Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic mail to reach potential and current customers. It allows marketers to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer needs profitably using the 4Ps of marketing. Email marketing is an effective medium that provides measurable results and helps build relationships, but marketers must address challenges like spam and increasing deliverability rates.
The document discusses key marketing concepts including the 4 P's of marketing (product, price, place, promotion), the 4 C's (customer value, customer cost, customer convenience, customer communication), the 7 P's of services marketing (additional factors to the 4 P's), and frameworks for holistic marketing that focus on all stakeholders in the customer experience. It also addresses challenges for traditional marketing and the role of technology like CRM in modern marketing strategies.
The document discusses India's industrial policies since independence in 1948. It outlines the objectives of early policies which focused on establishing a socialistic pattern of society and reducing economic disparities. Subsequent policies in 1956, 1973, 1977 and 1980 aimed to promote self-reliance, employment, and modernization. The 1991 policy liberalized the economy through deregulation, privatization and opening to foreign investment. The document also provides details on industrial licensing and the objectives of disinvesting in public sector enterprises.
The document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It discusses what HTML is, the history and evolution of HTML standards from versions 1.0 to 4.0, and some key concepts in HTML like tags, elements, and attributes. It also covers what is needed to start designing basic web pages, including a text editor, browser, and naming HTML files with the .htm or .html extension.
Compensation and remuneration are important factors for both employees and employers, as they impact motivation, loyalty, and standard of living. Components of remuneration typically include wages, salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. However, compensation practices must be carefully managed to avoid issues like pay envy, high turnover, and damage to morale when disparities exist or the market changes rapidly.
This document discusses model-based software testing. It defines a model as a depiction of software behavior. Model-based testing uses models to guide testing tasks like test selection and evaluation. Common models include finite state machines, statecharts, UML diagrams, and Markov chains. The document provides an overview of these models and discusses how they are applied to software testing. It also gives examples to illustrate finite state machines and model-based testing terminology.
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses electronic mail to reach potential and current customers. It allows marketers to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customer needs profitably using the 4Ps of marketing. Email marketing is an effective medium that provides measurable results and helps build relationships, but marketers must address challenges like spam and increasing deliverability rates.
The document discusses key marketing concepts including the 4 P's of marketing (product, price, place, promotion), the 4 C's (customer value, customer cost, customer convenience, customer communication), the 7 P's of services marketing (additional factors to the 4 P's), and frameworks for holistic marketing that focus on all stakeholders in the customer experience. It also addresses challenges for traditional marketing and the role of technology like CRM in modern marketing strategies.
The document discusses India's industrial policies since independence in 1948. It outlines the objectives of early policies which focused on establishing a socialistic pattern of society and reducing economic disparities. Subsequent policies in 1956, 1973, 1977 and 1980 aimed to promote self-reliance, employment, and modernization. The 1991 policy liberalized the economy through deregulation, privatization and opening to foreign investment. The document also provides details on industrial licensing and the objectives of disinvesting in public sector enterprises.
The document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It discusses what HTML is, the history and evolution of HTML standards from versions 1.0 to 4.0, and some key concepts in HTML like tags, elements, and attributes. It also covers what is needed to start designing basic web pages, including a text editor, browser, and naming HTML files with the .htm or .html extension.
Compensation and remuneration are important factors for both employees and employers, as they impact motivation, loyalty, and standard of living. Components of remuneration typically include wages, salaries, incentives, fringe benefits, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. However, compensation practices must be carefully managed to avoid issues like pay envy, high turnover, and damage to morale when disparities exist or the market changes rapidly.
This document discusses model-based software testing. It defines a model as a depiction of software behavior. Model-based testing uses models to guide testing tasks like test selection and evaluation. Common models include finite state machines, statecharts, UML diagrams, and Markov chains. The document provides an overview of these models and discusses how they are applied to software testing. It also gives examples to illustrate finite state machines and model-based testing terminology.
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
This document provides a retrospective on 50 years of research in software testing techniques. It examines how testing techniques have matured from ad hoc methods to a more systematic discipline. The document outlines the evolution of testing concepts over time and how this has guided research. It then summarizes several major theoretical and methodological contributions that have advanced the field, such as research establishing test data adequacy criteria and coverage-based models. The document uses frameworks to analyze how testing techniques have progressed from early formulation to broader adoption according to models of technology maturation and software engineering research paradigms.
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of software testing. It discusses the need for testing due to the unpredictable nature of software and bugs. It covers different models of software development and places testing within the software development life cycle. The document then explores concepts of testing including the testing mindset, types of testing like unit vs integration testing, and verification vs validation. It also covers topics like test planning, preparation, execution, reporting and metrics. The goal is to argue that testing is important and should be a fundamental part of the software development process.
This document contains several quotes related to software testing, testers, quality, codes, bugs, and software in general. Some key quotes include:
- "Software testing proves the existing of bugs not their absence" - highlighting that testing finds bugs, not guarantees their absence.
- "You must be a constructive schizophrenic" as both a programmer and tester with different mindsets.
- "The only certainties in life are death, taxes and bugs in code" emphasizing that bugs will always exist in software.
- "Software testers succeed where others fail" capturing the role of testers to improve software quality.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS) concepts and design. It discusses that information is critical but often not what is wanted or needed. It then defines MIS as a computer-based system that provides tools for managers to organize, evaluate, and efficiently run their departments. The document outlines the historical development of MIS from a focus on data processing in the 1950s-1960s to a focus on information analysis in the 1970s. It also discusses the components of an MIS including technology, databases, users, and procedures. Finally, it covers topics like information security, quality assurance, and the system development life cycle.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and conceptual modeling. It defines key terms like DBMS, database schema, instance, physical schema, logical schema, and data model. It also describes data abstraction levels, the entity-relationship model, relational model components like tuples and relations, and relational algebra and calculus operations. The document consists of questions and answers on database concepts and topics like data modeling, the storage manager, and the entity-relationship diagram.
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational databases. It discusses basic SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, and JOINs. It also covers more advanced topics like aggregate functions, views, creating/altering tables, and subqueries. The document uses sample tables to demonstrate how to write queries to retrieve, update, and analyze data stored in relational database tables.
Operations research is the discipline of applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analyzing data to construct mathematical models, solving the models, testing and implementing solutions. Some key applications of OR include determining optimal resource allocation, scheduling, logistics and production planning to minimize costs and maximize profits. While OR provides scientific solutions, the models sometimes rely on simplifying assumptions and may not represent realistic problems.
The document provides an overview of managing the grievance process. It discusses the purpose of grievance procedures, how to prevent grievances, grievance timelines, benefits of early settlement, and the typical steps in the grievance process including oral grievances, written grievances, grievances advanced to employee relations, preparation for meetings, and potential arbitration.
The document describes the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two decision variables. It provides the step-by-step procedure which involves plotting the constraints on a graph to identify the feasible region, determining the corner points of this region which represent the feasible solutions, substituting these points into the objective function to find the optimal value, and identifying the optimal solution. It then provides examples demonstrating this process and different types of solutions that can arise such as unbounded, infeasible, and optimal.
The document discusses linear programming problems and how to formulate them. It provides definitions of key terms like linear, programming, objective function, decision variables, and constraints. It then explains the steps to formulate a linear programming problem, including defining the objective, decision variables, mathematical objective function, and constraints. Several examples of formulated linear programming problems are provided to maximize profit or minimize costs subject to various constraints.
There are several factors that influence employee remuneration both external and internal to an organization. External factors include the labor market, cost of living, labor unions, government legislation, the economy, and society. Internal factors are an organization's strategy, job evaluation, performance appraisal, and characteristics of employees. Remuneration is determined by balancing these various factors to attract, retain, and motivate skilled labor within legal and social norms.
The document defines an organization as a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose. It discusses the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses the nature of managerial work, the management process, and various managerial roles and skills needed at different levels including technical, human, and conceptual skills.
The document provides an overview of the simplex method for solving linear programming problems with more than two decision variables. It describes key concepts like slack variables, surplus variables, basic feasible solutions, degenerate and non-degenerate solutions, and using tableau steps to arrive at an optimal solution. Examples are provided to illustrate setting up and solving problems using the simplex method.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
This document provides a retrospective on 50 years of research in software testing techniques. It examines how testing techniques have matured from ad hoc methods to a more systematic discipline. The document outlines the evolution of testing concepts over time and how this has guided research. It then summarizes several major theoretical and methodological contributions that have advanced the field, such as research establishing test data adequacy criteria and coverage-based models. The document uses frameworks to analyze how testing techniques have progressed from early formulation to broader adoption according to models of technology maturation and software engineering research paradigms.
This document discusses an introduction to a class on rapid software testing. It states that the class aims to make students stronger, smarter and more confident testers by challenging them to think for themselves rather than simply listening to what the instructors say. The class can be beneficial for testers of all experience levels who want to improve at their work. Heuristics are discussed as techniques that can help substitute for complete analysis and involve guidewords, triggers, reframing ideas, and procedures to help solve problems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of software testing. It discusses the need for testing due to the unpredictable nature of software and bugs. It covers different models of software development and places testing within the software development life cycle. The document then explores concepts of testing including the testing mindset, types of testing like unit vs integration testing, and verification vs validation. It also covers topics like test planning, preparation, execution, reporting and metrics. The goal is to argue that testing is important and should be a fundamental part of the software development process.
This document contains several quotes related to software testing, testers, quality, codes, bugs, and software in general. Some key quotes include:
- "Software testing proves the existing of bugs not their absence" - highlighting that testing finds bugs, not guarantees their absence.
- "You must be a constructive schizophrenic" as both a programmer and tester with different mindsets.
- "The only certainties in life are death, taxes and bugs in code" emphasizing that bugs will always exist in software.
- "Software testers succeed where others fail" capturing the role of testers to improve software quality.
This document provides an overview of management information systems (MIS) concepts and design. It discusses that information is critical but often not what is wanted or needed. It then defines MIS as a computer-based system that provides tools for managers to organize, evaluate, and efficiently run their departments. The document outlines the historical development of MIS from a focus on data processing in the 1950s-1960s to a focus on information analysis in the 1970s. It also discusses the components of an MIS including technology, databases, users, and procedures. Finally, it covers topics like information security, quality assurance, and the system development life cycle.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and conceptual modeling. It defines key terms like DBMS, database schema, instance, physical schema, logical schema, and data model. It also describes data abstraction levels, the entity-relationship model, relational model components like tuples and relations, and relational algebra and calculus operations. The document consists of questions and answers on database concepts and topics like data modeling, the storage manager, and the entity-relationship diagram.
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational databases. It discusses basic SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, and JOINs. It also covers more advanced topics like aggregate functions, views, creating/altering tables, and subqueries. The document uses sample tables to demonstrate how to write queries to retrieve, update, and analyze data stored in relational database tables.
Operations research is the discipline of applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analyzing data to construct mathematical models, solving the models, testing and implementing solutions. Some key applications of OR include determining optimal resource allocation, scheduling, logistics and production planning to minimize costs and maximize profits. While OR provides scientific solutions, the models sometimes rely on simplifying assumptions and may not represent realistic problems.
The document provides an overview of managing the grievance process. It discusses the purpose of grievance procedures, how to prevent grievances, grievance timelines, benefits of early settlement, and the typical steps in the grievance process including oral grievances, written grievances, grievances advanced to employee relations, preparation for meetings, and potential arbitration.
The document describes the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two decision variables. It provides the step-by-step procedure which involves plotting the constraints on a graph to identify the feasible region, determining the corner points of this region which represent the feasible solutions, substituting these points into the objective function to find the optimal value, and identifying the optimal solution. It then provides examples demonstrating this process and different types of solutions that can arise such as unbounded, infeasible, and optimal.
The document discusses linear programming problems and how to formulate them. It provides definitions of key terms like linear, programming, objective function, decision variables, and constraints. It then explains the steps to formulate a linear programming problem, including defining the objective, decision variables, mathematical objective function, and constraints. Several examples of formulated linear programming problems are provided to maximize profit or minimize costs subject to various constraints.
There are several factors that influence employee remuneration both external and internal to an organization. External factors include the labor market, cost of living, labor unions, government legislation, the economy, and society. Internal factors are an organization's strategy, job evaluation, performance appraisal, and characteristics of employees. Remuneration is determined by balancing these various factors to attract, retain, and motivate skilled labor within legal and social norms.
The document defines an organization as a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose. It discusses the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses the nature of managerial work, the management process, and various managerial roles and skills needed at different levels including technical, human, and conceptual skills.
The document provides an overview of the simplex method for solving linear programming problems with more than two decision variables. It describes key concepts like slack variables, surplus variables, basic feasible solutions, degenerate and non-degenerate solutions, and using tableau steps to arrive at an optimal solution. Examples are provided to illustrate setting up and solving problems using the simplex method.