This document discusses predicting defects in the system testing phase using a model based on a six sigma approach. The research aims to establish a defect prediction model to determine the number of defects to be found before testing begins. The model would help with resource planning, test coverage, and meeting deadlines. The research applies a define-measure-analyze-design-verify process to build the model using regression analysis on data from previous projects. Factors like requirements errors, design errors, and code errors are analyzed to determine their relationship to defects found during testing. The initial results found several significant factors that could be used to reliably predict defects.
The document discusses software testing, which involves executing a program or application to evaluate properties like meeting requirements, responding correctly to inputs, performing functions in an acceptable time, usability, installability, and achieving stakeholder desires. Software testing aims to find bugs and provide information about quality and failure risk. It discusses roles, methods, and economics of software testing.
1) Organizations are increasingly aware of the importance of quality in application development and are setting higher standards for quality and usability of applications.
2) Software testing is a vital part of quality management and helps identify defects before production to improve integrity, performance and reliability.
3) Ordina takes a risk-based approach to testing to focus on critical components, potentially saving time and money. A risk analysis determines which parts of the system require more testing based on impact, probability and chance of errors.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
SRGM Analyzers Tool of SDLC for Software Improving QualityIJERA Editor
Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to estimate software reliability measures such as
software failure rate, number of remaining faults and software reliability. In this paper, the software analyzers tool proposed
for deriving several software reliability growth models based on Enhanced Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) in
the presence of imperfect debugging and error generation. The proposed models are initially formulated for the case when
there is no differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes and then this extended for the case
when there is a clear differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes. Many Software
Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to describe software failures as a random process and can be used
to measure the development status during testing. With SRGM software consultants can easily measure (or evaluate) the
software reliability (or quality) and plot software reliability growth charts.
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
Software testing is a process used to validate and verify software to ensure it meets requirements, works as expected, and can be implemented successfully. There are various types of testing such as functional testing to verify features and non-functional testing to check performance. Testing methods include white-box testing which uses internal knowledge and black-box testing which treats the software as a black box. The goal of testing is to find defects so the software can be improved.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
The document discusses software testing, which involves executing a program or application to evaluate properties like meeting requirements, responding correctly to inputs, performing functions in an acceptable time, usability, installability, and achieving stakeholder desires. Software testing aims to find bugs and provide information about quality and failure risk. It discusses roles, methods, and economics of software testing.
1) Organizations are increasingly aware of the importance of quality in application development and are setting higher standards for quality and usability of applications.
2) Software testing is a vital part of quality management and helps identify defects before production to improve integrity, performance and reliability.
3) Ordina takes a risk-based approach to testing to focus on critical components, potentially saving time and money. A risk analysis determines which parts of the system require more testing based on impact, probability and chance of errors.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
SRGM Analyzers Tool of SDLC for Software Improving QualityIJERA Editor
Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to estimate software reliability measures such as
software failure rate, number of remaining faults and software reliability. In this paper, the software analyzers tool proposed
for deriving several software reliability growth models based on Enhanced Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) in
the presence of imperfect debugging and error generation. The proposed models are initially formulated for the case when
there is no differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes and then this extended for the case
when there is a clear differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes. Many Software
Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to describe software failures as a random process and can be used
to measure the development status during testing. With SRGM software consultants can easily measure (or evaluate) the
software reliability (or quality) and plot software reliability growth charts.
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
Software testing is a process used to validate and verify software to ensure it meets requirements, works as expected, and can be implemented successfully. There are various types of testing such as functional testing to verify features and non-functional testing to check performance. Testing methods include white-box testing which uses internal knowledge and black-box testing which treats the software as a black box. The goal of testing is to find defects so the software can be improved.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses the background of software testing including definitions, terminology, and history. It presents a framework for software testing that includes the inputs, outputs, and processes. It also discusses test case generation, test execution, evaluation, and some challenges around automation. Finally, it touches on taxonomy and benchmarks for evaluating automated testing techniques.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
The document discusses quality standards, practices, and conventions for software testing and quality assurance. It covers topics such as software testing types, quality assurance, quality concepts, software standards organizations, basic practices like reviews and inspections, and coding conventions. Software configuration management is also introduced which involves tracking and controlling changes in software.
The key to successful testing is effective and timely planning. Rick Craig introduces proven test planning methods and techniques, including the Master Test Plan and level-specific test plans for acceptance, system, integration, and unit testing. Rick explains how to customize an IEEE-829-style test plan and test summary report to fit your organization’s needs. Learn how to manage test activities, estimate test efforts, and achieve buy-in. Discover a practical risk analysis technique to prioritize your testing and become more effective with limited resources. Rick offers test measurement and reporting recommendations for monitoring the testing process. Discover new methods and develop renewed energy for taking your organization’s test management to the next level.
This document discusses testing and evaluating software design and development. It covers various types of testing including unit testing, program testing, system testing, live testing, and quality assurance. Documentation and communication are important parts of reporting the testing process. The goal of testing is to ensure the software meets specifications, finds errors, and prevents problems.
An assessment of a software testing organization can identify strengths, weaknesses, and improvement opportunities by comparing it to industry benchmarks. It provides a roadmap for reducing costs and improving quality. SDT offers assessments to evaluate metrics, methods, tools, practices, and environment used for testing. An assessment identifies high priority areas for enhancing effectiveness and efficiency based on best practices.
01 software test engineering (manual testing)Siddireddy Balu
The document discusses various topics related to manual software testing, including:
1. The software development life cycle and where testing fits in.
2. Different testing methodologies like black box, white box, and grey box testing.
3. The different levels of testing from unit to system level.
4. Types of testing like regression, compatibility, security, and performance testing.
5. The software testing life cycle process including test planning, development, execution and reporting.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like black-box testing and white-box testing. Black-box testing treats the software as a black box without any knowledge of internal implementation, while white-box testing has access to internal data structures and algorithms. The document also covers topics like functional vs non-functional testing, defects and failures, compatibility, and the roles of different teams involved in software testing.
CTFL-001 ExamArea Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass CTFL-001 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product .You will not need to collect additional questions and answers from any other source because this package contains every detail that you need to pass CTFL-001 Test.
The key to successful testing is effective and timely planning. Rick Craig introduces proven test planning methods and techniques, including the Master Test Plan and level-specific test plans for acceptance, system, integration, and unit testing. Rick explains how to customize an IEEE-829-style test plan and test summary report to fit your organization’s needs. Learn how to manage test activities, estimate test efforts, and achieve buy-in. Discover a practical risk analysis technique to prioritize your testing and become more effective with limited resources. Rick offers test measurement and reporting recommendations for monitoring the testing process. Discover new methods and develop renewed energy for taking your organization’s test management to the next level.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.
Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation.
Why is Software Testing Important to a business?
Software testing is a process to determine the quality of the software developed by a developer or programmer. It is a methodological study intended to evaluate the quality-related information of the product. Understanding of the important features and advantages of software testing helps businesses in their day-to-day activities.
Testing can be done in two ways, manual testing and automated testing. Manual software testing is done by human testers, who manually check the code and report bugs in it. In case of automated testing, testing is performed by a computer using software such as WinRunner, LoadRunner, etc.
The document provides an overview of manual testing and the software development lifecycle. It defines key terms like software testing, verification and validation. It discusses different types of testing like static testing, white-box testing and black-box testing. It also explains software quality concepts like quality assurance and quality control. The document then introduces process standards like ISO and CMMI and maturity models. It describes various software development life cycle models like waterfall, prototyping and incremental development.
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Shell Scripting training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Shell Scripting classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporators
This document discusses various types of software testing methods and strategies. It describes black box testing as treating software as a black box without knowledge of internal implementation. White box testing involves working with internal data structures and algorithms. Unit testing validates individual units of source code. The document outlines the aims, processes, advantages, and limitations of these different testing approaches.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of software testing. It discusses the five parts of the fundamental test process in broad chronological order: planning and control, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluating exit criteria and reporting, and test closure activities. It also covers topics like regression testing, confirmation testing, the differences between re-testing and regression testing, and the importance of independence in testing.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists the email and phone contact information and requests students to send their semester and specialization to receive help with assignments. It also lists some of the programs and subjects that assignments are available for, including MBADS, MBAFLEX, MBAN2, and PGDISMN.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
http://www.impactfactory.com.au
Leadership Training Brisbane - Circles of Trust
Trust is at the heart of performance, engagement and healthy relationships at work. While trust is often difficult to define, we all know when it is absent.
Research published in the Harvard Business Review suggests that more than fifty percent of managers don’t trust their leaders. Carolyn Morgan from the Australian Institute of Management says that Australian organisations are facing a ‘crisis of trust’.
While there may be some trust factors that are outside of our control, as managers there are many that are 100% within our control. If you would like to build more trusting relationships at work and break the negative cycle of mistrust, then this Short Shot is for you.
Circles of Trust is a leadership training course available in Brisbane. Facilitate by James McNamar from The Impact Factory, this leadership training coiurse takes a refreshingly practical look into trust at work. This session examines the behaviours that build trust and those that lead to mistrust. Grass roots strategies that build trust within teams are explored in detail.
http://www.impactfactory.com.au
The document discusses the drawbacks of categorizing feminist thought and activism into "waves". While the wave model provides a convenient shorthand, it oversimplifies the issues by focusing only on Western experiences, implying linear progress between waves, and questions who belongs to each wave as many issues span generations. The waves also described are: first wave from the mid-1800s to 1920 focused on suffrage; second wave from the 1960s to 1980s on reproductive rights and pay equity; and third wave from the 1990s to present on sexuality and pop culture.
There are 6 ingredients for a good e-Commerce blog which are as follows:-
1. Offer Good and Relevant Content
2. Make it Pretty
3. Show Your Products in Action
4. Keep it Short and Snappy
5. Go Behind the Scenes
6. Social Media
The design influence is merely a reflection of our culture and expectations for user interfaces. Ideally these trends represent favorable ideas in the web design community. However designers will always have their own opinions when it comes to design terms, so take these ideas with a grain of salt.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses the background of software testing including definitions, terminology, and history. It presents a framework for software testing that includes the inputs, outputs, and processes. It also discusses test case generation, test execution, evaluation, and some challenges around automation. Finally, it touches on taxonomy and benchmarks for evaluating automated testing techniques.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
The document discusses quality standards, practices, and conventions for software testing and quality assurance. It covers topics such as software testing types, quality assurance, quality concepts, software standards organizations, basic practices like reviews and inspections, and coding conventions. Software configuration management is also introduced which involves tracking and controlling changes in software.
The key to successful testing is effective and timely planning. Rick Craig introduces proven test planning methods and techniques, including the Master Test Plan and level-specific test plans for acceptance, system, integration, and unit testing. Rick explains how to customize an IEEE-829-style test plan and test summary report to fit your organization’s needs. Learn how to manage test activities, estimate test efforts, and achieve buy-in. Discover a practical risk analysis technique to prioritize your testing and become more effective with limited resources. Rick offers test measurement and reporting recommendations for monitoring the testing process. Discover new methods and develop renewed energy for taking your organization’s test management to the next level.
This document discusses testing and evaluating software design and development. It covers various types of testing including unit testing, program testing, system testing, live testing, and quality assurance. Documentation and communication are important parts of reporting the testing process. The goal of testing is to ensure the software meets specifications, finds errors, and prevents problems.
An assessment of a software testing organization can identify strengths, weaknesses, and improvement opportunities by comparing it to industry benchmarks. It provides a roadmap for reducing costs and improving quality. SDT offers assessments to evaluate metrics, methods, tools, practices, and environment used for testing. An assessment identifies high priority areas for enhancing effectiveness and efficiency based on best practices.
01 software test engineering (manual testing)Siddireddy Balu
The document discusses various topics related to manual software testing, including:
1. The software development life cycle and where testing fits in.
2. Different testing methodologies like black box, white box, and grey box testing.
3. The different levels of testing from unit to system level.
4. Types of testing like regression, compatibility, security, and performance testing.
5. The software testing life cycle process including test planning, development, execution and reporting.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like black-box testing and white-box testing. Black-box testing treats the software as a black box without any knowledge of internal implementation, while white-box testing has access to internal data structures and algorithms. The document also covers topics like functional vs non-functional testing, defects and failures, compatibility, and the roles of different teams involved in software testing.
CTFL-001 ExamArea Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass CTFL-001 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product .You will not need to collect additional questions and answers from any other source because this package contains every detail that you need to pass CTFL-001 Test.
The key to successful testing is effective and timely planning. Rick Craig introduces proven test planning methods and techniques, including the Master Test Plan and level-specific test plans for acceptance, system, integration, and unit testing. Rick explains how to customize an IEEE-829-style test plan and test summary report to fit your organization’s needs. Learn how to manage test activities, estimate test efforts, and achieve buy-in. Discover a practical risk analysis technique to prioritize your testing and become more effective with limited resources. Rick offers test measurement and reporting recommendations for monitoring the testing process. Discover new methods and develop renewed energy for taking your organization’s test management to the next level.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.
Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation.
Why is Software Testing Important to a business?
Software testing is a process to determine the quality of the software developed by a developer or programmer. It is a methodological study intended to evaluate the quality-related information of the product. Understanding of the important features and advantages of software testing helps businesses in their day-to-day activities.
Testing can be done in two ways, manual testing and automated testing. Manual software testing is done by human testers, who manually check the code and report bugs in it. In case of automated testing, testing is performed by a computer using software such as WinRunner, LoadRunner, etc.
The document provides an overview of manual testing and the software development lifecycle. It defines key terms like software testing, verification and validation. It discusses different types of testing like static testing, white-box testing and black-box testing. It also explains software quality concepts like quality assurance and quality control. The document then introduces process standards like ISO and CMMI and maturity models. It describes various software development life cycle models like waterfall, prototyping and incremental development.
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Shell Scripting training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Shell Scripting classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporators
This document discusses various types of software testing methods and strategies. It describes black box testing as treating software as a black box without knowledge of internal implementation. White box testing involves working with internal data structures and algorithms. Unit testing validates individual units of source code. The document outlines the aims, processes, advantages, and limitations of these different testing approaches.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of software testing. It discusses the five parts of the fundamental test process in broad chronological order: planning and control, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluating exit criteria and reporting, and test closure activities. It also covers topics like regression testing, confirmation testing, the differences between re-testing and regression testing, and the importance of independence in testing.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists the email and phone contact information and requests students to send their semester and specialization to receive help with assignments. It also lists some of the programs and subjects that assignments are available for, including MBADS, MBAFLEX, MBAN2, and PGDISMN.
This foreword discusses the author's initial uncertainty about software testing based on differences between academic descriptions of testing and his own experience testing software as a developer. The author describes going through phases of thinking he needed to radically change his approach, then seeing how other approaches could work but not adopting them fully, and finally deciding other approaches wouldn't work for him. The author concludes that experience from multiple projects over time leads one to trust their own judgment and preferences for how to prioritize and approach testing based on an ongoing process of learning from different ideas, discussions, trials and errors.
http://www.impactfactory.com.au
Leadership Training Brisbane - Circles of Trust
Trust is at the heart of performance, engagement and healthy relationships at work. While trust is often difficult to define, we all know when it is absent.
Research published in the Harvard Business Review suggests that more than fifty percent of managers don’t trust their leaders. Carolyn Morgan from the Australian Institute of Management says that Australian organisations are facing a ‘crisis of trust’.
While there may be some trust factors that are outside of our control, as managers there are many that are 100% within our control. If you would like to build more trusting relationships at work and break the negative cycle of mistrust, then this Short Shot is for you.
Circles of Trust is a leadership training course available in Brisbane. Facilitate by James McNamar from The Impact Factory, this leadership training coiurse takes a refreshingly practical look into trust at work. This session examines the behaviours that build trust and those that lead to mistrust. Grass roots strategies that build trust within teams are explored in detail.
http://www.impactfactory.com.au
The document discusses the drawbacks of categorizing feminist thought and activism into "waves". While the wave model provides a convenient shorthand, it oversimplifies the issues by focusing only on Western experiences, implying linear progress between waves, and questions who belongs to each wave as many issues span generations. The waves also described are: first wave from the mid-1800s to 1920 focused on suffrage; second wave from the 1960s to 1980s on reproductive rights and pay equity; and third wave from the 1990s to present on sexuality and pop culture.
There are 6 ingredients for a good e-Commerce blog which are as follows:-
1. Offer Good and Relevant Content
2. Make it Pretty
3. Show Your Products in Action
4. Keep it Short and Snappy
5. Go Behind the Scenes
6. Social Media
The design influence is merely a reflection of our culture and expectations for user interfaces. Ideally these trends represent favorable ideas in the web design community. However designers will always have their own opinions when it comes to design terms, so take these ideas with a grain of salt.
De Boer is a leading international supplier of modular space solutions for temporary and semi-permanent use. Their structures can be used for a wide range of applications and provide speed and flexibility of construction. They offer customized space solutions to meet customer needs, and their structures are cost efficient and can be dismantled. De Boer has over 85 years of experience designing, developing, and building space solutions.
This document summarizes and comments on chapters 1-4 and the conclusion of the book "Terrorist Assemblages". It discusses key concepts from the book like homonationalism, the Abu Ghraib torture scandal, and the Lawrence v. Texas Supreme Court case. Several sections analyze how queer and Muslim identities have been constructed and surveilled through nationalist and militarized means. The document raises questions about how bodies become militarized and surveyed, and whether the concept of "assemblages" provides a better framework than intersectionality for understanding identity politics.
Clipping Famastil 2010/02 - Publicações On LineAgência DUE
A empresa brasileira FamaStil Taurus produz peças de aço para a indústria automobilística. Ela está investindo em novas tecnologias para melhorar a qualidade e reduzir custos. A FamaStil Taurus espera que esses investimentos levem a ganhos de produtividade e mercado.
This document outlines 3 generations of human rights and discusses positive and negative rights. The first generation are civil and political rights. The second are economic, social and cultural rights. The third are a mixed group of additional rights. Positive rights are obligations of a state to protect and fulfill rights, while negative rights are freedoms from interference by the state. International organizations that support and enforce human rights include the International Criminal Court, United Nations, and non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.
When you invest in a web development company make sure you know everything about the firm, its track record, success ratio, pricing details and more. Find out what more on what question you should ask before hiring a web development firm. A good web development firm like Keyideas Infotech can answer all your queries.
Presentatie Patrick Leenheers Vodafone - online tuesday 'Mobile' 11 mei 2010Lisa Dijkstra
The document discusses the rise of mobile devices and apps. It notes that one in three customers now buys a smart phone and one in two subscribe to mobile internet. Mobiles are used to communicate, browse, search, navigate, play, watch, listen, and read. There is confusion and complexity around mobile operators, device vendors, and internet brands. The document also discusses app stores booming, the move to cloud-based and cross-platform apps, and the goal of creating apps that can run everywhere by leveraging location, identity, and other mobile features.
The document defines human trafficking according to the UN Protocol as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons through force, coercion, fraud or abuse of power for the purpose of exploiting them through prostitution, forced labor, slavery, or organ removal. It estimates that the number of trafficking victims at any given time ranges from 2.5 to 27 million according to different organizations, with estimates varying widely from 4 to 27 million.
The document discusses process models in software engineering. It defines process models as a framework that defines the typical activities, actions, and tasks required to build high-quality software. Process models provide stability, control, and organization to the software development process. The document discusses the key components of a generic process model, including the five framework activities of communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It also discusses process flows, task sets, process patterns, process assessment, and prescriptive process models.
Software testing for project report .pdfKamal Acharya
Methods of Software Testing There are two basic methods of performing software testing: 1. Manual testing 2. Automated testing Manual Software Testing As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume, manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow.
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJShildredzr1di
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2, Issue-3, July 2012
251
Abstract— In recent years, software testing is becoming more
popular and important in the software development industry.
Indeed, software testing is a broad term encircling a variety of
activities along the development cycle and beyond, aimed at
different goals. Hence, software testing research faces a collection
of challenges. A consistent roadmap of most relevant challenges is
proposed here. In it, the starting point is constituted by some
important past achievements, while the destination consists of two
major identified goals to which research ultimately leads, but
which remains as reachable as goals. The routes from the
achievements to the goals are paved by outstanding research
challenges, which are discussed in the paper along with the
ongoing work.
Software testing is as old as the hills in the history of digital
computers. The testing of software is an important means of
assessing the software to determine its quality. Since testing
typically consumes 40~50% of development efforts, and consumes
more effort for systems that require higher levels of reliability, it is
a significant part of the software engineering
Software testing is a very broad area, which involves many
other technical and non-technical areas, such as specification,
design and implementation, maintenance, process and
management issues in software engineering. Our study focuses on
the state of the art in testing techniques, as well as the latest
techniques which representing the future direction of this area.
Today, testing is the most challenging and dominating activity
used by industry, therefore, improvement in its effectiveness, both
with respect to the time and resources, is taken as a major factor
by many researchers
The purpose of testing can be quality assurance, verification,
and validation or reliability estimation. It is a tradeoff between
budget, time and quality. Software Quality is the central concern
of software engineering. Testing is the single most widely used
approach to ensuring software quality.
(Keywords: SDLC, Software quality, Testing techniq
Technique .)
I. INTRODUCTION
I. Introduction: Software Testing
Software testing is the process of executing a program or
system with the intent of finding errors. Software is not unlike
other physical processes where inputs are received and
outputs are produced. Where software differs is in the manner
in which it fails. Most physical systems fail in a fixed (and
reasonably small) set of ways. By contrast, software can fail in
Manuscript received: on July, 2012
Maneela Tuteja, Department of Information TechnologyDronacharya
College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana,.
Gaurav Dubey, Amity School of Computer Sciences, Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh,India.,
.
many bizarre ways. Detec ...
This document discusses various process models for software engineering. It begins by defining what a process model is and explaining why they are useful. It then covers traditional sequential models like waterfall and V-model. Iterative and incremental models like prototyping and spiral modeling are described which allow for software to evolve through iterations. Other topics covered include concurrent modeling, component-based development, formal methods, aspects, unified process and personal software process. The document provides details on different process patterns, assessment methods and considerations for evolutionary processes.
Towards formulating dynamic model for predicting defects in system testing us...Journal Papers
This document discusses developing a dynamic model for predicting defects in system testing using metrics collected from prior phases. It begins with background on the waterfall and V-model software development processes. It then reviews previous research on software defect prediction, noting limited work has focused specifically on predicting defects in system testing. The proposed model would analyze metrics collected during requirements, design, coding, and testing phases to determine which metrics best predict defects found in system testing. A case study is discussed that would apply statistical analysis to historical metrics data to formulate a mathematical equation for defect prediction. The model would then be verified by applying it to new projects and comparing predicted defects to actual defects found during system testing. The goal is to select a prediction model that estimates defects
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
IT Quality Testing and the Defect Management ProcessYolanda Williams
This document provides an overview of defect management processes. It discusses defining defects, defect prevention, discovery, resolution and process improvement. The key aspects covered are:
- Defining goals as preventing defects, early detection, minimizing impact and process improvement.
- Activities like root cause analysis, escape analysis and process metrics.
- The defect lifecycle of prevention, discovery, resolution and continuous improvement.
- Examples of defect analysis and status reporting including metrics like density, backlog and mean time to repair.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
The document discusses software testing, outlining key achievements in the field, dreams for the future of testing, and ongoing challenges. Some of the achievements mentioned include establishing testing as an essential software engineering activity, developing test process models, and advancing testing techniques for object-oriented and component-based systems. The dreams include developing a universal test theory, enabling fully automated testing, and maximizing the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of testing. Current challenges pertain to testing modern complex systems and evolving software.
The document discusses software testing, outlining key achievements in the field, dreams for the future of testing, and ongoing challenges. Some of the achievements mentioned include establishing testing as an essential software engineering activity, developing test process models and criteria, advancing object-oriented and component-based testing techniques. Dreams include developing a universal test theory, enabling fully automated testing and test-based modeling. Challenges involve testing complex modern systems and minimizing retesting.
The document discusses planning quality processes for software projects. It covers developing test and analysis strategies, creating test and analysis plans, addressing risks, and monitoring progress. Key points include developing a quality strategy to guide project plans, defining test items and goals, scheduling tasks and addressing dependencies, identifying risks, and monitoring activities and results against the quality plan.
This document provides guidance for estimating testing efforts, with a focus on activities often overlooked that can stress test teams and risk project delivery. It notes that testing estimates should not simply be a percentage of development time, as many test tasks are underestimated. The document outlines factors to consider for tooling, staffing, documentation, and testing at various phases. It emphasizes the importance of thorough requirements reviews to avoid defects leaking into later phases and increasing costs. Early intervention to check requirements can significantly reduce later effort.
FROM THE ART OF SOFTWARE TESTING TO TEST-AS-A-SERVICE IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijseajournal
Researchers consider that the first edition of the book "The Art of Software Testing" by Myers (1979)
initiated research in Software Testing. Since then, software testing has gone through evolutions that have
driven standards and tools. This evolution has accompanied the complexity and variety of software
deployment platforms. The migration to the cloud allowed benefits such as scalability, agility, and better
return on investment. Cloud computing requires more significant involvement in software testing to ensure
that services work as expected. In addition to testing cloud applications, cloud computing has paved the
way for testing in the Test-as-a-Service model. This review aims to understand software testing in the
context of cloud computing. Based on the knowledge explained here, we sought to linearize the evolution of
software testing, characterizing fundamental points and allowing us to compose a synthesis of the body of
knowledge in software testing, expanded by the cloud computing paradigm.
From the Art of Software Testing to Test-as-a-Service in Cloud Computingijseajournal
Researchers consider that the first edition of the book "The Art of Software Testing" by Myers (1979)
initiated research in Software Testing. Since then, software testing has gone through evolutions that have
driven standards and tools. This evolution has accompanied the complexity and variety of software
deployment platforms. The migration to the cloud allowed benefits such as scalability, agility, and better
return on investment. Cloud computing requires more significant involvement in software testing to ensure
that services work as expected. In addition to testing cloud applications, cloud computing has paved the
way for testing in the Test-as-a-Service model. This review aims to understand software testing in the
context of cloud computing. Based on the knowledge explained here, we sought to linearize the evolution of
software testing, characterizing fundamental points and allowing us to compose a synthesis of the body of
knowledge in software testing, expanded by the cloud computing paradigm.
A Complexity Based Regression Test Selection StrategyCSEIJJournal
Software is unequivocally the foremost and indispensable entity in this technologically driven world.
Therefore quality assurance, and in particular, software testing is a crucial step in the software
development cycle. This paper presents an effective test selection strategy that uses a Spectrum of
Complexity Metrics (SCM). Our aim in this paper is to increase the efficiency of the testing process by
significantly reducing the number of test cases without having a significant drop in test effectiveness. The
strategy makes use of a comprehensive taxonomy of complexity metrics based on the product level (class,
method, statement) and its characteristics.We use a series of experiments based on three applications with
a significant number of mutants to demonstrate the effectiveness of our selection strategy.For further
evaluation, we compareour approach to boundary value analysis. The results show the capability of our
approach to detect mutants as well as the seeded errors.
Programming testing is the method involved with assessing and confirming that a product item or application does what it should do. The advantages of testing incorporate forestalling bugs, lessening improvement costs and further developing execution.
Similar to Testing Experience Magazine Vol.14 June 2011 (20)
Paper presented at The Second International Conference on E-Technologies and Business on the Web (EBW2014) at Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU), Bukit Jalil, Malaysia
An initial work on coming out with specialized postgraduate programme focusing on software testing and quality, both for full-time and part-time studies. Presented at Malaysian Software Engineering Conference 2014 (MySEC14) in Langkawi, Malaysia.
This document outlines a performance testing strategy for a cloud-based system using an open source testing tool. It describes introducing virtual users gradually from 1 to 3000 to test response times. Response times remained under 5 seconds for up to 1500 users but slowed for 3000 users. Testing showed faster response for high-speed internet and unloaded servers. The strategy successfully tested the system's ability to handle increasing loads in the cloud. Future work could include hosting the testing tool in the cloud and expanding performance analysis.
This document summarizes a paper about predicting defects in system testing for the V-model software development process. It introduces the challenges of system testing and the need for early prediction of total defects. The presentation outline includes sections on introduction, related work, findings and discussion, a case study, and conclusion. The case study uses regression analysis on past project metrics like requirements, design, code size, and testing effort to generate an equation for predicting functional defects. The conclusion states that the proposed method provides a systematic way to predict defects and allows test teams to control their process based on the predictions.
Paper presented during International Conference on Computer and Information Science 2012 (ICCIS2012) as part of World Engineering, Science and Technology Congress 2012 (ESTCON2012)
This document discusses adopting a Six Sigma approach to predict functional defects in system testing using predictors from earlier phases. It defines the research focus as using Six Sigma to predict test defects via phases prior to testing. An overview explains that Six Sigma is a data-driven approach to reducing defects in any process. The findings sections explain applying the Six Sigma define, measure, analyze, design, and verify phases to software development. A proposed regression model and verification plan are presented to conclude.
This document compares the response time accuracy of three performance testing tools: Tool A (open-source), Tool B (open-source), and Tool C (proprietary). A test was conducted loading static web pages on a server from 1 to 500 concurrent users using each tool. The response times and resource utilization on both client and server machines were recorded. Preliminary results found Tool A had the most consistent response times while Tool B had higher response times that increased with load. The full results are listed to compare the performance of each tool.
3. Building the Model A. Define Phase
The Define Phase primarily involves establishing the project
In Design for Six Sigma (DfSS), the research is organized accord- definition and acknowledging the fundamental needs of the re-
ing to DMADV phases: Define (D), Measure (M), Analyze (A), De- search. A typical software production process which applies the V-
sign (D) and Verify (V). DfSS seeks to sequence proper tools and Model software development life cycle is used as the basis for this
techniques to design in more value during new product devel- research. Throughout the process, the testing team is involved in
opment, while creating and using higher quality data for key de- all review sessions for each phase, starting from planning until
velopment decisions. Achievement of DfSS is observed when the the end of the system integration testing phase. The test lab is
products or services developed meet customer needs rather than involved in reviewing the planning document, the requirement
competing alternatives. In general, DfSS-DMADV phases are de- analysis document, the design document, the test planning doc-
scribed as below: ument and the test cases (see Figure 1). The software production
process is governed by project management, quality manage-
• Define - identify the project goals and customer (internal
and external) requirements ment, configuration and change management, integral and sup-
port as well as process improvement initiatives, in compliance to
• Measure - determine customer needs and specifications; CMMI®. From the figure, the area of study is the functional or sys-
benchmark competitors and industry
tem test phase, where defects are going to be predicted. There-
• Analyze – study and evaluate the process options to meet fore, only potential factors/predictors in the phases prior to the
customer needs system testing phase are considered and investigated.
• Design – detailing the process to meet customer needs
• Verify – confirm and prove the design performance and abil-
ity to meet customer needs
Figure 1: Typical Software Production Process
Two (2) schematic diagrams are produced, which are a high level are defect containment in the test phase, customer satisfaction,
schematic diagram (Figure 2) and a detailed schematic diagram quality of the process being imposed to produce the software and
(Figure 3). The high level schematic diagram deals with estab- project management. There are two aspects involved related to
lishing the Big Y or business target, little Ys, vital Xs and the goal these little Ys: potential number of defects before the test phase
statement against the business scorecard. In this research, Big which is the research interest, and the number of defects after
Y is to produce software with zero-known post-release defects, completing the test phase.
while for little Ys, elements that contribute to achieving the Big Y
www.testingexperience.com The Magazine for Professional Testers 53
4. Big Y Zero-Known Post
Release Defects
Little ys
Defect Contain- Customer Project
Quality of process
ment in Test Phase satisfaction Management
Vital Xs
Potential # of Level of People Timeline
defect before test satisfaction capability Allocation
# of defect after Process Rescue
test Effectiveness Allocation
Figure 2: Schematic Diagram
For the detailed schematic diagram (or detailed Y-X tree), possible test, and these are summarized in a Y to X tree diagram as shown
factors that contribute to the test defect prediction are defined in the figure below. The highlighted factors are selected for fur-
from the Vital X, which is the potential number of defects before ther analysis.
Test Defect
Prediction
Software Historical
Knowledge Test Process Errors Fault Project
Complexity Defect
Require- Developer Test Case De- Require- Require- Defect Project Project
ment Pages Knowledge sign Coverage ment Error ment Fault Severity Domain Thread
Design Tester Targeted Total Design Defect Type/
Design Error Component
Pages Knowledge Test Cases Fault Category
Programming Test Defect
Language
CUT Error CUT Fault Application
Automation Validity
Test Case Execu- Test Plan Integration Total PR (Defects)
Code Size tion Productivity Error Fault Raised
Total Effort in Test Test Cases Test Case
Design Phase Error Fault
Total Effort in
Phases Prior to
System Test Factors to consider
Figure 3: Detailed Y-X Tree Diagram
54 The Magazine for Professional Testers www.testingexperience.com
5. B. Measure Phase
known results of PASS and FAIL are identified. Then three test
A Measurement System Analysis (MSA) is conducted to validate engineers are selected to execute the test cases at random. This
that the processes of discovering defects are repeatable and re- is repeated three times for every engineer. The outcome is pre-
producible, thus eliminating human errors. Ten test cases with sented in Figure 4 below:
Tester 1 Tester 2 Tester 3
TCD ID TC Result
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
TC1 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
TC2 FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL PASS PASS PASS
TC3 FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL PASS PASS PASS
TC4 PASS FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL PASS PASS PASS
TC5 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
TC6 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
TC7 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
TC8 FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL FAIL
TC9 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
TC10 PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS
Figure 4: Data for Analysis
The data is then used to run the MSA, where the result is com- As the MSA is passed, the operational definition is prepared con-
pared against the Kappa value. Since the overall result of all ap- sisting of type of data to be gathered, measurement to be used,
praisers against standard is above 70% (as required by Kappa’s responsibilities, and mechanism to obtain those data so that the
value), the MSA is considered as a PASS as presented in Figure 5 data can be used for next DfSS phase.
below:
Overall Result for MSA is PASS since Kappa value is greater than 0.7 or 70%
Figure 5: Overall Result of MSA
C. Analyze Phase analysis via manual stepwise regression analysis, i.e. the predic-
tors are added and removed during the regression until a strong
The data gathered from the Measure Phase is used to perform
statistical result is obtained. The figure involves the P-value of
a first round of regression analysis using the data shown in Fig-
each predictor against the defects, the R-squared (R-Sq.) value and
ure 6, which was collected from thirteen projects. The predictors
the R-squared adjusted (R-Sq. (adj.)) value. These figures demon-
used include requirement error, design error, Code and Unit Test
strated the goodness of the equation and how well it can be used
(CUT) error, Kilo Lines of Code (KLOC) size, targeted total test cases
for predicting the defects. The result of the regression analysis is
to be executed, test plan error, test cases error, automation per-
presented in Figure 7.
centage, test effort in days, and test execution productivity per
staff day. The regression is done against the functional defects as
the target. MINITAB software is used to perform the regression
56 The Magazine for Professional Testers www.testingexperience.com
6. Project Req. Er- Design CUT KLOC Total Test Plan Test Case Automa- Test Test Ex- Func-
Name ror Error Error Test Error Error tion % Effort ecution tional
Cases Produc- Defects
tivity
Project A 5 22 12 28.8 224 0 34 0 6.38 45.8000 19
Project B 0 0 1 6.8 17 0 6 0 9.36 17.0000 1
Project C 9 10 14 5.4 24 4 6 0 29.16 5.8333 4
Project D 7 12 2 1.1 25 4 9 0 13.17 7.0000 0
Project E 11 29 3 1.2 28 4 12 0 14.26 3.4000 3
Project F 0 2 7 6.8 66 1 7 0 32.64 31.0000 16
Project G 3 25 11 4 149 5 0 0 7.15 74.5000 3
Project H 4 9 2 0.2 24 4 0 0 18.78 7.6667 0
Project I 7 0 1 1.8 16 1 3 0 9.29 2.6818 1
Project J 1 7 2 2.1 20 1 4 0 6.73 1.9450 0
Project K 17 0 3 1.4 13 1 4 0 8.44 6.5000 1
Project L 3 0 0 1.3 20 1 7 0 14.18 9.7500 1
Project M 2 3 16 2.5 7 1 6 0 8.44 1.7500 0
Figure 6: Data for Regression Analysis
Figure 7: Regression Analysis Result
Project Req. Design CUT KLOC Req. Design Total Test Total Test Func- All
Name Error Error Error Page Page Test Cases Effort Design tional Defects
Cases Error Effort Defects
Project A 5 22 12 28.8 81 121 224 34 16.79 15.20 19 19
Project B 0 0 1 6.8 171 14 17 6 45.69 40.91 1 1
Project C 9 10 14 5.4 23 42 24 6 13.44 13.44 4 4
Project D 7 12 2 1.1 23 42 25 9 4.90 9.90 0 0
Project E 11 29 3 1.2 23 54 28 12 4.72 4.59 3 3
Project F 0 2 7 6.8 20 70 88 7 32.69 16.00 16 27
Project G 3 25 11 4 38 131 149 0 64.00 53.30 3 3
Project H 4 9 2 0.2 26 26 24 0 5.63 5.63 0 0
Project I 17 0 3 1.4 15 28 13 4 9.13 7.88 1 1
Project J 61 34 24 36 57 156 306 16 89.42 76.16 25 28
Project K 32 16 19 12.3 162 384 142 0 7.00 7.00 12 12
Project L 0 2 3 3.8 35 33 40 3 8.86 8.86 6 6
Project M 15 18 10 26.1 88 211 151 22 30.99 28.61 39 57
Project N 0 4 0 24.2 102 11 157 0 41.13 28.13 20 33
Figure 8: New Set of Data for Regression
www.testingexperience.com The Magazine for Professional Testers 57
7. D. Design Phase
Based on the result, it has been demonstrated that for this round
of regression, possible predictors are design error, targeted total Further analysis is conducted during the Design Phase due to the
test cases to be executed, test plan error, and test effort in days, need to generate a prediction model that both is practical and
in which the P-value for each predictor is less than 0.05. As overall makes sense from the viewpoint of software practitioners using
model equation, this model portrays strong characteristics of a logical predictors, to filter the metrics to contain only valid data,
good model via high percentage of R-Sq. and R-Sq. (adjusted) val- and to reduce the model to have only coefficients that have a logi-
ues: 96.7% and 95.0% respectively. From the regression, this equa- cal correlation to the defect. As a result, a new set of data is used
tion is selected for study in the next phase: to refine the model as shown in Figure 8.
Using the new set of data, new regression results are presented
Defect = - 3.04 + 0.220 Design Error + 0.0624 Targeted Total
in Figure 9.
Test Cases - 2.30 Test Plan Error + 0.477 Test Efforts
Figure 9: New Regression Result
From these latest results, it can be demonstrated that significant Based on the the verification result, it is clearly shown that the
predictors for predicting defects are requirement error, CUT er- model is fit for use and can be implemented to predict test de-
ror, KLOC, requirement page, design page, targeted total test cas- fects for the software product. This is justified by the predicted
es to be executed, and test effort in days from the phases prior to defects number, which falls within 95% Prediction Interval (PI). As
system test. The P-value for each factor is less than 0.05, while the the test defect prediction model equation is finalized, the next
R-Sq. and R-Sq. (adjusted) values are 98.9% and 97.6% respective- consideration is to emphasize on the control plan with regard to
ly, which results in a stronger prediction equation. The selected its implementation in the process, i.e. when the actual number
equation is as below: of defects found is lower or greater than the prediction. Figure 11
below summarizes the control plan:
Functional Defects (Y) = 4.00 - 0.204 Requirement Error - 0.631
CUT error + 1.90 KLOC - 0.140 Requirement Page + 0.125 Design Actual Defects < Predicted Actual Defects > Predicted
Page - 0.169 Total Test Cases + 0.221 Test Effort Defects Defects
Perform thorough testing Re-visit the errors captured
during ad-hoc test during requirement, design
E. Verify Phase and CUT phase
The selected model in the Design Phase is now verified against Perform additional test Re-visit the errors captured
new projects that have yet to go to the System Test phase. The strategy that relates to the during test case design
actual defects found after the System Test has been completed discovery of more functional
defects
are compared against the predicted defects to ensure that actual
defects fall between 95% prediction intervals (PI) of the model as Re-visit the model and the
presented in the last column in Figure 10. factors used to define the
model
No Predicted Actual 95% CI 95% PI
Figure 11: Action Plan for Test Defect Prediction Model
Functional Functional (min, max) (min, max)
Defects Defects
1. 182 187 (155, 209) (154, 209)
2. 6 1 (0, 2) (0, 14)
3. 1 1 (0, 3) (0, 6)
Figure 10: Verification Result for the Prediction Model
58 The Magazine for Professional Testers www.testingexperience.com