up to
try average). The method produces nanotubes and others. 350°C, but the researchers
have only demonstrated op-
eration up to 250°C thus far.
Making a ring of eight benzenes
P rofessor Shigeru Yamago and col-
leagues at the Institute for Chemi-
cal Research, Kyoto University (Japan;
that may find applications in organic
light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic
conductors and battery electrodes. Pre-
platinum-biphenyl intermediate. The
planar complex is then separated, and
heated with bromine at 95°C. A 25% yield
www.scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuyuki/) have viously, other research groups have syn- of [8]cycloparaphenylene is achieved.
synthesized [8]cycloparaphenylene for thesized ring compounds with 9 or 12 The researchers plan to apply the
the first time. The 11-nm-dia. molecule benzenes linked together. technique for synthesizing cylinder-
consists of eight benzene molecules The compound is synthesized under shaped materials, such as carbon nano-
linked together in a closed chain. The mild conditions in a three-step process tubes (CNTs). Yamago believes their
compound has a strong absorption peak whereby 4,4’-bis(trimethylstannyl)biphe- procedure will enable the control of the
at 340 nm and fluoresces yellow-green nyl and [PtCl2(cod)] (cod=1,5-cyclooctadi- thickness, length and twisting degrees
light at around 540 nm — properties ene) first react to form a square-shaped of CNTs.
12 Chemical Engineering www.che.com February 2010
15. (Continued from p. 15)
C hementato R
Story Name (Continued from p. 15)
Headspace and
gas release
Microbubble generator enhances
performance of airlift bioreactor
A patented (WO 2008/053174), fluidic-os-
cillator-driven device that generates mi-
crobubbles has been shown by researchers
In a 250-L prototype
ALB, the yield of yeast
biomass grown with
Downcomer
region
from the University of Sheffield (U.K.; www. microbubble genera-
shef.ac.uk/cpe), in collaboration with the tion with fluidic oscilla-
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic tion was shown to be
(Prague; www.cas.cz/en), to improve the per- 15% higher compared to
formance of air-lift loop bioreactors (ALBs). steady-state flow. Other
Up to 18% less energy is consumed for mi- applications for the bub-
crobubble generation compared to conven- ble generator being inves- Riser
tional sparging systems, and the smaller tigated with industrial
bubbles (20 µm versus 1–3-mm dia.) lead partners include aeration
to a 50-fold increase in mass transfer rates, in wastewater treatment;
says Will Zimmerman, a professor at the flotation to remove solids
Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, from wastewater; ozone
University of Sheffield. dosing in plasma micro- Groved
The device consists of a fluidic jet-deflec- reactors, oxidation reac- nozzle bank
tion amplifier — a stack of PMMA (poly- tions; and CO2-dosing Gas from oscillator outlets
methylmethacrylate) plates with laser- for growing microalgae
milled cavities — coupled with a feedback for biofuel production. In the latter exam-
loop. Air is supplied to the amplifier cavity ple, microbubbles of CO2 not only dissolve Zeolite membrane
and deflected to one prong or the other of a faster, but they also remove O2, which is researchers from osaka Pre-
Y-shaped channel, and the oscillation (1–100 toxic to algae, and keep the suspension well fecture university (Japan; www.
Hz) is controlled by the feedback loop — a mixed. Algal cultures with the fluidic-oscil- nanosq.21c.osakafu-u.ac.jp),
tube of adjustable length between the two lator-generated bubblers had about a 30% Stockholm university (Swe-
prongs. The air pulses emerging from one of higher yield than conventionally produced den; www.su.se/english) and
the prongs then pass through a micro-ma- bubbles — with dosing of just one hour per the Korea advanced institute
chined nozzle before entering a distributor day with 5 vol.% CO2 in N2 over a two-week of Science and Technology
(KaiST; Daejeon; www.kaist.
at the bottom of the ALB (diagram). trial, says Zimmerman.
edu), have synthesized sheets
of ZSm-5 (mFi-type) zeolites
that are only 2 nm thick, which
Vitrification makes a product from rice husk waste corresponds to the b-axis di-
mension of a single mFi unit
I n Malaysia, about 2-million metric tons
(m.t.) of rice husk are produced each year,
and the rice husk is either burned or disposed
In laboratory trials, rice husk is first
converted to ash by combustion at 500°C
for 2 h. This ash is then placed in a re-
cell. The sheet structure is
said to improve the surface-
to-volume ratio compared to
of as waste. Now this waste may find appli- fractory alumina crucible and heated to conventional zeolite catalysts:
cation as a non-leachable building material 500°C for 1 h in a Carbolite furnace. The the large number of acid sites
on the external surface of the
thanks to a vitrification process developed temperature is then ramped at a rate of
zeolite sheets have been dem-
by researchers from the University Putra 10°C/min up to 1,400°C, which converts onstrated to impart a higher
Malaysia (Serdang; www.eng.upm.edu.my). the ash into a molten glassy ceramic. catalytic activity for the cracking
Several methods have been applied in The melted sample is then poured into of large organic molecules. The
various countries to achieve the vitrification a preheated brass cylindrical mold and reduced crystal thickness also
of solid waste. It has been shown that for- immediately transferred into an electri- facilitates diffusion, thereby
mation of glass-ceramic upon melting and cal muffle furnace for annealing at 500°C dramatically suppressing cata-
quenching can be achieved with the addition for 1 h. The sample is then cooled to room lyst deactivation through coke
of bottom ash or glass wastes into fly ash. temperature and cut into pieces using a deposition during methanol-to-
However, Malaysian rice-husk ash already diamond disk. gasoline conversion, says osa-
ka’s yasuhiro Sakamoto. The
contains 80–95% silica, so vitrification can The glass-ceramic thus prepared had
scientists believe the synthesis
be achieved without any additives. Re- good mechanical properties, including approach — which involves
search-team member Wan Azlina Ab Karim a hardness of 23 MPa and compressive crystallization in bifunctional
Ghani says the group selected crystabollite strength of nearly 20 MPa. Its low density surfactants — could be applied
as the target crystalline phase of the silicate and high porosity make it suitable for use to make other zeolites with im-
formed because of its excellent thermal and as an insulator where its high porosity proved catalytic performance.
(Continues on p. 19)
mechanical properties. leads to low thermal conductivity.
ChemiCal engineering www.Che.Com February 2010 13
16. C hementato R
Level control
Dresser Masoneilan (Hous-
ton; www.dressermasoneilan.
com) has launched what is
Seal selection for handling and storage of biofuels said to be the first level instru-
ment that integrates level-
R esults of 12-mo immersion tests in biodie-
sel and bioethanol of a range of elastomer
polymers typically used in fuel-handling
ing, or switch to alternative sealing mate-
rials, such as peroxide-cured fluoroelasto-
mers, says John Kerwin, head of materials
transmitter, controller and
switch functions into a single
device. The 12400 Series
equipment show that the seals are prone technology at PPE. The 12-mo tests have combines global level control
to significant swelling, which leads to fail- shown that: conventional NBR elastomers and low- and high-level switch
ure in valves and other equipment, accord- can be used within their normal operating functions into a single unit, vir-
tually eliminating the need for
ing to Precision Polymer Engineering Ltd., parameters for both conventional gaso-
additional level switches and
(PPE; Blackburn, U.K.; www.prepol.com). line and gasoline-ethanol blends, but they
controllers. The device features
The swelling is caused by increased acidity suffer significant swelling with biodiesel; smart filtering, HART commu-
of the biodiesel due to oxidation. Moreover, bisphenol-cured FKM elestomers that are nication-protocol compatibility
the presence of water contamination in the prone to a reversal of the rubber curing and an optional 4–20-mA
biodiesel was found to accelerate the rate of process should be replaced with peroxide- analog-output signal.
elastomer swelling. cured FKM for biofuel applications; and
The research shows that companies the rate of swelling varies, depending on Firefighting suits
handling biofuels need to be aware of the the immersion conditions. For example, Teijin Techno Products Ltd.
increased acidity risk of biofuels on equip- aged fatty acid methyl ester is more ag- (Osaka; www.teijin.co.jp), the
ment seals, and either maintain their seals gressive than fresh fatty acid methyl ester, New Energy and Industrial
more regularly to check for signs of swell- says PPE. Technology Development Org.
(NEDO; Kawasaki) and Ho-
Hydrogen from a can sokawa Micron Corp. (Osaka;
www.hosokawamicron.co.jp)
A newly marketed portable reactor system jects water into the vessel, where the alumi- have developed a new fabric
that incorporates nanostructure
for generating hydrogen is capable of num powder and a mix of proprietary addi-
fiber for use in advanced fire-
generating 1,000 L of the gas in 20 min. The tives react with the water to generate H2.
fighting suits that are 40% more
volume is sufficient to fill a 5-ft-dia. weather The generator requires no external power effective in preventing burns and
balloon, which is the first market targeted and can be transported more easily than 15% lighter than conventional
by the system’s manufacturer AlumiFuel high-pressure “K-cylinders.” heat-barrier linings. The nano-
Power Inc. (Philadelphia, Pa.; www.alumifu- While the system was designed for bal- structure is made by knead-
elpowerinc.com). The company began mass loon inflation in remote locations, such as ing nanoparticles of carbon
production of the PBIS-1000 (portable bal- that demanded by military and meteoro- into Technora fiber — Teijin’s
loon inflation system) last month and ex- logical uses, it may be adapted for other para-aramid fiber. Teijin and Ho-
pects to deliver the first units to customers applications requiring portable hydrogen, sokawa Micron aim to establish
technology for mass producing
in early 2010. such as fuel cells. No greenhouse gases are
the fabric for commercial use.
The system consists of a cylindrical reac- emitted in the H2 production and the prod-
Meanwhile, they are working
tion vessel, into which are placed two 32-oz ucts of the chemical reaction are non-toxic, toward the development of other
cans of aluminum powder. A hand-pump in- says the manufacturer. fabrics with enhanced proper-
ties, such as electric conductiv-
ity, electromagnetic shielding
Oxygen separation membranes made in China and heat resistance, by knead-
ing different nanoparticles (tita-
R esearchers from the Center for Mem- wt.%, 50 wt.% and 75 wt.% ethanol-water nia and silica, for instance) into
brane Technology, Beijing University of mixtures and pure ethanol. Then the com- the aramid fiber.
Technology (China; www.bjut.edu.cn) have posite PDMS membranes are formed by
developed a new spiral-wound membrane dip-coating PS support membranes into Biomass gasification
module for use in oxygen-enriched combus- the PDMS casting solution — a mixture of Rentech, Inc. (Los Angeles,
tion. A pilot-scale system with five mem- PDMS, the crosslinking agent TEOS (tetra- Calif.; www.rentechinc.com)
brane modules has been built and tested ethoxysilane), and the catalyst dibutyltin at and ClearFuels Technology
in a 4-ton, oil-fired boiler. According to the a precise weight ratio in cyclohexane. It is Inc. (www.clearfuels.com) have
been awarded a conditional
Center’s director, professor Shulan Ji, the noted that casting solution concentration,
$22.6-million DOE grant for their
fuel required to generate one 1 GJ of heat coating time and coating speed greatly in-
project to construct a biomass
decreased from 28 kg to about 26.3 kg when fluence the membrane performance. gasifier at Rentech’s Energy
using O2-enriched air, suggesting energy Membrane modules (4-in. dia, 1-m long) are Technology Center in Denver.
savings of at least 5.7%. then made from at least one pair of spaced The gasifier will process 20 ton/d
The membranes — a composite of poly- membrane sheets interposed between spaced of wood waste and sugar-cane
dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polysul- porous material sheets. All of the sheets are bagasse into synthesis gas,
fone (PS) — are made using a dip-coating in turn spirally wound around an axially which will be further processed
method. First, PS support membranes are positioned hollow mandrel. The university into liquid fuels. ❏
pretreated by sequential immersion into 25 plans to commercialize the technology. ■
14 Chemical Engineering www.che.com February 2010
17. 100
Supercritical
region
Technology Showcase 80
Pc CP
SUPERCRITICAL CO2:
Pressure, bar
60 Liquid
Solid Gas
A GREEN SOLVENT
40
Legend:
CP = Critical point
20 Tp = Triple point
Tc
Carbon dioxide, in its supercritical state, 0
Tp
is being used to replace conventional organic –50 0
Temperature, °C
+50
solvents in chemical processes Figure 1. The phase diagram for
carbon dioxide shows its supercritical region
M
any reactions, extractions, fluid has liquid-like density, it Table 1. Critical conditions
separations and other op- exhibits gas-like diffusivity, sur- for various materials
erations in the chemical face tension and viscosity. Its Critical Critical
process industries (CPI) gas-like viscosity results in high tempera- pressure
involve the use of organic solvents. mass transfer. Its low surface ture (°C) (bar)
In addition to handling and disposal tension and viscosity lead to Ammonia 132.5 112.8
issues, organic solvents can pose a greater penetration into porous
Benzene 289.0 48.9
number of environmental concerns, solids. Because of its liquid-like
such as atmospheric and land toxic- density, a supercritical fluid’s Carbon dioxide 32.1 73.8
ity. In many cases, conventional or- solvent strength is comparable Cyclohexane 280.3 40.7
ganic solvents are regulated as vola- to that of a liquid. Ethane 32.2 48.8
tile organic compounds (VOCs). In The critical temperatures
Ethylene 9.3 50.4
addition, certain organic solvents are and pressures of materials vary
under restriction due to their ozone- quite significantly (Table 1). Isopropanol 235.2 47.6
layer-depletion potential. Generally, substances that are Propane 96.7 42.5
Supercritical carbon dioxide is an very polar at room temperature Propylene 91.9 46.2
attractive alternative in place of tra- will have high critical tempera-
Toluene 318.6 41.1
ditional organic solvents. CO2 is not tures since a large amount of
considered a VOC. Although CO2 is energy is needed to overcome Water 374.2 220.5
a greenhouse gas, if it is withdrawn the polar attractive energy.
from the environment, used in a pro- At critical conditions, the molecular fine-tuned by adjusting the density of
cess, and then returned to the envi- attraction in a supercritical fluid is the fluid. CO2 leaves a lower amount
ronment, it does not contribute to the counterbalanced by the kinetic energy. of residue in products compared to
greenhouse effect. There have been an In this region, the fluid density and conventional solvents, and it is avail-
increasing number of commercialized density-dependent properties are very able in relatively pure form and in
and potential applications for super- sensitive to pressure and temperature large quantities.
critical fluids. This article summarizes changes. The solvent power of a su- CO2’s critical temperature (Tc;
the fundamentals of supercritical CO2 percritical fluid is approximately pro- 32.1°C) is near ambient, making it an
properties and processing, and pres- portional to its density. Thus, solvent attractive solvent for temperature-sen-
ents a number of current and poten- power can be modified by varying the sitive materials. CO2’s critical pressure
tial applications. temperature and pressure. Because is 73.8 bar (Pc; 1,070 psi), as shown in
their properties are a strong function its phase diagram (Figure 1).
Supercritical fluids of temperature and pressure, super- CO2 as a solvent. Supercritical CO2
Above its critical values, a compound’s critical fluids are considered tunable is a good solvent for many nonpolar,
liquid-vapor phase boundary no lon- solvents. In contrast, conventional liq- and a few polar, low-molecular-weight
ger exists and its fluid properties can uid solvents require relatively large compounds. It is not a very good sol-
be tuned by adjusting the pressure or pressure changes to affect the density. vent for high-molecular-weight com-
temperature. Although supercritical pounds and the majority of polar com-
Supercritical CO2 properties pounds. Uneconomically high process
For more-detailed information, including all Unlike many organic solvents, super- pressure may be required to solvate
references see: “Supercritical CO2: A Green critical CO2 is non-flammable. It is polar, inorganic or high-molecular-
Solvent,” PEP Report No. 269, SRI Consult-
ing, Menlo Park, Calif. (August 2009) Author: inert, non-toxic, has a relatively low weight material in CO2. To increase
Susan Bell of SRI Consulting; Email: sbell@
sriconsulting.com; Phone: (281) 203-6286. cost and has moderate critical con- the solubility of such compounds in
stants. Its solvation strength can be supercritical CO2, small amounts of
Chemical Engineering www.che.com February 2010 15