Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
This document provides an overview of software testing techniques and their maturation over time. It examines the major research results that have contributed to the growth of testing as an area. The document defines testing goals and categories, including functional vs structural testing and static vs dynamic analysis. It also discusses testing at different stages of the software lifecycle from unit to system level. The technology maturation model and research paradigms framework are used to analyze how testing techniques have evolved from initial ideas to broader solutions and changes in research questions and strategies over time.
The document discusses various software testing methods, including static testing, white box testing, black box testing, unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. It outlines the benefits and pitfalls of each method. For example, static testing can find defects early but is time-consuming, while black box testing tests from a user perspective but may leave code paths untested. The document recommends using a black box approach combined with top-down integration testing, breaking the system into subsystems and assigning specific test responsibilities.
The document provides an introduction to software testing fundamentals and artifacts. It discusses test cases, test specifications, test planning, and test execution. Test cases are defined as a set of test inputs, execution conditions, and expected results to test a specific objective. Good test cases should be reasonable, exercise areas of interest, and make failures obvious. The document outlines steps for creating test cases such as breaking the application into testable modules, writing checklists, adding questions, and getting reviews from other testers and developers.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It recommends starting with unit testing at the component level and then moving outward to integration testing. Different testing techniques are used at different phases, including white box and black box testing. Validation testing ensures that requirements are met before final system testing in the actual operational environment.
Team Members: Ahmed Moawad, Ebtsam Abdul-Aziz Hassan, Shimaa Mohsen El-Sadik, Nora Abdul-Rahman, Nermin Abdul-Menaem Hassan.
The document discusses various types of software testing including manual testing, automation testing, black box testing, white box testing, grey box testing, functional testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance, and regression testing), and non-functional testing (performance, security, usability, and portability testing).
Testing documentation and the testing process are also summarized including test plans, test scenarios, test cases, when to start and stop testing, and references.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
This document provides an overview of software testing techniques and their maturation over time. It examines the major research results that have contributed to the growth of testing as an area. The document defines testing goals and categories, including functional vs structural testing and static vs dynamic analysis. It also discusses testing at different stages of the software lifecycle from unit to system level. The technology maturation model and research paradigms framework are used to analyze how testing techniques have evolved from initial ideas to broader solutions and changes in research questions and strategies over time.
The document discusses various software testing methods, including static testing, white box testing, black box testing, unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. It outlines the benefits and pitfalls of each method. For example, static testing can find defects early but is time-consuming, while black box testing tests from a user perspective but may leave code paths untested. The document recommends using a black box approach combined with top-down integration testing, breaking the system into subsystems and assigning specific test responsibilities.
The document provides an introduction to software testing fundamentals and artifacts. It discusses test cases, test specifications, test planning, and test execution. Test cases are defined as a set of test inputs, execution conditions, and expected results to test a specific objective. Good test cases should be reasonable, exercise areas of interest, and make failures obvious. The document outlines steps for creating test cases such as breaking the application into testable modules, writing checklists, adding questions, and getting reviews from other testers and developers.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It recommends starting with unit testing at the component level and then moving outward to integration testing. Different testing techniques are used at different phases, including white box and black box testing. Validation testing ensures that requirements are met before final system testing in the actual operational environment.
Team Members: Ahmed Moawad, Ebtsam Abdul-Aziz Hassan, Shimaa Mohsen El-Sadik, Nora Abdul-Rahman, Nermin Abdul-Menaem Hassan.
The document discusses various types of software testing including manual testing, automation testing, black box testing, white box testing, grey box testing, functional testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance, and regression testing), and non-functional testing (performance, security, usability, and portability testing).
Testing documentation and the testing process are also summarized including test plans, test scenarios, test cases, when to start and stop testing, and references.
Software Testing Fundamentals | Basics Of Software TestingKostCare
Learn the fundamental techniques and approaches to software testing and enhanced comprehend what to test, how to test it, and in what contexts certain practices. Fundamentals of Software Testing offer an eye-opening view into this difficult task based on multiple sources of industry best practice.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It defines different levels of testing including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It also discusses different testing approaches such as test-driven development, behavior-driven development, and agile testing. The document provides details on unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It discusses testing strategies, testing methods including black box testing and white box testing, and the differences between black box and white box testing.
The document discusses various techniques for software testing including whitebox testing, blackbox testing, unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, orthogonal array testing, and graph matrices. The objective of testing is to systematically uncover errors in a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing should begin with unit testing and progress towards integration and system-level testing.
The document discusses various types of testing used in object-oriented software development including requirement testing, analysis testing, design testing, code testing, integration testing, unit testing, user testing, and system testing. It provides details on each type of testing such as the purpose, techniques, and processes involved. Scenario based testing and fault based testing are also summarized in the document.
Software testing is a formal process where specialized testing teams examine software units, integrated units, or entire packages by running programs on a computer according to approved test procedures and cases. The purpose is to find errors in software before customers receive releases, ensuring software is robust and free of bugs. Software testing evaluates deliverables to find errors and detect differences between inputs and expected outputs.
Testbytes is a community of software testers who are passionate about quality and love to test. We develop an in-depth understanding of the applications under test and include software testing strategies that deliver quantifiable results.
In short, we help in building incredible software.
Software testing means to cut errors, reduce
maintenances and to short the cost of software development. Many
software development and testing methods are used from many
past years to improve software quality and software reliability. The
major problem arises in the field of software testing is to find the
best test case to performs testing of software. There are many kind
of testing methods used for making a best case. Teasing is a
important part of software development cycle .The process of
testing is not bounded to detection of ’error’ in software but also
enhances the surety of proper functioning and help to find out the
functional and non functional particularities .Testing activities
focuses on the overall progress of software.
This document discusses various techniques for testing software programs, including:
- Black-box testing that generates tests without knowledge of program internals based on specifications.
- Clear-box or white-box testing that generates tests from examining the program structure and flow.
- Path-based testing that aims to exercise different paths through a program to test conditions and branches.
- Data flow testing that matches variable definitions and uses to ensure values are propagated correctly.
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like black-box testing and white-box testing. Black-box testing treats the software as a black box without any knowledge of internal implementation, while white-box testing has access to internal data structures and algorithms. The document also covers topics like functional vs non-functional testing, defects and failures, compatibility, and the roles of different teams involved in software testing.
The document discusses testing for object-oriented applications. It states that testing must be broadened to include error discovery techniques applied to analysis and design models. The strategy for unit and integration testing must change significantly to account for unique OO characteristics like classes. Test cases must be designed to test classes and their interactions based on techniques like fault-based testing, class testing, scenario-based testing, random testing, and partition testing.
What are Software Testing Methodologies | Software Testing Techniques | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/6rNgPXz9A9s
(** Test Automation Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/automation-testing-engineer-training **)
This Edureka PPT on "Software Testing Methodologies and Techniques" will give you in-depth knowledge about different types of software testing models and techniques
The following are the topics covered in the session:
Importance of Software Testing
Software Testing Methodologies
Software Testing Techniques
Black-Box Techniques
White-Box Techniques
Experience-Based Techniques
Selenium playlist: https://goo.gl/NmuzXE
Selenium Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2B7C3QR
Software Testing Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2UXwdJm
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including the necessity of testing, goals of testing, different testing methods like static vs dynamic testing and white box vs black box testing, different testing levels from unit to system testing, testing approaches like bottom-up and top-down, different types of testing like alpha and beta testing, and functional vs non-functional testing. It provides examples of beta tests and concludes that complete testing is infeasible due to time and resource constraints.
This document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. The objectives of software testing are to find errors and improve quality. Testing involves executing software under controlled conditions to evaluate results.
2. Test cases validate requirements and check for pass/fail outcomes. Test suites contain related test cases. Test scenarios ensure end-to-end business process flows are tested.
3. Testing principles include traceability to requirements, early planning, starting with small tests, and using independent third parties. Both manual and automation testing methods are discussed.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing including definitions, principles, objectives, types and processes. It defines testing as "the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors". The key principles discussed are that testing shows presence of bugs but not their absence, exhaustive testing is impossible, early testing is beneficial, and testing must be done by an independent party. The major types of testing covered are unit testing, integration testing and system testing.
This document proposes a research project to develop techniques for automated testing of object-oriented software. The objectives are to design a framework for test case generation based on an intermediate graph representation of the software and to generate test cases by analyzing this graph. The plan is to use UML diagrams to construct a communication tree and then iteratively select predicates to transform into test data. The performance of the algorithms will be evaluated by testing them on sample data and comparing results.
The document discusses lessons learned from testing object-oriented systems. It covers the state of the art in object-oriented test design, automation, and representation. It also examines the state of the practice, finding that the best organizations implement systematic testing at multiple scopes from classes to subsystems. With rigorous testing following design patterns, world-class quality below 0.025 defects per function point is achievable.
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
Software Testing Fundamentals | Basics Of Software TestingKostCare
Learn the fundamental techniques and approaches to software testing and enhanced comprehend what to test, how to test it, and in what contexts certain practices. Fundamentals of Software Testing offer an eye-opening view into this difficult task based on multiple sources of industry best practice.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It defines different levels of testing including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It also discusses different testing approaches such as test-driven development, behavior-driven development, and agile testing. The document provides details on unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and validation testing. It discusses testing strategies, testing methods including black box testing and white box testing, and the differences between black box and white box testing.
The document discusses various techniques for software testing including whitebox testing, blackbox testing, unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, orthogonal array testing, and graph matrices. The objective of testing is to systematically uncover errors in a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing should begin with unit testing and progress towards integration and system-level testing.
The document discusses various types of testing used in object-oriented software development including requirement testing, analysis testing, design testing, code testing, integration testing, unit testing, user testing, and system testing. It provides details on each type of testing such as the purpose, techniques, and processes involved. Scenario based testing and fault based testing are also summarized in the document.
Software testing is a formal process where specialized testing teams examine software units, integrated units, or entire packages by running programs on a computer according to approved test procedures and cases. The purpose is to find errors in software before customers receive releases, ensuring software is robust and free of bugs. Software testing evaluates deliverables to find errors and detect differences between inputs and expected outputs.
Testbytes is a community of software testers who are passionate about quality and love to test. We develop an in-depth understanding of the applications under test and include software testing strategies that deliver quantifiable results.
In short, we help in building incredible software.
Software testing means to cut errors, reduce
maintenances and to short the cost of software development. Many
software development and testing methods are used from many
past years to improve software quality and software reliability. The
major problem arises in the field of software testing is to find the
best test case to performs testing of software. There are many kind
of testing methods used for making a best case. Teasing is a
important part of software development cycle .The process of
testing is not bounded to detection of ’error’ in software but also
enhances the surety of proper functioning and help to find out the
functional and non functional particularities .Testing activities
focuses on the overall progress of software.
This document discusses various techniques for testing software programs, including:
- Black-box testing that generates tests without knowledge of program internals based on specifications.
- Clear-box or white-box testing that generates tests from examining the program structure and flow.
- Path-based testing that aims to exercise different paths through a program to test conditions and branches.
- Data flow testing that matches variable definitions and uses to ensure values are propagated correctly.
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like black-box testing and white-box testing. Black-box testing treats the software as a black box without any knowledge of internal implementation, while white-box testing has access to internal data structures and algorithms. The document also covers topics like functional vs non-functional testing, defects and failures, compatibility, and the roles of different teams involved in software testing.
The document discusses testing for object-oriented applications. It states that testing must be broadened to include error discovery techniques applied to analysis and design models. The strategy for unit and integration testing must change significantly to account for unique OO characteristics like classes. Test cases must be designed to test classes and their interactions based on techniques like fault-based testing, class testing, scenario-based testing, random testing, and partition testing.
What are Software Testing Methodologies | Software Testing Techniques | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/6rNgPXz9A9s
(** Test Automation Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/automation-testing-engineer-training **)
This Edureka PPT on "Software Testing Methodologies and Techniques" will give you in-depth knowledge about different types of software testing models and techniques
The following are the topics covered in the session:
Importance of Software Testing
Software Testing Methodologies
Software Testing Techniques
Black-Box Techniques
White-Box Techniques
Experience-Based Techniques
Selenium playlist: https://goo.gl/NmuzXE
Selenium Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2B7C3QR
Software Testing Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2UXwdJm
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including the necessity of testing, goals of testing, different testing methods like static vs dynamic testing and white box vs black box testing, different testing levels from unit to system testing, testing approaches like bottom-up and top-down, different types of testing like alpha and beta testing, and functional vs non-functional testing. It provides examples of beta tests and concludes that complete testing is infeasible due to time and resource constraints.
This document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. The objectives of software testing are to find errors and improve quality. Testing involves executing software under controlled conditions to evaluate results.
2. Test cases validate requirements and check for pass/fail outcomes. Test suites contain related test cases. Test scenarios ensure end-to-end business process flows are tested.
3. Testing principles include traceability to requirements, early planning, starting with small tests, and using independent third parties. Both manual and automation testing methods are discussed.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing including definitions, principles, objectives, types and processes. It defines testing as "the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors". The key principles discussed are that testing shows presence of bugs but not their absence, exhaustive testing is impossible, early testing is beneficial, and testing must be done by an independent party. The major types of testing covered are unit testing, integration testing and system testing.
This document proposes a research project to develop techniques for automated testing of object-oriented software. The objectives are to design a framework for test case generation based on an intermediate graph representation of the software and to generate test cases by analyzing this graph. The plan is to use UML diagrams to construct a communication tree and then iteratively select predicates to transform into test data. The performance of the algorithms will be evaluated by testing them on sample data and comparing results.
The document discusses lessons learned from testing object-oriented systems. It covers the state of the art in object-oriented test design, automation, and representation. It also examines the state of the practice, finding that the best organizations implement systematic testing at multiple scopes from classes to subsystems. With rigorous testing following design patterns, world-class quality below 0.025 defects per function point is achievable.
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
This document provides a retrospective on 50 years of research in software testing techniques. It examines how testing techniques have matured from ad hoc methods to a more systematic discipline. The document outlines the evolution of testing concepts over time and how this has guided research. It then summarizes several major theoretical and methodological contributions that have advanced the field, such as research establishing test data adequacy criteria and coverage-based models. The document uses frameworks to analyze how testing techniques have progressed from early formulation to broader adoption according to models of technology maturation and software engineering research paradigms.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
The document discusses fractional calculus and fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). It provides background on fractional calculus, including its origins in the late 17th century. It then discusses applications of FPDEs in fields like image processing and finance. The objective is to numerically solve two-sided FPDEs using finite difference methods. It introduces the Riemann-Liouville definition of fractional derivatives and the Grünwald definition for approximating fractional derivatives. It then discusses approximating one-sided and two-sided FPDEs using finite differences and analyzes the stability of the resulting schemes.
India relies heavily on thermal power plants, which generate around 75% of its electrical power. A typical steam power plant works on the Rankine cycle, using a boiler to produce high-pressure steam that is expanded in a turbine to generate electricity. It then condenses the steam back into water to be returned to the boiler, completing the cycle. The key components are the coal handling system, boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser, and cooling system. Thermal power currently accounts for over 95,000 MW of India's installed capacity of around 161,000 MW.
A planer is a large machine tool used to machine flat and curved surfaces on wood or metal workpieces. It consists of a bed with ways that support a reciprocating table. Vertical housings on each side of the bed carry cross rails that mount tool heads. There are five main types of planers: double housing, open side, pit, divide table, and edge. The double housing planer is most common, with two housings limiting workpiece width. Other types allow wider pieces or stationary work. The tool heads move across the workpiece in the cross-feed direction to remove material in slicing motions.
This document provides an overview of spur gear design, including surface durability concepts, common failure modes, and equations for calculating contact stress. It discusses Buckingham's contact stress equation and modifications made by AGMA to account for factors like velocity, overload, and load distribution. Methods for determining the surface fatigue strength of gear materials are presented. Finally, common materials used for gears like cast iron, steel, and bronze are described.
The document discusses turning moment diagrams, which graphically represent the turning moment or crank effort for various positions of a crank. It provides details on plotting turning moment diagrams, including representing turning moment on the vertical axis and crank angle on the horizontal axis. The document also discusses how the area of a turning moment diagram represents the work done per revolution. It further discusses turning moment diagrams for engines with multiple cylinders and how flywheels help control fluctuations in speed caused by variations in engine turning moment during each operating cycle.
This document discusses gear failure in electric locomotives. It begins with an introduction to electric locomotive sheds in India and describes the operation and components of electric locomotives. It then defines gears and classifies different types of gears. The main types of gear failure are described, including wear, corrosion, abrasion, pitting, scoring, and fracture. Methods for analyzing gear failures, such as dye penetration testing, metallurgical analysis, and ultrasonic testing are also outlined. The document concludes by thanking those involved in the electric locomotive shed for their support and guidance.
The document summarizes the simplex method for solving linear programming problems. It provides examples to demonstrate how to set up the simplex tableau, choose entering and departing variables at each iteration, and arrive at the optimal solution. The key steps are to rewrite the objective function, convert inequalities to equalities using slack variables, choose pivots to make coefficients zero, and iterate until an optimal basic feasible solution is found.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
a) Power of the engine
- Power stroke area = 6000 mm2 = 6000 x 10 Nm = 60,000 Nm
- Resisting torque is uniform, so work done = Area x Resisting torque
- Assuming resisting torque is 10 Nm, work done per cycle = 60,000 Nm
- Work done per cycle x rpm = Power
- Given: Work done per cycle is 60,000 Nm
- Assuming rpm is N
- Then, Power = 60,000 x N W
b) Energy to be stored by flywheel
- Total area under the diagram = Power stroke + Exhaust + Suction + Compression
This chapter discusses the key steps and equipment used in the coffee roasting process. The main steps are cleaning, roasting, cooling, grinding, and packaging. Some important machines mentioned are the vibrating screen, blender, roaster, destoner, grinder, and packing machine. The roasting process is described as cooking green coffee beans in a drum roaster to produce flavor and color changes. Decaffeination methods are also summarized, such as using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to remove caffeine before roasting.
The document discusses the Woodward governor, which is a device used to regulate the speed of a locomotive engine. It maintains the engine speed at the desired value by controlling fuel injection. The governor is linked to the engine and other components through various mechanisms. It helps monitor things like lubrication oil pressure, water levels, and overload protection to safely operate and shut down the engine if needed.
The document discusses the simplex method for solving linear programming problems. It begins by introducing linear programming and the objectives of discussing the simplex method algorithm and demonstrating the construction of simplex tableaus. It then provides motivation for the simplex method by explaining how it can be used to find the optimal solution more efficiently than investigating all possible basic feasible solutions individually. The concept of the simplex method is explained visually in 3D. The general procedure is outlined as transforming the problem to canonical form, finding an initial basic feasible solution, and then moving between adjacent basic feasible solutions until the optimum is found. An example problem is solved step-by-step using the simplex method and presented in a simplex tableau.
A short introduction on the device GYROSCOPE and a brief description on its properties, history, applications, types and future work.
Source:-
1. Theory of Machines by R.S.Khurmi and J.K.Gupta
2. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.org
This document provides instructions for designing a spur gear in Pro-E. It first defines what gears are and the main gear types, including spur gears. It then discusses key gear terminology like diametral pitch, pitch diameter, number of teeth, etc. The document walks through an example gear design, providing the formulas to calculate dimensions. Finally, it provides step-by-step instructions for modeling the gear in Pro-E, including drawing circles for the root, outside, pitch and base diameters, creating a tooth profile using equations, and using patterns to add multiple teeth around the gear.
This document discusses engine governors, which are devices that regulate the speed of engines. It provides several key points about governors:
1. Governors automatically maintain the uniform speed of an engine within specified limits when the load varies.
2. Governors regulate fuel supply to the engine based on load requirements to keep the mean speed consistent.
3. There are different types of governors, including centrifugal, inertia, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromechanical, and electronic governors.
This document provides information about three types of machine tools: shaper, slotter, and planer. It describes their main parts and functions. A shaper cuts flat surfaces using a reciprocating single-point cutting tool. A slotter shapes vertical surfaces in a reciprocating ram. A planer cuts flat surfaces using horizontal strokes of a cutting tool across a workpiece. The document outlines the key differences between a shaper and planer.
The document defines various types of software testing techniques and terms, including:
- Audit testing which assesses compliance with specifications, standards, or agreements.
- Acceptance testing conducted by customers to determine if a system meets acceptance criteria.
- Alpha and beta testing which involve customer testing in controlled or live environments.
- Boundary value analysis which tests at boundaries and limits of input/output domains.
- Branch coverage which requires each code branch be tested at least once.
Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects by playing the role of an end user and using all features of the application to ensure correct behavior, following a written test plan. The document discusses various concepts related to manual testing including software quality assurance, verification, validation, software life cycles, testing techniques like black box testing and white box testing, unit testing, alpha testing, beta testing, system testing, volume testing, stress testing, and security testing. It provides brief definitions and purposes of these concepts.
Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects by playing the role of an end user and using all features of the application to ensure correct behavior, following a written test plan. The document discusses various concepts in manual testing including software quality assurance, verification, validation, software life cycles, why testing is done, and different testing techniques like black box testing, white box testing, regression testing, unit testing, alpha testing, beta testing, system testing, volume testing, stress testing, and security testing.
Group #8, represented by Haris Jamil, discussed various types of software testing for their information technology project. They will review object-oriented analysis and design models, conduct class testing after coding, and integration testing within subsystems. The types of testing included are: object-oriented testing, requirement testing, analysis and design testing, code testing, user testing, integration tests, and system tests. Stages of requirement-based testing were defined as well as analysis testing, design testing techniques, code-based testing, integration testing strategies, system testing purposes, and user acceptance testing. Scenario-based testing was also explained.
This is the most important topic of OOAD named as Object Oriented Testing. It is used to prepare a good software which has no bug in it and it performs very fast. <a href="https://harisjamil.pro">Haris Jamil</a>
The document discusses various concepts related to software testing such as testing types (unit testing, integration testing, etc.), test case design techniques (equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, etc.), test documentation (test plan, test cases, test procedures, etc.), software quality models (CMM, ISO), and the software development life cycle (waterfall model, iterative model, etc.). It provides definitions and explanations of key terms to understand software testing processes and methodologies.
This document provides an overview of various types of software testing techniques, including static testing, dynamic testing, regression testing, usability testing, and accessibility testing. Static testing involves evaluating code and documentation without executing the program, while dynamic testing assesses software performance and functionality by executing it under different conditions. Regression testing verifies that new code changes do not negatively impact existing features. Usability and accessibility testing evaluate how real users interact with a product to complete tasks.
This document provides an overview of different types of software testing, including functional testing and non-functional testing. It describes various testing techniques such as white-box testing, black-box testing, unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, and performance testing. It explains the steps and goals of software testing processes like verification, validation, and different testing phases. Key aspects like test planning, test case design, test execution and reporting are also summarized.
Software testing involves testing at different levels from the component level up to integration testing of the entire system. Different testing techniques are used at each stage including unit testing, integration testing, validation, acceptance, and performance testing. Thorough documentation of testing requirements, test cases, expected and actual results is needed to guide the testing process.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing such as the definitions of testing, different testing methodologies like black box and white box testing, testing levels from unit to acceptance testing, and performance testing types including stress, recovery, and compatibility testing. It also covers testing tools, test plans, test cases, and the software development life cycle.
The document discusses different types of software testing techniques, including black box testing and white box testing. It provides details on black box testing, which focuses on external inputs and outputs without knowledge of internal code. Key aspects of black box testing covered include independence from internal structure and focus on requirements. The document also discusses different types of functional testing like unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. It then covers various non-functional testing techniques such as performance, security, usability, compatibility, and reliability testing. Specific black box testing techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are also summarized.
Software Testing :
It is the process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software.
It is the process of executing a program/application under positive and negative conditions by manual or automated means. It checks for the :-
Specification
Functionality
Performance
The document discusses software testing and provides details on various aspects of software testing such as:
1) The objectives of software testing including uncovering errors, demonstrating software matches requirements, and validating quality with minimum cost.
2) Different levels of software testing from unit to integration to system testing.
3) Key aspects of software testing like test plans, test cases, test types (black box vs white box), and testing methodologies.
This is the power point presentation on Software Testing. Software Testing is the process of finding error or bug in the developed software product based on the client requirement.
This power point presentation give the basic knowledge about the software testing.
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Testing is important to ensure software quality by validating requirements and identifying bugs. There are different types of testing such as static and dynamic testing. Static testing involves manual reviews of documents while dynamic testing executes the code. Testing can be done from different perspectives such as black box, white box, and grey box. Different testing techniques are applied at various stages like unit, integration, and system testing. Testing also aims to validate functionality as well as non-functional aspects. Domain knowledge is critical for effective manual testing.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms and concepts related to quality assurance and software testing. It defines QA, testing, verification, validation, test automation frameworks including modular scripts, libraries, data-driven, and keyword-driven testing. It also covers errors, bugs, defects, test visibility like black box and white box testing, specifications, testing scope, and types of testing like unit, integration, functional, system, acceptance, and beta testing.
Software testing is the process of identifying errors, completeness, and quality of software. It involves executing programs under different conditions through manual or automated means to uncover as many errors as possible. The goal is to demonstrate that the software meets requirements specifications with minimum cost and effort. There are different types of testing like unit, integration, and system testing that occur at various stages of the software development life cycle. Test cases are specific procedures used to test requirements and include identification of what is being tested, success and failure criteria, test steps, and test data.
In this session you will learn:
Testing Concepts and Manual Testing
Overview of Testing Life Cycle
Testing Methodologies
Dynamic Testing
Black Box Testing
White Box Testing
Gray Box Testing
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Regression Testing
User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
In this Quality Assurance Training session, you will learn about Testing Concepts and Manual Testing. Topic covered in this session are:
• Overview of Testing Life Cycle
• Testing Methodologies
• Static Testing
• Dynamic Testing
• Black Box Testing
• White Box Testing
• Gray Box Testing
• Levels of Testing
• Unit Testing
• Component Testing
• Integration Testing
• System/ Functional Testing
• Regression Testing
• UAT (User Acceptance Testing)
• Various Types of Testing
• Start And Stop Software Testing
• Class Assignment
For more information, about this quality assurance training, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-training-with-hands-on-project-on-e-commerce-application/
This document discusses model-based software testing. It defines a model as a depiction of software behavior. Model-based testing uses models to guide testing tasks like test selection and evaluation. Common models include finite state machines, statecharts, UML diagrams, and Markov chains. The document provides an overview of these models and discusses how they are applied to software testing. It also gives examples to illustrate finite state machines and model-based testing terminology.
This document provides an introduction and overview of software testing. It discusses the need for testing due to the unpredictable nature of software and bugs. It covers different models of software development and places testing within the software development life cycle. The document then explores concepts of testing including the testing mindset, types of testing like unit vs integration testing, and verification vs validation. It also covers topics like test planning, preparation, execution, reporting and metrics. The goal is to argue that testing is important and should be a fundamental part of the software development process.
This document contains several quotes related to software testing, testers, quality, codes, bugs, and software in general. Some key quotes include:
- "Software testing proves the existing of bugs not their absence" - highlighting that testing finds bugs, not guarantees their absence.
- "You must be a constructive schizophrenic" as both a programmer and tester with different mindsets.
- "The only certainties in life are death, taxes and bugs in code" emphasizing that bugs will always exist in software.
- "Software testers succeed where others fail" capturing the role of testers to improve software quality.
Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic mail to reach potential and current customers. It allows marketers to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer needs profitably using the 4Ps of marketing. Email marketing is an effective medium that provides measurable results and helps build relationships, but marketers must address challenges like spam and increasing deliverability rates.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS) concepts and design. It discusses that information is critical but often not what is wanted or needed. It then defines MIS as a computer-based system that provides tools for managers to organize, evaluate, and efficiently run their departments. The document outlines the historical development of MIS from a focus on data processing in the 1950s-1960s to a focus on information analysis in the 1970s. It also discusses the components of an MIS including technology, databases, users, and procedures. Finally, it covers topics like information security, quality assurance, and the system development life cycle.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and conceptual modeling. It defines key terms like DBMS, database schema, instance, physical schema, logical schema, and data model. It also describes data abstraction levels, the entity-relationship model, relational model components like tuples and relations, and relational algebra and calculus operations. The document consists of questions and answers on database concepts and topics like data modeling, the storage manager, and the entity-relationship diagram.
The document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It discusses what HTML is, the history and evolution of HTML standards from versions 1.0 to 4.0, and some key concepts in HTML like tags, elements, and attributes. It also covers what is needed to start designing basic web pages, including a text editor, browser, and naming HTML files with the .htm or .html extension.
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational databases. It discusses basic SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, and JOINs. It also covers more advanced topics like aggregate functions, views, creating/altering tables, and subqueries. The document uses sample tables to demonstrate how to write queries to retrieve, update, and analyze data stored in relational database tables.
Operations research is the discipline of applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analyzing data to construct mathematical models, solving the models, testing and implementing solutions. Some key applications of OR include determining optimal resource allocation, scheduling, logistics and production planning to minimize costs and maximize profits. While OR provides scientific solutions, the models sometimes rely on simplifying assumptions and may not represent realistic problems.
The document provides an overview of managing the grievance process. It discusses the purpose of grievance procedures, how to prevent grievances, grievance timelines, benefits of early settlement, and the typical steps in the grievance process including oral grievances, written grievances, grievances advanced to employee relations, preparation for meetings, and potential arbitration.
The document describes the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two decision variables. It provides the step-by-step procedure which involves plotting the constraints on a graph to identify the feasible region, determining the corner points of this region which represent the feasible solutions, substituting these points into the objective function to find the optimal value, and identifying the optimal solution. It then provides examples demonstrating this process and different types of solutions that can arise such as unbounded, infeasible, and optimal.
The document discusses linear programming problems and how to formulate them. It provides definitions of key terms like linear, programming, objective function, decision variables, and constraints. It then explains the steps to formulate a linear programming problem, including defining the objective, decision variables, mathematical objective function, and constraints. Several examples of formulated linear programming problems are provided to maximize profit or minimize costs subject to various constraints.
There are several factors that influence employee remuneration both external and internal to an organization. External factors include the labor market, cost of living, labor unions, government legislation, the economy, and society. Internal factors are an organization's strategy, job evaluation, performance appraisal, and characteristics of employees. Remuneration is determined by balancing these various factors to attract, retain, and motivate skilled labor within legal and social norms.
Compensation and remuneration are important factors for both employees and employers, as they impact motivation, loyalty, and standard of living. Components of remuneration typically include wages, salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. However, compensation practices must be carefully managed to avoid issues like pay envy, high turnover, and damage to morale when disparities exist or the market changes rapidly.
The document defines an organization as a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose. It discusses the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses the nature of managerial work, the management process, and various managerial roles and skills needed at different levels including technical, human, and conceptual skills.
The document provides an overview of the simplex method for solving linear programming problems with more than two decision variables. It describes key concepts like slack variables, surplus variables, basic feasible solutions, degenerate and non-degenerate solutions, and using tableau steps to arrive at an optimal solution. Examples are provided to illustrate setting up and solving problems using the simplex method.
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1. Testing Terms & Definitions
Acceptance Testing: Conducted to enable a user/customer to determine whether to
accept a software product. Normally performed to validate that the software meets a set
of agreed acceptance criteria.
Accessibility Testing: Verifies that a product is accessible to the people having
disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).
Ad Hoc Testing: Testing phase where a tester tries to 'break' the system randomly
trying the system's functionality. Can include negative testing as well.
Agile Testing: Testing practice for projects using agile methodologies, treating
development as the customer of testing and emphasizing a test-first design paradigm.
Automated Testing:
• Employs software tools which execute tests without manual intervention. Can
be applied in GUI, performance, API, etc. testing.
• Usage of software to control tests execution, the comparison of actual outcomes
to predicted outcomes, the setting-up of test preconditions, and other test
control and test reporting functions.
B:
Basis Path Testing: A white box test case design technique that uses the algorithmic
flow of a program to design tests.
Baseline: The point at which some deliverable produced during the software
engineering process is put under formal change control.
Benchmark Testing: Tests that use representative sets of programs and data designed
to evaluate the performance of computer hardware and software in a given
configuration.
Beta Testing: Testing of a release of a software product conducted by customers.
Black Box Testing: Testing software without any knowledge of the inner workings,
structure or language of the module being tested.
Bottom-Up Testing: An approach to integration testing where the lowest level
components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level
components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is
tested.
Bug: A fault in a program which causes the program to perform in an unintended or
unanticipated manner.
Branch Testing: Testing in which all branches in the program source code are tested at
least once.
Business Cycle Testing: Testing should verify main purposes of the application, its
business logic implementation. This includes all daily, weekly, and monthly cycles and,
events that are date-sensitive.
C:
2. CAST: Computer Aided Software Testing.
Capture/Replay Tool: A test tool that records test input as it is sent to the software
under test. The input cases stored can then be used to reproduce the test at a later time.
Most commonly applied to GUI test tools.
Cause Effect Graph: A graphical representation of inputs and the associated outputs
effects which can be used to design test cases.
Code Complete: Phase of development where functionality is implemented in entirety;
bug fixes are all that are left. All functions found in the Functional Specifications have
been implemented.
Code Coverage: An analysis method that determines which parts of the software have
been executed (covered) by the test case suite and which parts have not been executed
and therefore may require additional attention.
Code Inspection: A formal testing technique where the programmer reviews source
code with a group who ask questions analyzing the program logic, analyzing the code
with respect to a checklist of historically common programming errors, and analyzing
its compliance with coding standards.
Code Walkthrough: A formal testing technique where source code is traced by a group
with a small set of test cases, while the state of program variables is manually
monitored, to analyze the programmer's logic and assumptions.
Compatibility Testing: Testing to ensure compatibility of an application or Web site
with different browsers, OSs, and hardware platforms. Compatibility testing can be
performed manually or can be driven by an automated functional or regression test
suite.
Component Testing: See Unit Testing.
Concurrency Testing: Multi-user testing geared towards determining the effects of
accessing the same application code, module or database records. Identifies and
measures the level of locking, deadlocking and use of single-threaded code and locking
semaphores.
Configuration Testing: Testing is aimed at assessing the product performance within
broad range of hardware and peripheral configurations as well as under different
operating systems and software.
Conformance Testing: The process of testing that an implementation conforms to the
specification on which it is based. Usually applied to testing conformance to a formal
standard.
Conversion Testing: Testing of programs or procedures used to convert data from
existing systems for use in replacement systems.
Cyclomatic Complexity: A measure of the logical complexity of an algorithm, used in
white-box testing.
D:
Data Dictionary: A database that contains definitions of all data items defined during
analysis.
3. Data Flow Diagram: A modeling notation that represents a functional decomposition of
a system.
Data Driven Testing: Testing in which the action of a test case is parameterized by
externally defined data values, maintained as a file or spreadsheet.
Debugging: The process of finding and removing the causes of software failures.
Defect: Nonconformance to requirements or functional / program specification.
Dependency Testing: Examines an application's requirements for pre-existing
software, initial states and configuration in order to maintain proper functionality.
Depth Testing: A test that exercises a feature of a product in full detail.
Dynamic Testing: Testing software through executing it. See also Static Testing.
E:
Emulator: A device, computer program, or system that accepts the same inputs and
produces the same outputs as a given system.
Endurance Testing: Checks for memory leaks or other problems that may occur with
prolonged execution.
End-to-End Testing: Testing a complete application environment in a situation that
mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network
communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if
appropriate.
Equivalence Class: A portion of a component's input or output domains for which the
component's behaviour is assumed to be the same from the component's specification.
Equivalence Partitioning: A test case design technique for a component in which test
cases are designed to execute representatives from equivalence classes.
Exhaustive Testing: Testing which covers all combinations of input values and
preconditions for an element of the software under test.
F:
Functional Decomposition: A technique used during planning, analysis and design;
creates a functional hierarchy for the software.
Functional Specification: A document that describes in detail the characteristics of the
product with regard to its intended features.
Functional Testing: See also Black Box Testing.
• Testing the features and operational behaviour of a product to ensure they
correspond to its specifications.
• Testing that ignores the internal mechanism of a system or component and
focuses solely on the outputs generated in response to selected inputs and
execution conditions.
G:
4. Gray Box Testing: A combination of Black Box and White Box testing methodologies:
testing a piece of software against its specification but using some knowledge of its
internal workings.
GUI Testing: The goal of GUI testing is to ensure that the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
provides the user with the appropriate access and navigation through the functions of
the application. In addition, GUI testing ensures that the objects within the GUI function
is expected and conform to corporate or industry standards.
I:
Integration Testing: Testing of two or more modules or functions together to discover
possible defects. Usually performed after unit and functional testing. This type of testing
is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
Installation Testing: Confirms that the application under test recovers from expected
or unexpected events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage
of disk space, unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions.
L:
Load Testing (Performance Testing): is used to verify performance behaviors for
business functions under the normal and heavy work conditions (e.g. for CLI application
it could be the situation when many tasks are assigned to one particular time). The
success criteria of this test are completion of all the test cases without any failures and
within acceptable time allocation.
Localization Testing: Tests that use to assess the quality of product localization for
particular cultural and geographical conditions.
Loop Testing: A white box testing technique that exercises program loops.
M:
Metric: A standard of measurement. Software metrics are the statistics describing the
structure or content of a program. A metric should be a real objective measurement of
something such as number of bugs per lines of code.
Monkey Testing: Testing a system or an Application on the fly, i.e just few tests here
and there to ensure the system or an application does not crash out.
Mutation Testing: Testing done on the application where bugs are purposely added to
it.
N:
Negative Testing: Testing aimed at showing software does not work. Also known as
"test to fail".
N+1 Testing: A variation of Regression Testing. Testing conducted with multiple cycles
in which errors found in test cycle N are resolved and the solution is retested in test
cycle N+1. The cycles are typically repeated until the solution reaches a steady state and
there are no errors.
5. P:
Path Testing: Testing in which all paths in the program source code are tested at least
once.
Performance Testing (Load Testing): Testing is aimed at assessing the speed at which
the product addresses different events under different conditions.
Positive Testing: Testing aimed at showing software works. Also known as "test to
pass".
Q:
Quality Assurance: All those planned or systematic actions necessary to provide
adequate confidence that a product or service is of the type and quality needed and
expected by the customer.
Quality System: The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes,
and resources for implementing quality management.
R:
Race Condition: A cause of concurrency problems. Multiple accesses to a shared
resource, at least one of which is a write, with no mechanism used by either to moderate
simultaneous access.
Ramp Testing: Continuously raising an input signal until the system breaks down.
Recovery Testing: Confirms that the program recovers from expected or unexpected
events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space,
unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions.
Regression Testing: Testing to find out if bug fixes are successful and create no new
problems.
S:
Scalability Testing: Performance testing focused on ensuring the application under
test gracefully handles increases in work load.
Security Testing: Testing is used to confirm the design and /or performance of security
controls implemented within a system.
Smoke Testing: A quick-and-dirty test that the major functions of a piece of software
work without bothering with finer details. Originated in the hardware testing practice of
turning on a new piece of hardware for the first time and considering it a success if it
does not catch on fire.
Soak Testing: Running a system at high load for a prolonged period of time. For
example, running several times more transactions in an entire day (or night) than
would be expected in a busy day, to identify and performance problems that appear
after a large number of transactions have been executed.
Software Requirements Specification: A deliverable that describes all data, functional
and behavioral requirements, all constraints and all validation requirements for
software.
Software Testing Outsourcing is subcontracting of Software Testing & Quality
Assurance functions to a third-party company not directly involved in the process of
6. software development. The benefits provided by external testing experts are include
independent assessment, specialized and skilled resources, reduced time to market,
lower infrastructure investment and increased time to focus on core development tasks.
Static Testing: Analysis of a program carried out without executing the program.
Storage Testing: Testing that verifies the program under test stores data files in the
correct directories and that it reserves sufficient space to prevent unexpected
termination resulting from lack of space. This is external storage as opposed to internal
storage.
Stress Testing: Testing is aimed at assessing the product performance when system
resources are busy near or above capacity. Often this is performed using the same
process as Performance Testing but employing a very high level of simulated load.
Structural Testing: Testing based on an analysis of internal workings and structure of
a piece of software.
System Testing: Testing of integrated system to verify if it meets specified
requirements.
T:
Testability: The degree to which a system or component facilitates the establishment of
test criteria and the performance of tests to determine whether those criteria have been
met.
Testing:
• The process of exercising software to verify that it satisfies specified
requirements and to detect errors.
• The process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between
existing and required conditions (that is, bugs), and to evaluate the features of
the software item.
• The process of operating a system or component under specified conditions,
observing or recording the results, and making an evaluation of some aspect of
the system or component.
Test Case:
• Test Case is a commonly used term for a specific test. This is usually the smallest
unit of testing. A Test Case will consist of information such as requirements
testing, test steps, verification steps, prerequisites, outputs, test environment,
etc.
• A set of inputs, execution preconditions and expected outcomes developed for a
particular objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify
compliance with a specific requirement.
Test Driver (Test Harness): A program or test tool used to execute a tests.
7. Test Environment: The hardware and software environment in which tests will be run,
and any other software with which the software under test interacts when under test
including stubs and test drivers.
Test Plan: A document describing the estimation of the test efforts, approach, required
resources and schedule of intended testing activities.
Test Procedure: A document providing detailed instructions for the execution of one or
more test cases.
Test Protocol: A document presents the results of the particular application testing
performed according to the developed test survey document. Test protocol tracks the
result of each test case. Failed test cases are also registered in the bug tracking system.
Test Scenario: Definition of a set of test cases or test scripts and the sequence in which
they are to be executed.
Test Script: Commonly used to refer to the instructions for a particular test that will be
carried out by an automated test tool.
Test Specification: A document specifying the test approach for a software feature or
combination or features and the inputs, predicted results and execution conditions for
the associated tests.
Test Survey: A document contains detailed test cases list and describes the exact test
procedures performed in different types of testing of the different applications.
Test Tools: Computer programs used in the testing of a system, a component of the
system, or its documentation.
Top Down Testing: An approach to integration testing where the component at the top
of the component hierarchy is tested first, with lower level components being simulated
by stubs. Tested components are then used to test lower level components. The process
is repeated until the lowest level components have been tested.
Traceability Matrix: A document showing the relationship between test requirements
and test cases.
U:
Usability Testing: Scientific assessment and measurement of user experience of
interaction with product (e.g. software application, electronic toy or any interactive
device).
Use Case: The specification of tests that are conducted from the end-user perspective.
Use cases tend to focus on operating software as an end-user would conduct their day-
to-day activities.
Unit Testing: Testing of individual software components.
V:
Validation: (by CMMI-SW) confirms that the product, as provided, will fulfill its
intended use. In other words, validation ensures that “you built the right thing”.
8. Verification: (by CMMI-SW) confirms that work products properly reflect the
requirements specified for them. In other words, verification ensures that "you built it
right".
Volume Testing: Testing is used to check if values growing over time (e.g. logs or data
files), will be accepted by the program and it will not stop or deteriorate performance in
any way.
W:
Walkthrough: A review of requirements, designs or code characterized by the author of
the material under review guiding the progression of the review.
White Box Testing: Testing in which the software tester has knowledge of the inner
workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose.
Workflow Testing: Scripted end-to-end testing which duplicates specific workflows
which are expected to be utilized by the end-user.