The document discusses terrorism preparedness and response. It provides definitions of terrorism, outlines the history of terrorism from ancient times to the modern era, and describes different types and methods of terrorism including biological, chemical, and nuclear attacks. The document also discusses preventing terrorism through education and security measures, and notes that while terrorist attacks receive considerable public attention, the risks of death from terrorism have historically remained very low compared to other causes of death.
The document discusses the history and nature of terrorism. It notes that terrorism has been used for political ends throughout history, from resistance to Roman occupation to modern religiously-motivated attacks. While the death rate from terrorism increased after 9/11, it remains much lower than rates from other causes like accidents or disease. The document examines different types, methods, and motives for terrorism, as well as approaches for prevention and response. Overall, it aims to educate about terrorism while arguing the main thing to fear is fear itself rather than the actual risk, which remains relatively low.
Hello Friends,
This PPT is all about terrorism and its roots, causes, effects and effective solution for stopping it. This information is for projects done by students at school.
Thanks for reading!
This document provides an overview of contemporary psychological research on terrorism. It discusses key topics including definitions of terrorism, types of terrorism, psychological impacts of terrorist attacks, and early and modern psychological explanations for terrorism. Contemporary research focuses on why individuals join and leave terrorist organizations, the role of ideology and vulnerabilities of terrorist groups, and how psychopathology and personality relate to understanding terrorism.
Terrorism In The United States Of AmericaQatar Academy
The document discusses terrorism in the United States, focusing on the 9/11 attacks. It describes how two planes crashed into the World Trade Center towers, killing nearly 3,000 people. The attacks had major social, economic, political, and environmental impacts. Socially, it increased fear and weakened community bonds. Economically, it caused stock market declines and billions spent on war. Politically, it increased discrimination against Muslims and led to war in Afghanistan. Environmentally, the attacks released large amounts of smoke and pollution.
This document defines terrorism and outlines its causes and responses. It discusses terrorism from psychological, ideological, and strategic perspectives. Responses discussed include use of force, negotiation, and international agreements. The document provides examples like the IRA in Ireland and ANC in South Africa to illustrate different causes and response strategies.
The document discusses various topics related to terrorism including definitions, famous terrorist attacks and perpetrators such as 9/11 and Osama bin Laden, reasons for terrorism including US foreign policy decisions, common terrorist targets such as important buildings, and the role of government in both causing terrorism through decisions and attempting to prevent it through careers like aerospace engineering.
Terrorism is an unlawful act of violence or intimidation used to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. It has a long history dating back to resistance against Roman occupation. In the modern era, terrorism emerged during the French Revolution and has since been used by both states and non-state groups in conflicts and wars. While terrorism poses psychological fears, statistically the risk of death from a terrorist attack remains relatively low compared to other causes of death in the United States.
The document discusses various perspectives on the philosophy of terrorism. It first examines different definitions of terrorism that have been proposed by international organizations and scholars. It then outlines the "sectoral approach" used by the international community to address specific terrorist activities and offenses. The document also provides statistical data and discusses justifications that have been proposed both for and against terrorist actions, citing arguments around targeting innocent people, political effectiveness, and alternative approaches. It concludes by noting terrorism is a complex problem with diverse causes that requires understanding motivations and developing tailored strategies.
The document discusses the history and nature of terrorism. It notes that terrorism has been used for political ends throughout history, from resistance to Roman occupation to modern religiously-motivated attacks. While the death rate from terrorism increased after 9/11, it remains much lower than rates from other causes like accidents or disease. The document examines different types, methods, and motives for terrorism, as well as approaches for prevention and response. Overall, it aims to educate about terrorism while arguing the main thing to fear is fear itself rather than the actual risk, which remains relatively low.
Hello Friends,
This PPT is all about terrorism and its roots, causes, effects and effective solution for stopping it. This information is for projects done by students at school.
Thanks for reading!
This document provides an overview of contemporary psychological research on terrorism. It discusses key topics including definitions of terrorism, types of terrorism, psychological impacts of terrorist attacks, and early and modern psychological explanations for terrorism. Contemporary research focuses on why individuals join and leave terrorist organizations, the role of ideology and vulnerabilities of terrorist groups, and how psychopathology and personality relate to understanding terrorism.
Terrorism In The United States Of AmericaQatar Academy
The document discusses terrorism in the United States, focusing on the 9/11 attacks. It describes how two planes crashed into the World Trade Center towers, killing nearly 3,000 people. The attacks had major social, economic, political, and environmental impacts. Socially, it increased fear and weakened community bonds. Economically, it caused stock market declines and billions spent on war. Politically, it increased discrimination against Muslims and led to war in Afghanistan. Environmentally, the attacks released large amounts of smoke and pollution.
This document defines terrorism and outlines its causes and responses. It discusses terrorism from psychological, ideological, and strategic perspectives. Responses discussed include use of force, negotiation, and international agreements. The document provides examples like the IRA in Ireland and ANC in South Africa to illustrate different causes and response strategies.
The document discusses various topics related to terrorism including definitions, famous terrorist attacks and perpetrators such as 9/11 and Osama bin Laden, reasons for terrorism including US foreign policy decisions, common terrorist targets such as important buildings, and the role of government in both causing terrorism through decisions and attempting to prevent it through careers like aerospace engineering.
Terrorism is an unlawful act of violence or intimidation used to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. It has a long history dating back to resistance against Roman occupation. In the modern era, terrorism emerged during the French Revolution and has since been used by both states and non-state groups in conflicts and wars. While terrorism poses psychological fears, statistically the risk of death from a terrorist attack remains relatively low compared to other causes of death in the United States.
The document discusses various perspectives on the philosophy of terrorism. It first examines different definitions of terrorism that have been proposed by international organizations and scholars. It then outlines the "sectoral approach" used by the international community to address specific terrorist activities and offenses. The document also provides statistical data and discusses justifications that have been proposed both for and against terrorist actions, citing arguments around targeting innocent people, political effectiveness, and alternative approaches. It concludes by noting terrorism is a complex problem with diverse causes that requires understanding motivations and developing tailored strategies.
Terrorism is caused by several factors including poverty, unemployment, lack of health facilities, illiteracy, lack of justice, and religious extremism. All terrorists are motivated by social and political injustice as well as a belief that violence will create change. Terrorists receive training at camps in locations like Pakistan and Afghanistan, where they learn tactics like suicide bombings and combat. The types of terrorism include civil disorder, political, non-political, quasi, limited political, and state terrorism. The war on terror was launched after 9/11 by the U.S. to target terrorist groups. The effects of terrorism include political, economic, and social impacts. Prevention of terrorism requires education to promote understanding between cultures and addressing the root
1) The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 was a terrorist attack that killed 168 people and injured over 680. It was the worst terrorist attack in the U.S. prior to 9/11.
2) The bombers, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, targeted the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City to express anti-government sentiments.
3) The attack caused extensive damage, cost $652 million to recover from, and had long-lasting impacts through increased fear of terrorism in the U.S. McVeigh was sentenced to death for the bombing.
The document discusses terrorism and its effects. It provides examples of major terrorist attacks in India from 1993 to 2010 that killed hundreds. It then discusses the causes of terrorism, including political factors like demands for local rights, economic factors like lack of reforms and unemployment, religious factors like targeting of certain groups, and ethnic factors like feelings of separateness. The document also notes that while governments promise support, the aid does not always reach victims in a timely manner.
This presentation is just to elaborate the image of Terrorism.
What is terrorism actually, How it started, its effects on Economy, growth in rate of terror attacks, Role of UNO and last but not least why its related to Islam
The document discusses terrorism in the modern world through a series of questions and answers. It addresses who is responsible for current terrorist attacks (ISIS, Boko Haram, Al Qaeda, Al Shabaab), why people join these groups (desire for caliphate, hope to provoke war), and who protects against terrorism (FBI, CIA, NSA, Department of Homeland Security). It also discusses punishment for surviving terrorists (imprisonment in US prisons or Guantanamo Bay) and whether there is a chance to end terrorism by winning battles or changing extremist ideologies.
Terrorism causes, effects, and solutionsSrun Sakada
This document defines terrorism and discusses its causes and impacts. Terrorism is defined by the FBI and US Department of Defense as the unlawful use or threat of violence against people or property to intimidate for political goals. It discusses two types of terrorism: national (directed internally without foreign influence) and international (foreign-based or directed). Causes mentioned include social/political injustice, belief that violence achieves goals, religion, illiteracy, and injustice. Impacts involve economic losses from death/damage, societal fear and suspicion, and complicated international politics. Solutions proposed are education to understand cultural differences, eliminating root causes like funding sources, and addressing injustices that radicalize individuals.
This document outlines topics related to democracy in Pakistan, terrorism, and Islam for potential essays or outlines. Regarding democracy in Pakistan, it lists 26 questions that examine issues like Pakistan's history with democracy, the role of different institutions, election processes, and challenges. For terrorism, it provides 34 questions that analyze definitions of terrorism, origins of terrorist groups, motivations, and implications for countries like Pakistan and the U.S. Finally, for Islam, it lists 17 topics for exploration such as Islam's message of peace, challenges faced by the Muslim world, historical Muslim rulers, and perceptions of Islam in the West.
Socioeconomic injustice and political conditions like poverty, unemployment, and corruption create hopelessness that terrorists exploit, paying innocent people to commit acts of violence as they see no other choice for change. Terrorists trap these hopeless people to destroy their homeland in return for money as deteriorating conditions have aggravated their situation and dissatisfaction.
This document discusses international terrorism and the global war against it. It defines terrorism and outlines the rise of Islamic terrorist groups like al Qaeda. It examines Osama bin Laden's path from fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan to targeting the US through attacks like 9/11. The document also summarizes the US response under the Bush administration, including the preemptive Bush Doctrine against terrorist networks and rogue states.
Causal link between Education, Poverty and TerrorismYasin Khan
The document discusses the relationship between education, poverty, and terrorism. It questions the commonly held belief that lack of education and poverty directly cause terrorism. While poverty and lack of education may lead to some small crimes, there is no empirical data linking these factors to serious crimes like murder or terrorism. In fact, the data shows that terrorists tend to be highly educated and reasonably wealthy individuals who provide leadership for terrorist organizations. There are likely no direct causal links between education/poverty and terrorism. At most, widespread deprivation across large groups or entire nations may increase chances of participation in violence, but individual deprivation alone does not.
This document provides an overview of international terrorism as a world political issue. It begins with an introduction describing terrorism as a significant problem, then defines terrorism and identifies its objectives as inducing fear and enacting political change. The document discusses the characteristics of terrorism, common causes, and types. It examines the effectiveness of certain forms of terrorism and their impact on international politics. Examples of terrorist incidents are provided. The document concludes with a call to build new strategies to combat terrorism without political bias.
Terrorism poses a major threat to global security today. Terrorists often target civilians to instill fear and further political, religious, or ideological goals. While terrorism has been used as a tactic for over 200 years, the number of worldwide attacks and their violence has increased in recent decades, with few regions spared. Notable terrorist attacks of the early 2000s include the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the 2005 London bombings, and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
The document discusses terrorism and provides context on its definition, history, and types of terrorist acts. It details how terrorism has been used for centuries in various forms by groups seeking political, social, or religious goals. Specific terrorist groups and their tactics are examined, including Al Qaeda and the types of weapons of mass destruction that may be used. The document also reviews how different government agencies work to counter terrorism within the United States and abroad through intelligence gathering and analysis.
Terrorism involves using violence and threats to intimidate governments or populations for political goals. It can be domestic or international. Common forms of domestic terrorism include bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations. International terrorism often involves planning attacks in foreign countries. The causes of terrorism are complex and include psychological, socioeconomic, and religious factors. To reduce terrorism, governments and societies must address its root causes through political and legal solutions while improving security cooperation internationally.
Terrorism is described as a criminal act that uses violence, fear and intimidation to draw attention to a political or worldwide cause. It often targets civilians and aims to influence a stronger opponent. Common tactics include bombings and attacks on public areas. Examples given are the 9/11 attacks and the Boston Marathon bombing. Terrorism is connected to issues of security, bullying and influencing political change. It has evolved over time to incorporate more frequent and deadly acts of violence. Strengthened security measures have been a response to modern terrorism threats.
This document discusses terrorism and provides examples of major terrorist attacks. It defines national and international terrorism and lists Osama Bin Laden's involvement in terrorist activities. Examples of major attacks described include the 7/11 Mumbai train bombings and 9/11 attacks in the US. Causes of terrorism discussed include social injustice, belief in violence as effective, religious factors, illiteracy, and injustice. The economic, social, and political impacts of terrorism are outlined. Prevention strategies proposed include education, addressing root causes, surveillance, protective systems, early detection, and rescue/support. The conclusion notes terrorism aims to achieve political and ideological goals through violence but risks of death remain lower than other causes.
The document discusses the historical roots and evolution of terrorism over time. It traces terrorism back to secret killings against tyrants in ancient times. Modern terrorism emerged during the French Revolution. Nationalist and anarchist groups in the 19th century used terrorist tactics. More recently, terrorism has taken on a religious character, especially from Islamic extremist groups. The document also examines the structures, organizations, and goals of various global and local terrorist groups operating today.
This document discusses different types of terrorism such as state terrorism, religious terrorism, pathological terrorism, and issue-oriented terrorism. It also examines reasons why people become terrorists such as seeking identity, belonging to a group, and being attracted to violent content. Finally, it outlines the impacts of terrorism like increased security costs, panic, loss of life, economic damage, and slowed growth.
This document discusses the history of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism became a prominent tool for political agendas in the late 1960s, used by Palestinians. Terrorism in Pakistan has significantly increased since 2001, with over 35,000 Pakistanis killed by 2009. After the US invasion of Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and Taliban sought refuge in Pakistan's tribal areas. Structural flaws in the tribal regions allowed militant groups like the Taliban to operate and offer parallel security/judicial systems. Religiously motivated terrorism poses a major threat today from groups drawing inspiration from Islam, Christianity, and other religions. Militant groups in Pakistan also have sectarian agendas and connections to international terrorist organizations.
Cyberterrorism is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.
Cyberterrorism is a controversial term. Some authors choose a very narrow definition, relating to deployments, by known terrorist organizations, of disruption attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of creating alarm and panic. By this narrow definition, it is difficult to identify any instances of cyberterrorism.
Cyberterrorism can be also defined as the intentional use of computer, networks, and public internet to cause destruction and harm for personal objectives.[1] Objectives may be political or ideological since this is a form of terrorism[citation needed].
There is much concern from government and media sources about potential damages that could be caused by cyberterrorism, and this has prompted official responses from government agencies.
The document defines terrorism and discusses its various types including nationalist, religious, state-sponsored, left-wing, right-wing, and anarchist terrorism. It also examines the motivation of terrorists, the rise of suicide terrorism, how terrorist organizations function, contemporary terrorist tactics, US counterterrorism policy, and predicts higher levels of terrorist violence utilizing new technologies in the future. The core values of honor, courage, and commitment are seen as important for combating terrorism.
Terrorism is caused by several factors including poverty, unemployment, lack of health facilities, illiteracy, lack of justice, and religious extremism. All terrorists are motivated by social and political injustice as well as a belief that violence will create change. Terrorists receive training at camps in locations like Pakistan and Afghanistan, where they learn tactics like suicide bombings and combat. The types of terrorism include civil disorder, political, non-political, quasi, limited political, and state terrorism. The war on terror was launched after 9/11 by the U.S. to target terrorist groups. The effects of terrorism include political, economic, and social impacts. Prevention of terrorism requires education to promote understanding between cultures and addressing the root
1) The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 was a terrorist attack that killed 168 people and injured over 680. It was the worst terrorist attack in the U.S. prior to 9/11.
2) The bombers, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, targeted the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City to express anti-government sentiments.
3) The attack caused extensive damage, cost $652 million to recover from, and had long-lasting impacts through increased fear of terrorism in the U.S. McVeigh was sentenced to death for the bombing.
The document discusses terrorism and its effects. It provides examples of major terrorist attacks in India from 1993 to 2010 that killed hundreds. It then discusses the causes of terrorism, including political factors like demands for local rights, economic factors like lack of reforms and unemployment, religious factors like targeting of certain groups, and ethnic factors like feelings of separateness. The document also notes that while governments promise support, the aid does not always reach victims in a timely manner.
This presentation is just to elaborate the image of Terrorism.
What is terrorism actually, How it started, its effects on Economy, growth in rate of terror attacks, Role of UNO and last but not least why its related to Islam
The document discusses terrorism in the modern world through a series of questions and answers. It addresses who is responsible for current terrorist attacks (ISIS, Boko Haram, Al Qaeda, Al Shabaab), why people join these groups (desire for caliphate, hope to provoke war), and who protects against terrorism (FBI, CIA, NSA, Department of Homeland Security). It also discusses punishment for surviving terrorists (imprisonment in US prisons or Guantanamo Bay) and whether there is a chance to end terrorism by winning battles or changing extremist ideologies.
Terrorism causes, effects, and solutionsSrun Sakada
This document defines terrorism and discusses its causes and impacts. Terrorism is defined by the FBI and US Department of Defense as the unlawful use or threat of violence against people or property to intimidate for political goals. It discusses two types of terrorism: national (directed internally without foreign influence) and international (foreign-based or directed). Causes mentioned include social/political injustice, belief that violence achieves goals, religion, illiteracy, and injustice. Impacts involve economic losses from death/damage, societal fear and suspicion, and complicated international politics. Solutions proposed are education to understand cultural differences, eliminating root causes like funding sources, and addressing injustices that radicalize individuals.
This document outlines topics related to democracy in Pakistan, terrorism, and Islam for potential essays or outlines. Regarding democracy in Pakistan, it lists 26 questions that examine issues like Pakistan's history with democracy, the role of different institutions, election processes, and challenges. For terrorism, it provides 34 questions that analyze definitions of terrorism, origins of terrorist groups, motivations, and implications for countries like Pakistan and the U.S. Finally, for Islam, it lists 17 topics for exploration such as Islam's message of peace, challenges faced by the Muslim world, historical Muslim rulers, and perceptions of Islam in the West.
Socioeconomic injustice and political conditions like poverty, unemployment, and corruption create hopelessness that terrorists exploit, paying innocent people to commit acts of violence as they see no other choice for change. Terrorists trap these hopeless people to destroy their homeland in return for money as deteriorating conditions have aggravated their situation and dissatisfaction.
This document discusses international terrorism and the global war against it. It defines terrorism and outlines the rise of Islamic terrorist groups like al Qaeda. It examines Osama bin Laden's path from fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan to targeting the US through attacks like 9/11. The document also summarizes the US response under the Bush administration, including the preemptive Bush Doctrine against terrorist networks and rogue states.
Causal link between Education, Poverty and TerrorismYasin Khan
The document discusses the relationship between education, poverty, and terrorism. It questions the commonly held belief that lack of education and poverty directly cause terrorism. While poverty and lack of education may lead to some small crimes, there is no empirical data linking these factors to serious crimes like murder or terrorism. In fact, the data shows that terrorists tend to be highly educated and reasonably wealthy individuals who provide leadership for terrorist organizations. There are likely no direct causal links between education/poverty and terrorism. At most, widespread deprivation across large groups or entire nations may increase chances of participation in violence, but individual deprivation alone does not.
This document provides an overview of international terrorism as a world political issue. It begins with an introduction describing terrorism as a significant problem, then defines terrorism and identifies its objectives as inducing fear and enacting political change. The document discusses the characteristics of terrorism, common causes, and types. It examines the effectiveness of certain forms of terrorism and their impact on international politics. Examples of terrorist incidents are provided. The document concludes with a call to build new strategies to combat terrorism without political bias.
Terrorism poses a major threat to global security today. Terrorists often target civilians to instill fear and further political, religious, or ideological goals. While terrorism has been used as a tactic for over 200 years, the number of worldwide attacks and their violence has increased in recent decades, with few regions spared. Notable terrorist attacks of the early 2000s include the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the 2005 London bombings, and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
The document discusses terrorism and provides context on its definition, history, and types of terrorist acts. It details how terrorism has been used for centuries in various forms by groups seeking political, social, or religious goals. Specific terrorist groups and their tactics are examined, including Al Qaeda and the types of weapons of mass destruction that may be used. The document also reviews how different government agencies work to counter terrorism within the United States and abroad through intelligence gathering and analysis.
Terrorism involves using violence and threats to intimidate governments or populations for political goals. It can be domestic or international. Common forms of domestic terrorism include bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations. International terrorism often involves planning attacks in foreign countries. The causes of terrorism are complex and include psychological, socioeconomic, and religious factors. To reduce terrorism, governments and societies must address its root causes through political and legal solutions while improving security cooperation internationally.
Terrorism is described as a criminal act that uses violence, fear and intimidation to draw attention to a political or worldwide cause. It often targets civilians and aims to influence a stronger opponent. Common tactics include bombings and attacks on public areas. Examples given are the 9/11 attacks and the Boston Marathon bombing. Terrorism is connected to issues of security, bullying and influencing political change. It has evolved over time to incorporate more frequent and deadly acts of violence. Strengthened security measures have been a response to modern terrorism threats.
This document discusses terrorism and provides examples of major terrorist attacks. It defines national and international terrorism and lists Osama Bin Laden's involvement in terrorist activities. Examples of major attacks described include the 7/11 Mumbai train bombings and 9/11 attacks in the US. Causes of terrorism discussed include social injustice, belief in violence as effective, religious factors, illiteracy, and injustice. The economic, social, and political impacts of terrorism are outlined. Prevention strategies proposed include education, addressing root causes, surveillance, protective systems, early detection, and rescue/support. The conclusion notes terrorism aims to achieve political and ideological goals through violence but risks of death remain lower than other causes.
The document discusses the historical roots and evolution of terrorism over time. It traces terrorism back to secret killings against tyrants in ancient times. Modern terrorism emerged during the French Revolution. Nationalist and anarchist groups in the 19th century used terrorist tactics. More recently, terrorism has taken on a religious character, especially from Islamic extremist groups. The document also examines the structures, organizations, and goals of various global and local terrorist groups operating today.
This document discusses different types of terrorism such as state terrorism, religious terrorism, pathological terrorism, and issue-oriented terrorism. It also examines reasons why people become terrorists such as seeking identity, belonging to a group, and being attracted to violent content. Finally, it outlines the impacts of terrorism like increased security costs, panic, loss of life, economic damage, and slowed growth.
This document discusses the history of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism became a prominent tool for political agendas in the late 1960s, used by Palestinians. Terrorism in Pakistan has significantly increased since 2001, with over 35,000 Pakistanis killed by 2009. After the US invasion of Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and Taliban sought refuge in Pakistan's tribal areas. Structural flaws in the tribal regions allowed militant groups like the Taliban to operate and offer parallel security/judicial systems. Religiously motivated terrorism poses a major threat today from groups drawing inspiration from Islam, Christianity, and other religions. Militant groups in Pakistan also have sectarian agendas and connections to international terrorist organizations.
Cyberterrorism is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.
Cyberterrorism is a controversial term. Some authors choose a very narrow definition, relating to deployments, by known terrorist organizations, of disruption attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of creating alarm and panic. By this narrow definition, it is difficult to identify any instances of cyberterrorism.
Cyberterrorism can be also defined as the intentional use of computer, networks, and public internet to cause destruction and harm for personal objectives.[1] Objectives may be political or ideological since this is a form of terrorism[citation needed].
There is much concern from government and media sources about potential damages that could be caused by cyberterrorism, and this has prompted official responses from government agencies.
The document defines terrorism and discusses its various types including nationalist, religious, state-sponsored, left-wing, right-wing, and anarchist terrorism. It also examines the motivation of terrorists, the rise of suicide terrorism, how terrorist organizations function, contemporary terrorist tactics, US counterterrorism policy, and predicts higher levels of terrorist violence utilizing new technologies in the future. The core values of honor, courage, and commitment are seen as important for combating terrorism.
This document discusses terrorism, including defining it as the unlawful use of force against people or property to intimidate governments or populations for political goals. It outlines some terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda, causes of terrorism like religious extremism and poverty, and examples of terrorist attacks over the years such as in Mumbai, London, and Delhi. These attacks have social, political, and economic impacts. Prevention measures discussed include education, security, and unity. Government acts against terrorism are also mentioned.
Terrorism, one of the most widely discussed issues of the present time, remains as one of the least understood aspect. It exudes horror and fascinations, their shocking and unexpected character has captured headlines for years; It has become the most publicized form of political violence. But the serious study of terrorism still remains in its infancy and widely divergent views continue to prevail-with regard to its origins, its true impact on international politics and the forms it may assume in future.
1. Tazkiyah means purification and cleansing of the soul from impurities through various means such as purification of thoughts, actions, beliefs and developing good character as exemplified by Prophet Muhammad.
2. Maintaining proper relations with Allah through acts of worship, and with society by fulfilling obligations, helps purify the soul.
3. Fasting, avoiding excessive food and sleep, controlling one's gaze, limiting interactions with those who may corrupt one, and focusing on acts of remembrance of Allah are means to purify the soul.
1) The document discusses definitions of cyberterrorism since it is a relatively new concept. Cyberterrorism involves unlawful attacks against computers, networks, or stored information to intimidate or coerce for political or social goals.
2) The key factor in determining if an cyber attack is cyberterrorism or just hacking is the intentions and motivations of the attackers - specifically if they have political goals.
3) An example is given of a 14-year-old launching a virus possibly being viewed differently than a terrorist group launching an attack to further specific political objectives by disrupting infrastructure.
Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use of violence against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government for political or social goals. It is a tactic that has been used throughout history to make a point through instilling fear psychologically. There are different types of terrorist groups and motives, and terrorism can involve the use of explosives, firearms, or biological, chemical, and nuclear materials to carry out attacks. While terrorism poses risks, preventing it involves reducing root causes like cultural misunderstandings, promoting human rights, and establishing surveillance and protective systems.
This document discusses terrorism, including definitions, types, causes, methods, and prevention. It defines terrorism as the unlawful use of violence or threats to intimidate for political goals. The types discussed are national, international, state, bio, cyber, eco, nuclear, and narco terrorism. Causes mentioned include injustice, politicians, poverty, illiteracy, media influence, and religion. Methods listed are firearms, explosives, chemicals, biology, and nuclear weapons. Prevention is broken down into primary (education), secondary (surveillance, protection) and tertiary (early detection, rescue, support) levels.
The document discusses the emerging threat of cyber terrorism and how terrorists can use internet-based attacks to cause widespread disruption and damage. It notes that cyber terrorism allows attackers to remain anonymous, has no boundaries, and costs little to perpetrate. Common cyber attack methods include hacking, introducing viruses, website defacing, and denial-of-service attacks. Examples of past cyber terrorist incidents like the 9/11 attacks, 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, and 2008 Mumbai attacks are described. The document emphasizes the importance of prevention through maintaining security software and being cautious online to avoid becoming victims of cyber terrorism.
This document discusses different types of terrorism and examples of terrorist attacks. It defines civil disorder, political terrorism, non-political terrorism, quasi terrorism, limited political terrorism, and official or state terrorism. It also discusses the 2008 Mumbai attacks where Islamist attackers received assistance and support from Pakistan's intelligence agency. The coordinated attacks lasted three days and killed 164 people across several locations in Mumbai, including the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus train station, Oberoi Trident hotel, Taj Mahal Palace hotel, Leopold Cafe, and Nariman House Jewish community center.
This document summarizes information about terrorism from various sources. It discusses the history of terrorism dating back to ancient times, how terrorism has been used by different groups over the centuries for political goals. The document also outlines different types of terrorism such as domestic, international, and methods using firearms, explosives, biological, chemical and nuclear materials. While the 9/11 attacks increased the death rate from terrorism, the overall risk of death from terrorism remains relatively low compared to other causes of death in the United States.
The document discusses the history and nature of terrorism. It notes that terrorism has been used for political ends throughout history, from resistance to Roman occupation to modern nationalist and religious conflicts. While the death rate from terrorism increased after 9/11, it remains much lower than rates from other causes like accidents or disease. The document examines different types, methods, and motives for terrorism, as well as approaches for preventing and responding to terrorist acts.
The document discusses the history and nature of terrorism. It notes that terrorism has been used for political ends throughout history, from resistance to Roman occupation to modern nationalist and religious conflicts. While the death rate from terrorism increased after 9/11, it remains much lower than rates from other causes like accidents or disease. The document examines different types, methods, and motives for terrorism, as well as approaches for preventing and responding to terrorist acts.
Terrorism is defined as unlawful violence that intimidates governments or societies for political, religious, or ideological goals. It has a long history dating back to resistance against the Roman Empire, and modern terrorism emerged in the French Revolution. Terrorism takes various forms such as armed attacks, explosives, and biological or chemical weapons. While prevention requires education, surveillance, and addressing root causes, terrorism continues to threaten societies through deadly attacks like 9/11 and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Victims of terrorism can include direct victims of attacks, as well as secondary and community victims. Terrorism aims to disrupt entire societies, not just those killed or injured. Anyone can become a victim of terrorism regardless of ethnicity, religion or nationality. Children and civilians are often direct targets. While men may be targeted to eliminate opposition, women are sometimes targeted as a process of oppression. There is an international push to provide support services and access to justice for all victims of terrorism.
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Chapter 5 Global Terrorism
NONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM, AND WEAPONS ARE THREE FORCES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, ALL REPRESENTED BY TALIBAN FIGHTERS IN AFGHANISTAN.
Learning Objectives
1. 5.1Recognize that terrorism is a contentious issue that becomes hopelessly muddled by political and military considerations
2. 5.2Review the factors that are conducive to terrorism
3. 5.3Identify the goals, strategies, and weapons of terrorism
4. 5.4Identify the sources of funds that are used for financing terrorism
5. 5.5Review how terrorism adversely affects individuals, nations, and other groups
6. 5.6Summarize five kinds of terrorism
7. 5.7Examine the different ways of combating terrorism
8. 5.8Analyze the fundamental question about the balance between fighting terrorism and protecting democracy within the United States
The Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the grisly murder of an off-duty British soldier in public in London in May 2013 that was filmed on mobile phones as the terrorist waited for police demonstrate a further shift away from centralized terrorist organizations to lone wolf terrorism. This kind of terrorism is conducted by self-motivated independent individuals. The attacks in Boston and London show how difficult it is to prevent lone wolf terrorism.
Successful U.S. counterterrorism measures against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and in Pakistan, combined with failed democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa, have contributed to the shift of global terrorism to Africa. Domestic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is sacrilege,” in northern Nigeria, collaborate with al-Qaeda. The Syrian civil war, chaos in Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal, and the disintegration of law and order in Libya have strengthened terrorism, most notably the group called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which claimed credit for the November 13, 2015 terrorist massacre in Paris.
The growing use of armed drones for targeted killings of suspected terrorists in Yemen, Pakistan, Somalia, Niger, and elsewhere raises many controversial issues. Drones are effective weapons against terrorists. Even though they kill fewer civilians than alternative methods, the loss of innocent civilian lives undermines their use.
Edward Snowden’s leaking of documents showing extensive spying on Americans as well as people and governments around the world by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of America’s counterterrorism strategy raised global concerns about the basic right to privacy. It also has far-reaching consequences for U.S. security and foreign policy.
Osama bin Laden, widely viewed as the embodiment of global terrorism, was killed by U.S. Special Forces on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan. Despite this significant development, the war on terrorism continues. Think about how the escalation of global terrorism affects our daily lives. This global problem is now virtually inseparable from pe.
Terrorism has a significant impact on global politics. Terrorist groups use violence and attacks to create fear in society and force political reactions from governments. Modern terrorism poses many threats as demonstrated by attacks in major cities like Paris in 2015. The rise of groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda has increased terrorism's influence on global affairs, forcing states to rethink policies like immigration, spending, and defense.
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Everyday like 9 11 terrorism timeline in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of terrorism globally and in Nigeria. It defines terrorism and outlines its historical origins dating back to 1948 with Palestinian suicide bombings resisting Israeli occupation. It then discusses the rise of terrorist groups in various countries in the 1970s and the different motivations for terrorism, both by state and non-state actors. The bulk of the document focuses on the rise of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria since 2009, providing a timeline of its bombings targeting government, military, media and religious sites. It analyzes Boko Haram's modus operandi and argues that containment requires improved law enforcement measures like surveillance cameras, DNA databases and international intervention rather than just military options.
International Terrorism, post 9/11 development.RakiBiswal1
This document provides an overview of a lecture on international terrorism. It begins with definitions of terrorism, noting that while definitions vary, they generally center around the use of violence for political aims. It then discusses the history of terrorism dating back to the French Revolution. The document outlines different types of terrorism like new vs old, state vs non-state actors, and categories like nationalist, separatist, and cross-border. It lists some major terrorist organizations like ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Taliban and their activities. The presentation also covers approaches to studying terrorism, methods used by terrorists, and international treaties against terrorism. It directs the audience to read more about these treaties.
War can be defined as an armed conflict between political communities, whether between states or groups within a state. Classical war refers to international conflicts between states, while civil wars occur within states between rival groups. Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence against governments, organizations, or individuals to achieve political, religious, economic, or social goals. In modern wars, the majority of casualties are civilians, not combatants. Wars often have severe and long-lasting psychological and physical impacts on civilians and combatants alike and contribute to issues like post-traumatic stress disorder.
This document provides an overview of the historical origin and definitions of terrorism. It discusses:
- The earliest known terrorist groups dating back to 1st century AD Jewish groups.
- How the term "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror period.
- Definitions of terrorism from legislation in the UK, US, and Canada that involve use of violence for political, religious, or ideological goals.
- Challenges in defining terrorism given different perspectives on what constitutes justified vs unjustified violence.
- Types of terrorism like state-sponsored, bio-, and cyber-terrorism.
Similar to Terrorism preparedness and response (16)
For many years now road accidents in Kenya has been a serial killer taking down thousands of lives every year. Since Covid-19 begun in the year 2020, Kenya has lost on average 5,689 lives through the pandemic. In the year 2007/2008 post-election violence on average 1,300 lives were lost. Coincidentally, between 2020 and 2023(Covid era) on average 16, 685 lives have been lost through road accidents.
Road accidents in the country have caused immense pain to many families, leaving children orphaned, others widowed and whole families deprived of their sole breadwinners, not to forget the thousands of others left with lifelong injuries that remind them of their near brush with death.
According to data from the 2023 economic survey, 3709 lives were lost by December 2023, 4,690 deaths were reported on our roads in 2022 as compared 4,579 in 2021, presenting an increase of 111 fatalities and an increase of 2.4 percent.
Further Statistics from the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) show that as of October 2023, the country reported 3,609 deaths marking an 8.9 per cent drop compared to 2022 where 3,936 fatalities were reported in the same period. This can be attributed to efforts being made by stakeholders to tame road carnage.
NTSA estimates that 3,000 Kenyans die from road accidents every year – costing the country anywhere between 3-5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 83 percent of the fatalities were men, with individuals aged between 30-34 years being most at risk, thus robbing the country of a very productive age bracket. But the World Health Organisation (WHO) puts the figures much higher. Sadly, and clearly as the statistics from NTSA are showing, these numbers have been increasing every year.
Many of the accidents occur over the weekends and holidays with the hours 5:00PM-8:00AM being considered as peak accident hours with drunk driving and carelessness being cited as some of the major causes of these accidents.
The majority of these people who die in these accidents are vulnerable road users – pedestrians, motorcyclists, and cyclists. In addition, nearly one-third of deaths are among passengers – many of whom are killed in unsafe forms of public transportation.
As the country and the globe at large prepares for annual festivities in the month of December, cases of road accidents during this period have been noted to increase as a result of people travelling to different destinations to spend their holidays.
Particularly, the increased activities on Kenyan roads during the month of December have been attributed to the high cases of accidents that are reported during the festive period, with many cases cited to happen as a result of reckless driving.
Road Safety is both an individual and collective responsibility and each citizen should arise and play his/her role without pointing at the government or other institutions. We should build and embrace a culture of road safety by being disciplined and courteous and takin
Since 2006 I have been involved in High School Ministry through My Outreach group Africa Youth Rescue Initiative and under Kenya Students Christian Fellowship and these are great lessons that I have learnt in the field and from Mwalimu Michael Gachohi who is a great mentor in high school ministry.
1. Demography
65% of the population in Kenya is below the age of 18yrs. The majority of our teenagers are in one secondary school or the other.
2. Research findings. In a research a few years ago, the respondents in some urban churches in Nairobi were asked to indicate the age at which they received Christ as their Lord and savior. The final analysis is shown below.
70yrs and above 0%
50 – 69yrs 1%
30 – 49yrs 5%
20 – 29yrs 15%
4 – 19yrs 79%
Where then should we invest our time and resources as a church and as individuals?
3. The opportunity
The students are in school at least 9 months p.a and 9hrs per day for the day scholars. This presents a golden moment to share with them the gospel. I am not advocating that the teacher to use their lesson to preach (although it may be ok once in a while to mention something), rather, we should model the Christian life to the students
A teacher having 16 lessons each of 40 minutes a week, each of 40 students has 25,600 man minutes or 427man hrs or 18 man days with the learners per year. This translates to 44 days p.a. of 24 hrs each. If we do not reach them effectively when in high school, they may eventually become unreachable. We will give an account of what we did with the opportunities God gave us.
4. Cost effectiveness
The students are mostly already organized for you. There is no adverts in the media, no sourcing security etc. the cost is mainly time and some fare. Those involved in organizing evangelism meetings/crusades in churches know how costly an effective meeting is.
5. Impact on church and society.
i. A strong Christian union is very helpful in instilling values and discipline amongst the students
ii. Most decisions made in teenage are lifetime decisions. We should assist in making them decide to follow Christ. That is why cooperates target the youth in their adverts.
Many leaders in the church today, such as Dr David Oginde, the Bishop emeritus of CITAM, & Bishop Mark Kariuki of DC gave their lives to the Lord while in High School. The same applies to innumerable Pastors, Elders and Deacons. The Lord eternally bless the people who took their time to minister to those students.
6. Obedience to the great commission
Mat 28:18 And Jesus came and spoke unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. 19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: 20 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen.
Mar 16:15 And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.
This is not a
The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Bill of Rights provides that every citizen has right to fair labour practices, reasonable working conditions and clean and healthy environment. The history of Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) in Kenya dates back to the 1950s when the need to have a legal instrument to manage the safety, health and welfare of factory employees became indispensable. The then British government adopted the British Factories Act of 1937. The Act was later amended in 1990 to Factories and Other Places of Work Act to widen its scope of coverage to additional workplaces initially not included under the Factories Act of 1937. Kenya has ratified and adopted 49 ILO Conventions out of which ten are OSH-related. The country compiled its first national profile on OSH in 2004, while the most recent one was compiled in 2013 (ILO, 2013). The profile provides labour market insights necessary for creating a safe and healthy workplace ecosystem in the country.
In 2007, the Factories and Other Places of Work Act was repealed and replaced by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (2007), [3] commonly known as OSHA 2007. In the same year, the Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) [4] was enacted. The Occupational Safety and Health Act promotes safety at workplace, preventing work-related injuries and sickness, while protecting third party individuals from being predisposed to higher risk of injury and sickness associated with activities of people at places of work. The Work Injury Benefits Act was enacted to ensure that workers who sustain work-related injuries and contract diseases that are work-related get compensated. Inspection and enforcement systems exist with a bearing to occupational safety, health, and labour inspections. Inspections related to environment at work, such as safety of workplaces, general health and basic welfare of workers are executed by the Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services – DOSHS – to ensure compliance with OSHA (2007). Specifically, the core roles of DOSHS include: inspection of workplaces to foster.
Compliance with safety and health law; measurement of workplace pollutants for purposes of their control; investigation of occupational accidents and diseases and aiming to prevent recurrence; examination and testing of steam boilers, steam and air receivers, lifts, gas cylinders, cranes chains among other lifting equipment; training on OSH, first aid and fire safety; approving of architectural plans of buildings intended to serve as workplaces; medical
An usher is a minister of hospitality and caring in the church. Ushers are considered Levites and therefore the gatekeepers of God’s sanctuary. Ushers, as the ones who stand at the door, greet, and distribute pamphlets, are the ambassadors for the church, and a key part in the Body of Christ. Ushering is a wonderful opportunity to minister to members and visitors by way of our attitude. A smile and a gracious greeting is a very warm welcome to church and by giving everyone a heartfelt welcome, we help set the tone of the congregation. Ushering is also a great way to get to know your church family through assisting and serving them on a regular basis. The ministry of ushering is one of the most crucial because it is one of the most visible in the church. When people come to church they are sometimes burdened, sad or discouraged. Each person, member or newcomer, comes with the hope to have an uplifting experience a time of renewal and celebration and be inspired. The skillful usher helps to make this a reality for those in attendance. The ministry’s purpose is to assist the pastoral staff, to meet, greet and assist visitors and members, to maintain order and reverence and to lead by example.
Duties of the Usher:
1.Greet worshipers, making every attempt to help them feel welcome.
2.Direct members, guests and visitors to find seating in the sanctuary and overflow rooms.
3.Work in conjunction with the deacons to maintain reverence in the sanctuary, worship areas and lobby.
4.Support pastoral staff, fellow ministry leaders, other departments and or worship leaders as needed during the course of services, such as distributing handouts, bulletins, hymnals, delivering messages, etc.
5.Support church events such as concerts, crusades, Week of Prayer and funerals.
6.Receive certain offerings, delivering them promptly to the treasury department of the church
7.Remain alert for any emergency that may arise, relieving the need or contacting the person(s) needed to provide the proper assistance.
8.Direct individuals out of the service/meeting in an orderly fashion (in most instances by row), leaving the auditorium or room ready for the next service or meeting.
The definition of an usher means door keeper but in truth, our churches greatly depend on diversity and magnitude of the many services ushers provide. Each usher and greeter has the opportunity to impact the lives of new and existing people in the church and should be viewed as an extension of the pastor’s hand. In most cases, they provide the first impressions of the church and ministry of the pastor.
Their role is Reaching, Impacting and Touching people's lives.
Church Ushers help create a great hospitality experience that your first time church visitor or long term member will have on a given day.
Most pastors believe that an usher’s/greeter’s performance can make or break the outcome of the service as well as bring a true reflection of how friendly and loving their church really is. Ushers and greeters set the spiritual climate of the service by presenting a joyful attitude, making others feel welcome and comfortable, providing information regarding the church and each department, and make sure that everything is flowing in proper order so that everyone is free to worship without interruption.
Some churches may have their own set of greeters and different set of ushers. Other churches may rely on ushers being the greeters also. Typically a greeter’s role is confined to greeting people while coming into the church and foyer areas. The usher’ role is usually confined to help inside of the sanctuary with seating, offerings, assist the pastor with communion, discipline or noise interventions, as well as safety.
Usher’s/Greeter’s Motto (the 5 T’s):
Teachable, Thoughtfulness, Tactfulness, Timeliness, and Teamwork
1. Teachable. A true usher/greeter should have the spirit and heart to serve people. Every usher/greeter should be willing to be taught and learn ways to improve. Ushers/greeters who are ever-learning can greatly enhance the church, its outreach, and vision of their pastor.
2. Thoughtfulness. Ushers/Greeters should be constantly looking for ways to serve and help others. Opening doors, assisting visitors, being courteous, providing bulletins or other information about the church, etc. If visitors have small children, be sure to let them know of the rest rooms, nursery, children’s church or any other services they may need. Looking for ways to help others, along with their other duties, can bring a positive reflection of the church.
3. Tactfulness. Ushers/Greeters should present themselves in being able to communicate well and have a keen sense of knowing what to say, what to do, and where to direct others as a way to maintain good relations and prevent distractions in the service.
4. Timeliness. Ushers/Greeters should be on time and also timely in bringing assistance to others. An effective usher/greeter does not wait to be asked or wait for others to help but is keenly aware of what is going on in the church and allows the flow of the service to continue without distractions.
5. Teamwork.
The definition of an usher means door keeper but in truth, our churches greatly depend on diversity and magnitude of the many services ushers provide. Each usher and greeter has the opportunity to impact the lives of new and existing people in the church and should be viewed as an extension of the pastor’s hand. In most cases, they provide the first impressions of the church and ministry of the pastor.
Most pastors believe that an usher’s/greeter’s performance can make or break the outcome of the service as well as bring a true reflection of how friendly and loving their church really is. Ushers and greeters set the spiritual climate of the service by presenting a joyful attitude, making others feel welcome and comfortable, providing information regarding the church and each department, and make sure that everything is flowing in proper order so that everyone is free to worship without interruption.
Some churches may have their own set of greeters and different set of ushers. Other churches may rely on ushers being the greeters also. Typically, a greeter’s role is confined to greeting people while coming into the church and foyer areas. The usher’ role is usually confined to help inside of the sanctuary with seating, offerings, assist the pastor with communion, discipline or noise interventions, as well as safety.
Usher’s/Greeter’s Motto (the 5 T’s):
Teachable, Thoughtfulness, Tactfulness, Timeliness, and Teamwork
1. Teachable. A true usher/greeter should have the spirit and heart to serve people. Every usher/greeter should be willing to be taught and learn ways to improve. Ushers/greeters who are ever-learning can greatly enhance the church, its outreach, and vision of their pastor.
2. Thoughtfulness. Ushers/Greeters should be constantly looking for ways to serve and help others. Opening doors, assisting visitors, being courteous, providing bulletins or other information about the church, etc. If visitors have small children, be sure to let them know of the rest rooms, nursery, children’s church or any other services they may need. Looking for ways to help others, along with their other duties, can bring a positive reflection of the church.
3. Tactfulness. Ushers/Greeters should present themselves in being able to communicate well and have a keen sense of knowing what to say, what to do, and where to direct others as a way to maintain good relations and prevent distractions in the service.
4. Timeliness. Ushers/Greeters should be on time and also timely in bringing assistance to others. An effective usher/greeter does not wait to be asked or wait for others to help but is keenly aware of what is going on in the church and allows the flow of the service to continue without distractions.
5. Teamwork. Ushers/Greeters should work as a team, each one working together as a whole. Ushers should work uniformly in receiving offerings, communion, bring order and consistency to the service with both providing a warm and courteous welcome for everyone.
AMBASSADOR STEVE MBUGUA ROAD SAFETY CULTURE CAMPAIGN.pdfAmb Steve Mbugua
A Road Safety Culture
For the last 8 years since 2015, I have been conducting annual Road Safety Campaigns in a mission to lower the traffic accidents statistics. The campaign dubbed #AmbSteveMbuguaRoadSafetyCampaign takes place at different parts of the country.
We have so far lost lives through road accidents in Kenya more than Tripple the number we have lost through Covid-19. Kenya loses on average 4900 lives every year through road traffic accidents. The high rate of road accidents in the world at large is highly worrisome. Many people lost their loved ones on road accidents while many others are injured or disabled. Based on the statistics given by WHO, nearly 1.3 million people die in road accidents each year and on average, 3,287 die daily. More so, 20 to 50 million people are injured or disabled due to road traffic accidents. It is also important to note that road traffic accidents have no respect for anyone or class of people; in other words, rich and poor, young and old etc. are dying in road accidents nearly every day, around the world. Furthermore, it is also known that road traffic accidents constitute the leading cause of death among the youths. For instance, almost 400,000 people under age 25 die in road accidents every year in the world and on average over 1,000 people die per day. The major reason for the high rate of deaths on the road is simply because many road users around the world have not seen road safety as an individual key responsibility. This explains why good road safety culture is almost non-existent in many societies particularly in Africa. Road safety is of prime importance as road accidents are among the biggest causes of deaths in the country. With the number of vehicles on our roads increasing with every passing hour, it’s of vital importance for everyone to have traffic awareness and understand and respect all the road safety rules in Kenya.
Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, skaters, horse riders, and passengers of on-road public transport.
The regular road users include: pedestrians, cyclists, motorists and passengers in public transport. In a simple language, everybody is a road user. Hence, road safety can be described as the methods and measures put in place in order to prevent all road users from being killed or seriously injured.
Traffic Safety Culture includes the values, beliefs, and attitudes that influence road user behaviors and stakeholder actions.
Many people wonder how I met the President Uhuru Kenyatta, Deputy William Ruto, First lady Margret Kenyatta, getting formal invitations to state house etc. It is just the same way Joseph found himself in Potifar's house, it just didn't happen and the means/how God made it happen wasn't the best of experience to Joseph. That is how it happened. Some people doing you wrong to embarrass and frustrate you but God using it as your stepping stone.
Let me just share the first one today and the other experiences later on.
I want to share the path God used to connect me with the First Lady. There was an event at KICC and alot of bad things had consistently happened in the past few months and my wife and I were consistently praying and fasting for God to open another path for me. Life was difficult and sometimes even affording train fare from Githurai to town was a problem. I remember one evening I walked from Ruaraka to Githurai and at some point I broke into tears as I could not get anyone to send me fare.
A day before the KICC event I was very sick and low spirited because of how things were happening around me and my colleagues were busy rehearsing the presentations for the First lady. I had already handed over my resignation and serving my notice actually this was my last day in office. I was not to appear anywhere as a participant or represent the organization in any way. Very nice Power point slides were prepared and all colleagues were in the right mood looking forward to the day. I was not to play any role in the event.
On a Saturday morning everyone headed to KICC and surprises begun. The laptop that had the slides together with LCD Projector got lost and allegations were that I stole them. Of all the people Steve stealing from the office. A laptop, LCD projector and crate of empty bottles of soda missing with allegations being that Steve the born again person stole them. It was very painful as a believer having such allegations made on you. There was confusion and the person who was set to give the presentation refused to do it like 10 minutes to the event. Now, the First lady was there, Governor Kidero, Senator Sonko, CS Health Macharia, US and UK Ambassadors etc.
Immediately I was told to make the presentation which I was not part of the planning team and didn't have a clue of what was to be shared. Immediately I faced the guests, greeted them, made a joke to the First lady and when she laughed I shared a bit of my endevour to see Kenyans embrace a Culture of Safety, my desire to see every Kenyan learn First aid Skills in Primary School and have First Aid introduced in the curriculum. I made a 5 minutes presentation and the First Lady said, 'You are truly an Ambassador of Safety' and they all clapped. As you are aware now in the new curriculum First Aid skills is included in the life skills part of which she promised then to follow up. At the end of the event I was a hero and later when we met in other events and even at
TEENAGE VYBE - CHUKUA HATUA - BADIRISHA HALI.pdfAmb Steve Mbugua
MAMBO VIPI?... I hope you answered me in your heart.
I believe uko poa and if not I strongly hope ukisoma this piece … by the time unamaliza something good will begin to happen kwa life yako. Form hapa nikukupea hope ya life na rada yangu ni very clear lazima upata focus na strategy ya kuconquer.
My Name is Ambassador Steve Mbugua an Intentional Encourager and Ambassador of Safety, am married, father of 3 na niko na bro na pia masiz. By God’s grace I have been through school upto university.
I am an entrepreneur and have 5 companies and many staff na wengi ni mavijanaa… Nimeandika vitabu 5; Christian and motivational books.
Nafanya counseling na pia mimi ni life coach and I am also a mentor to quite a number of people.
I speak in many youth seminars and conferences all over the country and that has given some little knowledge and experience which I can share with you.
As I sit down to talk to you today through this article… sitaki unione kama yule buda ako huko juu na mwenye hashikanishi life ya vijanaa.
Am writing to you as your big brother.
Yes, naweza-kuwa nimekutangulia kidogo but na-feel venye una-feel and I can try to step into your space and reason with you.
In the recent past there has been a big problem kwa shule mob hapa Kenya. Maboys na magirls wali-riot; wakachoma ma dormitories na wengine wakatandika vioo za classrooms na mawe.
You cannot rebuke a generation you didn't counsel. You cannot demand results from a generation you didn't mentor.
Talk is cheap but actions are laborious.
Lazima nijitume kubonga na mavijanaa. Niko hapa tufungue roho tusaidiane.
I read a post kwa group ya our former high school; It was something quite disturbing. The Boys walitoa-fujo hata wakachoma dorm na damage yenye walisababisha was almost worth millions!
So many people have been saying things on the media…
• Unajua kiboko inafaa kurudi…
• Watoi wa siku hizi wame-spoil…
• Wazazi wame-fail ku-instill discipline kwa their
children…
• Pressure ya syllabus especially after Corona’s interruption of the academic calendar is taking a toll on the students….
• Others say you know… teachers should listen to the
concerns za wanafunzi….
ALL THESE ARE IMPORTANT POINTS and I think they need to be carefully considered and addressed. It will take time to look at the systems and to address those issues but there is something you can do for yourself na ujenge future yako. That’s what I want us to talk about!
Nimekaa down nika-feel the need of just reaching out to all the young people in a personal way maybe naweza-share kitu nawewe na it changes your life for good. Utanikubali tu nifungue roho kama big brother.
I am not happy nikikaa kwa hao na ku-watch news… then they report that…Bus moja ilibambwa na ma- students wakitoka shule closing… wanalewa, wanavuta bangi na kuhave-sex ndani ya basi!
You tell me …kama hiyo ina-sound poa….ingekuwa ni daughter yako ako kwa hiyo nganya ungefeel aje?
Mama mmoja aliniambia …
“Mimi nimejaribu kuongelesha my form 3 g
THE POWER OF AN EFFECTIVE CHURCH HOSPITALITY CULTURE.pdfAmb Steve Mbugua
From your parking lot heroes, to the way you present announcements, your guests should feel that you were expecting them and that you seek to honor God by honoring them.
Intentionally creating environments and culture that is organized and authentic helps your guests feel you have been anticipating their arrival.
Your church’s hospitality ministry to your guests begins before your guests even visit your church.
Church hospitality, or guests services, cannot ever just be a few department members thing, it has to be a culture thing. When it becomes a fundamental part of your culture, your members, who are out in the community every day, are your hospitality ambassadors. Your community must know you’re there and that you’re an active participant.
For someone to feel comfortable at your church, he needs to make a connection, build a relationship, and feel welcomed. People need to feel that this church is their church. This is even more important than our teaching and doctrine (which is essential, too!). Have you ever wondered why the Mormons are growing and are so popular, even with a corrupt theological system? Because they know how to treat people! When you walk into a Mormon Temple, you are welcomed; you feel they care for you! You may overlook the illogical and false teachings because you are with family, people who love you and who are coming across as authentic. People need to feel validated, and they need a sense of belonging. The Church is to fill this role, but all too often, other things that are corrupt fill in that gap. That is why drug abuse is so rampant and why you see high end vehicles being towed on Sundays. People will find a place to belong; let us make them welcome in our church!
Most conservative evangelical and reformed Christians assume since we have good teaching, and the Holy Spirit is in our lives, we do not need to bother with care. This is contradictory to Scripture. A week does not go by that I do not talk with someone at different churches who tells me they attended worship services for weeks, months, even years, and nobody has ever talked to them! When this happens, we become the backdoor; people will leave our church because they never developed connections and relationships because people did not care or reach out to them! Some people are bold and friendly and make those connections naturally themselves, while others are more reserved and others need to go to them. Will you be the one to go out of your way to give a kind word and an invite? You are the person who is called to reach out. If you think, "Hey, I do not have the gift of hospitality!"-most of us do not; however, we are still called to do so. The people with the gift of hospitality will be better at it, and motivate the rest of us to do it.
Our skills of being friendly will make the difference in whether a person makes this church a one-time visit, or returns to become an active member (Proverbs 17:17a).
Understanding how people feel when they visit
For more than a decade I have been serving as a church usher both at the Moi University Christian Union and different worship assemblies, as well as in my career as an emergency first responder in most cases heading the protocol teams during different occasions. My slogan has always been ‘First In, Last Out’
The definition of an usher means door keeper but in truth, our churches greatly depend on diversity and magnitude of the many services ushers provide. Each usher has the opportunity to impact the lives of new and existing people in the church and should be viewed as an extension of the pastor’s hand. In most cases, they provide the first impressions of church and ministry of the pastor.
The ministry of ushering is a crucial part of worship because it is one of the most visible ministries in the Church. In Christ, you have received God’s unconditional love, and, in Christ, you are called to extend that same unconditional love to others. Although an usher’s love is no stronger than the love found in the whole congregation of the body of Christ, nevertheless the usher performs a major role in ensuring that people see and experience that love.
An usher is a spiritual ambassador for the local church – God’s ordained and organized body of believers. The usher serves as a “first representative” of Jesus Christ for a worship service.
Ushers are a tremendous force in setting the tone for worship and helping to prepare the people to hear and respond to the Word of God.
The purpose of ushering in church is not merely to serve people, as in a theater or restaurant. Its purpose is to serve God. When the ushers see to it that an atmosphere of reverence and order is maintained before, during, and after the service, they do it for God. When they usher the worshippers to their seats, they do it for God. When they gather the offerings, they serve God. What they do, they do not "as unto men, but unto God." They are a part of the total congregation which presents itself before God to worship Him.
While ushering is important, and its importance must be emphasized, the ushers themselves must not have or convey a feeling of personal importance and pride. Let him memorize and apply the Third Beatitude, "Blessed are the meek." Let him learn of our Lord to be "meek and lowly in heart." He is a servant of God. His work is important in its relationship to God and the worship of God, but personally he must not feel proud and important.
"Whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as unto the Lord, and not unto men; knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ." Col. 3: 23, 24.
The role of a church usher is to help your first time guests, repeat visitors, and members experience the sacredness and joy of a worship service.
I believe that an usher’s performance can make or break the outcome of the service as well as bring a true reflection of how friendly and loving the church really is. Ushers set the spiritual climate of the
Ushers’ Factor - Reasons Visitors Return to Your Church.
There is a great end time revival coming and in Africa people will love God more and be committed to kingdom matters. You will see a lot of revival meetings, crusades, conferences and tents meetings across nations. Very big mega churches will be built and there will be manifestations of the power and glory of God.
Because this will happen, Pastors and Churches should prepare themselves to be part of this great revival that will be accompanied by signs, wonders and a lot of people flowing into these meetings.
Church Ushers are a key component in this dynamic move and so they should be well prepared and equipped to embrace the change, bearing that the congregation comes with different personalities, psychological needs and expectations. Times are changing so fast and so Church ushers should be evolving with time. They should keep ablest with current trends, information and technology as well as people skills.
“Work hard so you can present yourself to God and receive his approval. Be a good worker, one who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly explains the word of truth.” 2 Timothy 2:15
A church usher is a person who helps ensure a smoothly running church service and who ministers to people in a variety of practical ways.
When you serve at church, you’re not “just” a volunteer. You’re given responsibilities and expectations beyond performing basic tasks. A good usher comes prepared mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually and does his/her duty knowing that he\she is accountable to God and the priest.
"Whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as unto the Lord, and not unto men; knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ." Col. 3: 23, 24.
From my personal experience in visiting churches, church ushering ministries that have thought through their procedures and trained their church users in “how we do things” leave a tremendously positive first impression on their guests. They make them feel respected, loved, appreciated, recognized and cared for.
The appearance of competent team and organization helps your visitors feel less anxious about how to “go with the flow” because the friendly church usher is there to guide.
Ushers should always be Alert, Awake, and Aware of the surrounding and Environment so that incase any Health, Safety or Security issue arise they are well informed and prepared to respond swiftly.
Some Of The Current Trends In Church Ushering Today
• Guiding the church attendees to wash their hands, sanitize, check their temperature and put on the masks well.
• Security checks at the main entrances.
• Watching around to minimize the use of mobile phones to take photos and videos during main service as this causes distractions.
• Handling cases of disorderly dressing.
• Supervision and assistance at the nursing room.
• Ensuring vehicles are well packed and taken care of.
• Dealing with violence inside and around the
Protocol is defined as the system of rules and acceptable behavior used at official ceremonies and occasions or a code of ceremonial forms and courtesies of procedures accepted as proper and correct in official dealing.
It is a system of rules that explain the correct conduct and procedures to be followed in formal situations.
It is the formal system of rules for correct behavior on official occasions.
A code of courtesies, proper practices, set of rules regarding church worship service.
In the scriptures we find a good definition from 1 Corinthians chapter 14 vs 40 (NKJV) says “Let all things be done decently and in order”
Spiritual Protocol is a reference to the respect, honor and deference due at all times to those in authority in the House of God.
In event planning, protocol encompasses the formalities, etiquette, and guidelines one should adhere to when hosting or interacting with government officials or other organizational leaders.
It is a combination of good manners and communication skills that lead to a competent and polite event, be it coronation, inauguration or ceremony.
Special procedures are used in politics, at the official level and anywhere where attendants expect to mark their status, get respect and feel responsible for their role in the society.
A church protocol officer is a person who makes sure that all the religious ceremonies, including memorial services, funerals, weddings, meetings, and other services are observed according to the proper instructions.
A church protocol officer is perfect at knowing the etiquette rules. This person or team of people ensures that the traditions carried are honoured, everything runs in the correct order, and every service is distributed according to the fundamental rules of the house of God.
Protocol officers are experts in the field of protocol and etiquette, and they have a deep understanding of the complex rules and customs that govern the behavior of individuals in professional settings. They are responsible for ensuring that protocol is followed during events, meetings, and other occasions, and they work closely with event planners, executives, and other stakeholders to ensure that everything runs smoothly.
One of the main responsibilities of a protocol officer is to coordinate logistics for events and meetings. This includes arranging transportation, accommodations, and meals for attendees, as well as managing the schedule and agenda for the event. Protocol officers also work closely with event planners to ensure that the event is held in a suitable location and that all necessary arrangements are made for attendees.
In addition to coordinating logistics, protocol officers also play a key role in managing protocol during events. This includes managing the seating arrangements for attendees, overseeing the introductions and presentations, and ensuring that everyone follows proper etiquette and protocol.
A safety culture is characterized by shared beliefs, values and attitudes regarding safety. It is a subset of overall organizational culture. Key aspects of a positive safety culture include employees understanding the importance of safety and exhibiting safe behaviors like wearing PPE. Developing a strong safety culture should be a top priority as it has the greatest impact on reducing accidents. Objectives of a safety culture include connecting all employees around reducing incidents through following not just procedures but also being accountable for safety. Management must be committed to enforcing standards while employees follow and ensure compliance. Developing a culture of safety is an ongoing process that requires continuous efforts like training, feedback, and recognizing safe behaviors.
AMBASSADOR STEVE MBUGUA ROAD SAFETY CAMPAIGN.pdfAmb Steve Mbugua
My mission is to help build a culture of Safety and as an Ambassador of Safety and wellness, this is one value that I live for and where need be can die for. We need to save these lives that needlessly die because of cultures that can be changed. If every road user was safety conscious we wouldn’t be losing these lives or having people become disabled because of accidents.
Safety is both an individual and collective responsibility and each and every one of us has a responsibility to help bring sanity and a culture of safety on our roads.
Let us be resilient, vigilant, proactive, responsible, careful, and alert always. Let us SAY NO to road and traffic related accidents and SAY YES to discipline, courtesy, strict adherence to Road Traffic Rules and embrace the best practices in road safety and together we can build a culture of road safety and reduce these statistics. It is possible and can be done.
If I took the initiative alone and with my hard earned money to help save a life and without any external incentives, you can do it. Our institutions can do it. Your church can do it. As a family you can do it. Your company can do it. Your chama can do it. As a community you can do it. Together we can join hands to help build a culture of Safety and Wellness at all places all the time. Safety is as simple as ABC(Always Be Careful) and starts with Me/You/Us.
#SafetyFirst #SafetyAlways #SafetyAllTheTime
Amb Steve Mbugua – Ambassador of Safety and Wellness
www.ambstevembugua.co.ke
A POSITIVE SAFETY CULTURE
A positive safety culture is a shared set of values and practices that guide the behavior of all employees.
It is what the employees do and how they act even when nobody is watching.
CAUSES OF WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS
1. Unsafe Conditions – faulty equipment and dangerous environment
2. Unsafe Acts – actions, attitudes, habits and practices
90% of all workplace accidents are caused by unsafe acts.
Good leaders know that safety rules and equipment are critical to preventing on the job accidents, lost productivity and big loss to a company’s bottom line
HOW TO IMPROVE COMPANY’S SAFETY CULTURE
1. Ensure all top management are on board
2. Create a safety committee made up of employees from all departments and levels
3. Conduct a companywide assessment of your safety culture. This will help identify what is working, what training is needed and help the safety committee to determine the goals and monitor the company’s progress.
4. Training and awareness – Hold sessions with management and supervisors first then use team meetings and regular companywide communication and periodic updates to Train every employee to keep the momentum going. For Training, remember to not only conduct Health and Safety training but also team building and hazard identification and always encourage open communication throughout the process.
5. Incentivize – The safety committee should create a system of accountability and recognition.
Incentives for safe behavior can range from loud of applause in a company, gifts, awards, promotion etc
At the end of the day a positive safety culture is up to all of us and it benefits all of us.
An unsafe act is one man’s job that can put everybody into a disaster, a safe act is everyone’s business.
By: Amb Steve Mbugua – Ambassador of Safety and Wellness
www.ambstevembugua.co.ke
INTRODUCING MY 'BEHIND THE SCENES' BOOK
This book is an inspiration that came to me years ago, one Saturday evening while seated at Huruma Grounds in Eldoret. I had countless hard questions in my mind about life, because of many years of living in reproach, suffering, and lack, being despised, molested and stuck in the league of the less fortunate. I had a deep desire to break this yoke and change the trend, so that I could live fruitful life as I pursue my purpose. Instead, I found myself going round and round in Eldoret town from morning to evening meditating and asking myself dozens of questions. Why am I always a victim of circumstances? Occasionally walking from disaster to catastrophe, crawling from a trench into a pit, wading from stormy seas to shark attack. Whenever something good occurred two bad things would miraculously follow.
I have been wondering, why bad things happen to good people and why sometimes life seems to be very brutal and unfair to others. It is through many inquisitive days and hours without getting answers, that I came to the conclusion that; “God is working behind the scenes in my favour.”
This is the genesis of the title of this book. Since that time I have been recording my life’s experiences. By the grace of God, His invisible hand lifted and shifted me from a street boy to dining table with Kings. He mercifully lifted me from being the dullest pupil in class to a Pure Economics university graduate. I can’t believe it to date. He changed me from a stammerer to a motivational speaker, coach and instructor of thousands. He plucked me from a hawker selling stolen onions on the streets to owning group of companies. He elevated me from the level of handling coins to millions, and sure enough from grace to glory.
This is a collection of thrills, episodes and incidents that will make you realize that God can change your situation in a mighty way that will perplex you. You could be a widow, single mother, disabled, having a chronic illness, taken years without getting a marriage partner or you have tried everything but it failed. You might be at the point of giving up. Just know that like the snake of bronze, God will lift up and restore you as a testimony to others going through similar situations. You will be God's 'FOR EXAMPLE' and Epistle. When they look at you they will be encouraged and healed.
Whatever you are going through is not a surprise to God. You are work in progress and God is working at the background fixing your case and setting your stage
I wrote this book to unfold this misery and will take you through scenes, events, case studies, thrilling and real life testimonies with virtues that will help you appreciate and understand the workings of God. The book will give you insights and a picture of how God works behind the scenes.
To get the book, please click https://www.ambstevembugua.co.ke/books/behind-the-scenes-2/
INTRODUCING MY 'OVERCOMING ALL ODDS' BOOK
Anyone who has ever become anything worth writing home about has had to handle fire and brimstone with naked hands, boldly face all obstacles and adversities with courage and determination to score handful of victories. One of the most horrible feelings is being unfit and looking bulky. Shedding dozen kilograms, lowering the cholesterol levels and reducing the BMI is serious work. You have to endure regular and disciplined exercise, embrace new lifestyles and moment of ridicule before you get that appealing body shape that is fit and admired by many. Just as we develop our physical muscles through overcoming opposition - such as lifting weights and regular exercise - we develop our character muscles by overcoming challenges and adversity. These odds are very instrumental in shaping our character and personality in pursuit of our destiny. Some of them leave scars, causes loss and paint a groom picture of a hopeless destiny but faced with a positive attitude they become a story of victory and a purpose full life. You shouldn't give up. Fight for yourself and who you are. You've got to go through the worst times in life to get the best. You’ve got to look at challenges with a victor’s mentality. Purpose that the adversity will not leave you bitter but better. The fire will not consume you but refine you to a pure and precious jewel.
I have been a member for many years of a Committee known as the Nairobi Security group which comprises of a team of experts from Police, Fire Brigade, UN security Council, National Disaster Management Unit, National Disaster Operation Center, Ambulance companies among other safety and security agencies and when sharing with the experts who you might think are enjoying every bit of their living you realize that they all have a fair share of tribulations that they go through. This includes even the Governors, Cabinet Secretaries, Bishops and even the Presidents. Living in the State House or riding a personal jet doesn’t guarantee you immunity to pain and loss. Even the accomplished suffer setbacks sometimes. The more bitter the lessons, the greater the successes will be. Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of overcomers. You have to Trace it! Face it! Overcome it!
In my past writings more so in my Book Behind the Scenes, I have shared many case studies on how I had to overcome odds in life to later realize that there was a glorious outcome ahead. My life as a school dropout and street boy was a preparation moment for me to receive the spirit of humanity and service to mankind which today is a value that I live for. To be frustrated by my employers and supervisors was a catalyst for me to quit employment and establish the now Busara Investment Group which has created opportunities for many and impacted lives. Every single thing that has ever happened in your life is preparing you for a moment that is yet to come.
Nothing just happens, be strong! Strive and
INTRODUCING MY 'DARE NOT QUIT' BOOK
If you do not fight for what you want now, you will fight against what you don’t want later. Everything you have ever wanted is on the other side of fear. To gain anything substantial in life you have to do something that requires you to go an extra mile. To win a marathon race you have to undergo thorough training, disciplined lifestyle and strategize. You have to change and set your mindset on achievement and wining.
My early school life was punctuated by immense mediocrity. I was a damn dull short boy with a low self-esteem, to make matters worse I was also a stammerer; other kids would mock me whenever I opened my mouth to speak. My academic performance in class was wanting, I was always at the bottom of the class, and I severally quit school to be employed as a shamba boy (a gardener) but my mother always intervened forcedly to stop it. Severally she would punish me for not reporting to school even after I left home in the morning with other students to go to school. I would hide in the maize plantations from morning up to the time other pupils came back in the evening from school.
My situation worsened when I joined secondary school, I could not even defeat one student in class. That was a farfetched dream. I was an academic dwarf.
In 1999 as a form two student I decided to quit school to become a street boy roaming on the streets of Nakuru town. I went through a four year period of reckless lifestyle; I grew dreadlocks, abused drugs and got involved in criminal activities. However, deeper inside I knew that I had a great destiny and even envisioned a time when I would be blessed and become a pillar to many. I never gave up despite the fact that the environment was pushing me to destruction. In August 2013, I gave my life to Christ and in the following year I went back to school and joined the Anestar High School from form two. I dared not quit. It was a serious risk. Look at this, a very dull young man having been in the streets for four years, going back to school without school fees! That was a risk in itself. There was a reason to despise myself, there was fear of failure and the fear of unknown, but I mastered it, and through my high school life I worked smart and hard regardless of my weak academic status. My effort yielded fruits, I emerged the fourth best student in the final KCSE Exams in that year. I was determined to excel. So I joined the university and pursued a degree in Pure Economics.
I made a deliberate choice not to quit but to pursue my dreams and fight for my dreams, I eventually became the person I envisaged. It doesn’t matter what stage you are in life right now. It doesn’t matter how young or old you are. At any point in time you can decide to change your life and go for your dreams and aspirations. Would it be taking a risk? Perhaps. Anytime we take a step into the unknown we are taking a risk. That’s why it’s called the unknown. So, what if you don’t like the unknown when you
THE ART OF EFFECTIVE CHURCH USHERING TRAINING MANUALAmb Steve Mbugua
This manual will help you build a great ushering, security, protocol, sanctuary keepers, hospitality and catering team.
Your ushers can make or break your worship service.
The difference between a grumpy, distracted, and untrained usher compared to a cheerful, engaged, and “serve you with a smile” usher is huge and the conversion from weak to a strong team will be made easier using this manual.
I’ve always loved the ushering team; it has always been one of my favorite ministries to lead.
The usher’s role is so important but often undervalued, under trained, and less than organized.
Your ushers are a tremendous force in setting the tone for worship and helping to prepare the people to hear and respond to the Word of God.
This manual will equip your team to serve with the right attitude, passion, love, wisdom, understanding, skills, revelation and spirit of excellence.
Sethurathnam Ravi: A Legacy in Finance and LeadershipAnjana Josie
Sethurathnam Ravi, also known as S Ravi, is a distinguished Chartered Accountant and former Chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). As the Founder and Managing Partner of Ravi Rajan & Co. LLP, he has made significant contributions to the fields of finance, banking, and corporate governance. His extensive career includes directorships in over 45 major organizations, including LIC, BHEL, and ONGC. With a passion for financial consulting and social issues, S Ravi continues to influence the industry and inspire future leaders.
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
4. Terrorism
Is an unlawful act of violence
Intimidates governments or societies
Goal is to achieve political, religious or
ideological objectives
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 4
5. “…warfare seeks to conquer territories
and capture cities;
terrorism seeks to hurt a few people and
to scare a lot of people in order to make
a point” NYTimes, 1/6/2000
“Putting the horror in the minds of the
audience, and not necessarily on the screen”
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 5
10. Early History of Terrorism
Terror has been used to achieve political ends
and has a long history
As early as 66 – 72 A.D. Resistance to Roman
occupation, terrorists killed Roman soldiers and
destroyed Roman property.
Terror was used to resist occupation.
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 10
11. Early History of Terrorism
Suicidal martyrdom represented being killed
by invaders which resulted in rewards in
heaven. It dates back thousands of years in
most societies and religions.
Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed
as a religious act.
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 11
12. Modern History of Terrorism
The term “terrorism” was coined in the French
Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794). .
This was the birth of Government-Sponsored
Terrorism
The line between terrorism and political violence
is often blurred
Goal: of State terrorism was to eliminate
opposition, consolidate power, e.g., the Vanished
in Argentina
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 12
13. Modern History of Terrorism
Anarchists were seen in the late 19th
century
Individual terrorism
The use of selective terror against an
individual in order to bring down a
government, e.g. Lincoln assassination
Propaganda by deeds …terrorists acts
Terrorism became tool of communication,
propaganda
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 13
14. Modern History of Terrorism:
Middle 20th
century, terrorism became a tool
used by both sides of colonial conflicts.
The last 20 years of of the 20th
century
religious based terrorism became more and
more frequent.
Another format is economic terrorism, which
destructs industry and agriculture system.
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 14
15. Modern History of Terrorism
Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare.
Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently
random/unpredictable violence by an weak
military against a stronger military to gain
advantage. (Allen, 1997).
The key of Asymmetric warfare is using
unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat
(Craig, 1998).
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 15
16. Terrorism conclusions
Terrorism is an ancient tactic.
Terrorism is a mode of communication.
Terrorism is a special type of violence and
Asymmetrical warfare.
Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflicts and
war.
Terrorism is designed to make a point, through
psychological means, fear.
Terrorism is a political act.
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 16
17. Anatomy of a Bioterrorist Attack
Preparation
5 years
Execution 1 day
Diagnosed case 3 days
First Death
Multiple deaths
Terrorism takes much
Time and planning
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 17
18. Property of Terrorism
Terrorism is different from regular crime
because of its strong political properties
The definition of terrorism can vary from
people to people due to the differences in
standpoint
One person’s terrorist can be another’s
fighter
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 18
19. Prevention of Terrorism
Primary prevention:
Education!!!
Understand the differences in cultures,
religions, beliefs and human behaviors
Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all
human beings, not just “my group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 19
20. Prevention of Terrorism
Secondary prevention:
Establish surveillance and monitoring system
on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 20
21. Prevention of Terrorism
Tertiary prevention
Early detection of the sources
Prevent the extension of impairments
Rescue the survivors
Console the rest of the population
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 21
22. Types of Terrorism
Domestic terrorism involves groups whose
terrorist activities are directed at elements of
our government without foreign involvement.
Oklahoma City is a primary example.
International terrorism involves groups
whose terrorist activities are foreign-based
and/or directed by countries or groups
outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an
example of International Terrorism.
the Center for National Security StudiesSteve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 22
23. Methods of Terrorism
Firearms
Explosive and Incendiary Devices
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Nuclear Weapon
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 23
24. From Emergency Net NEWS Archives, 1994
Document Courtesy of the U.S. Postal Inspector's Office
Suspicious Thing to Look for
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 24
25. Chemical Agents
Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people,
destroy livestock or ravage crops
Some agents are odorless and tasteless
They can have an immediate or a delayed
effect
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 25
26. Example of Chemical Terrorism
Sarin nerve agent attacked the Tokyo
subway system in March 20, 1995
12 people were killed and 53 were
seriously injured
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 26
27. Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 27
Biological terrorism
Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to
produce illness, death and terror
The paths of infection can be contaminated
water, food, air and packages.
Microbes
Bacteria
Viruses
Toxins
28. Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 28
Is this something new?
14th Century – Kaffa
City on Crimean Peninsula
Hurled plague infested corpses over walls
of city to infest it
29. Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 29
Is this something new?
18th
Century French and Indian War
British Officers gave blankets from smallpox
victims to Indians aligned with French
Caused an epidemic in tribes
Effective means of incapacitating group
30. Motives for bioterrorism
Incident Motive
Polish resistance Resistance against foreign occupation
Mau Mau Resistance against colonialism
Dark Harvest Send a political message
Rajneeshes Win a local election by incapacitating the
non-Rajneeshee voters
AUM Shrinkyo Seize control of Japan through mass
murder, causing fear and apprehension
Dr.Suzuki Revenge for unfair treatment he received
at the medical training
Anthrax(USA) Inculcate fear
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 30
31. Responses to Bioterrorism
Early detection of active and potential cases
Emergency measures to save lives
Prevention and management of secondary
contamination
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 31
32. Nuclear Terrorism
Spreading of radioactive materials through
ventilation system or explosion
Disable nuclear reactor cooling system and
cause leakage of radioactive materials
Detonate a nuclear weapon
No use of nuclear material for non-military
terrorism has ever occurred
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 32
33. Proportion of death from terrorism
in total death in the United States
Average
death per
year
From
terrorism
From all
causes
Proportion
(%)
1990’s 8 2534203 0.0003
2001 2893 2404624 0.12
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 33
34. Risk of Dying
Smoking 10 cigarettes a day One in 200
All natural causes age 40 One in 850
Road accident One in 8,000
Playing soccer One in 25,000
Homicide One in 100,000
Terrorism attack in 2001 One in 100,000
Hit by lightning One in 10,000,000
Terrorism attack in 1990’s One in 50,000,000
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 34
35. Death Rate of Various Causes in
The world and that from Terrorism
Heart disease* One in 400
Cancer * One in 500
Cerebrovascular diseases* One in 2,000
Accidents * One in 3,000
Diabetes* One in 4,000
Suicide* One in 10,000
Homicide* One in 20,000
Terrorism in 2001 One in 100,000
Terrorism in 1990’s One in 50,000,000
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 35
36. What occupation has had the greatest
risk of death from Terrorism?
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 36
37. Why did terrorism draw considerable
attention in 2001?
The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely
low in 1990’s, and was still relatively low
compared with some diseases in 2001
But the death rate increased by 500 times in
2001 due to Sept. 11
Overall the death rate of terrorism has not been
high
Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear
engulfed the United States and world
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 37
38. Conclusion
Terrorism is unlawful act
Terrorism has a long history of being used to
achieve political, religious and ideological
objectives
Terrorism can be conducted through
firearms, explosive devices and biological,
chemical, nuclear materials
Even through the events of 2001,the risk of
dying from terrorism has remained much
lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking,
and alcoholic beverage.
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 38
39. The only thing we
have to fear is
fear itself. FDR, 1933
Fears are educated into us & can,
if we wish, be educated out. — Karl A. Menninger
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 39
40. Be Alert! Be Aware! Be
Awake!
If you are not safety conscious, you may
become unconscious. Safety starts with
you/me/us!
Steve Mbugua TM,DS,SJA 40
Editor's Notes
The objective of this lecture is to present some scientific facts about terrorism, so that teachers can educate the next generation, to understand terrorism and help to prevent terrorism. This is a template lecture for teachers. Please feel free to add or take out any slides. For example, you might want to include information about terrorism in your country, rather than the examples used in this lecture. The lecture is designed to be apolitical. The objectives are to 1) provide information to students about terrorism in general, 2) to show that terrorism has had a long history, 3) to demonstrate that terrorism has taken place in all areas of the world and 4 to demonstrate that terrorism although scaring many people is very rare. We must be concerned about terrorism, however, we cannot be paralyzed due to fear.
We have all seen pictures of terrorism during the past year since Sept. 11. This has frightened all of us, and lead to major changes in our society. The Homeland of the United States has been invaded, and we want to feel safe again. Terrorism has taken place in many other regions across the world. This is a lecture for Sept. 11, it overviews what we know about terrorism.
Little girl image:
http://www.corona.bell.k12.ca.us/teach/swa/girl.gif
Plane image:
http://www.ehr.nsf.gov/ehr/ehr/science_home/images/plane.gif
Terrorism is a political act designed by groups to have their message heard.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
Often we talk about terrorism, without really defining it. Terrorism is not warfare, the goals are different. Terrorists want to seed a political message into our minds, murder, and violence are secondary. Hitchcock is a perfect spokesperson for terrorism as he is the master of terrorism. Terrorist make us afraid, which makes them heard.
On Sept. 11 the Twin Towers received a body blow by a terrorist. Please close your eyes and think about what you felt. Where were you? What type of emotions swept over you? Were your afraid? Most people were.
We want to prevent our children, and us from being afraid. Educators, teachers, and mentors need the best possible information quickly to prevent the buildup of fear, and to dissipate fear after it has arisen. In many ways fear, for the survivors, is more disruptive than death.
The major destructive force of terrorism is fear. However, we can reduce fear by building up our knowledge of terrorism.
The teacher in the classroom teaches, and reduces fear. S/he is a calming influence, siphoning off the fear. By learning the history and facts about terrorism, we can understand how best help ourselves, family and friends.
Classroom image:
http://www.west.asu.edu/itweb/services/classroom.gif
Terror in many ways has been the weapon of groups who want their message heard, and want a political change, but do not feel that they have a way to be heard or have a voice. Terrorism is viewed as a means to be heard.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
Terrorism has been viewed as honorable by the side who practices it. It is viewed as a crime against humanity by the victims of the countries attacked.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
.
Governments will sometimes try to suppress dissent. In the Military regime in Argentina in the 1960, young protestors sometimes even your age would sometimes “disappear” because of their views. The goal was to eliminate dissent, and maintain power.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
Anarchists are those who rebel against the ruling power. One of their tools has been the killing of public officials, e.g. the killing of a president or ruler.
Terrorism has become a statement.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
There has been much discussion of Asymmetric Warfare. This is where a superior power is confronted with an unconventional, much smaller enemy. However, the enemy has a fervent belief in a cause, but attacks using new, often never used before approaches often to the surprise of the dominant force.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
We were surprised on Sept. 11. However, it is very important to recognize that terrorism is not new, and it’s primary goal is not to kill, but to communicate a message. Terrorism is a form of violence, and has been used throughout history. Terrorism most certainly has a psychological impact, and is a very powerful political act. It gets people heard.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt
The problem is that few recognize the time course of terrorism. There is a long, protracted time period of planning, followed by a short execution phase and short diagnosis phase. The terrorist on Sept. 11 prepared for almost 5 years before finally attacking. The time between execution and first death is typically small. For example, if a nuclear devise were to be detonated, death would arise within seconds. We want to be able to intervene to prevent children and adults from experiencing a terrorist attack, and death.
Just because of its uncertainty, it is hard to collect unbiased data on terrorism and it is hard to propose specific prevention measures. Here we present the general approaches of prevention from the epidemiological and public health point of view.
Recent Trends in Domestic and International Terrorism, the Center for National Security Studies, http://nsi.org/Library/Terrorism/tertrend.html
Chemicals have also been used in terrorist attacks.
Recent Trends in Domestic and International Terrorism, the Center for National Security Studies, http://nsi.org/Library/Terrorism/tertrend.html
Source:Disaster and hospital functions, Genro Ochi M.D., Ph.D. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec0581/016.htm
Picture from: www.jal.co.jp/information/ branch/index-e.html
Source: Chemical and Biological Terrorism, an overview of the threat. Phillip L. Coule, M.D.
http://www.pemba.utk.edu/bt101/Chem%20and%20Biol%20Terrorism-%20Dr.%20Coule.ppt
The history of bioterrorism goes back a very long time. The first record of bioterrorism was 600 years ago.
Source: Chemical and Biological Terrorism, an overview of the threat. Phillip L. Coule, M.D.
http://www.pemba.utk.edu/bt101/Chem%20and%20Biol%20Terrorism-%20Dr.%20Coule.ppt
World-wide biologic warfare is not new. As early as the 14th century, plague infested corpses were used as weapons.
Source: Chemical and Biological Terrorism, an overview of the threat. Phillip L. Coule, M.D.
http://www.pemba.utk.edu/bt101/Chem%20and%20Biol%20Terrorism-%20Dr.%20Coule.ppt
In the United States at the time of the French and Indian War, the British provided tainted blankets to Indians with the goal of disabling the opposing forces.
Source: the History of Bioterrorism. Fred T. Muwanga M.D. Msc
Reasons for the use of bioterrorism was varied, and not much different for other weapons systems. A primary reason that they were used is that in general the weapon system was inexpensive, and could wreak havoc on an enemy not only as a result of morbidity, but also fear. These systems have some major disadvantages, however, in that one needed a high level of expertise in order to produce them. Also, targeting the systems is most difficult, thus there was the fear of wiping out ones own troops when attacking the enemy.
Bioterrorism can be attacked from several different levels. This presents the public health perspective whereby the response begins at the finding of the first case. A complimentary view is that of law enforcement where prevention begins before any event takes place, in the 5 year period of preparation. This could be a simple as identifying people who want to take flying lessons but who do not want to learn how to land, or those purchasing Anthrax from web sites. Both of these approaches have to go hand and hand to prevent attacks.
Terrorist acts are episodic, not continuous. Usually death from terrorism only occupies a very small proportion in all causes of deaths. When serious attack occurs, like in 2001, the death rate may be increased a lot.
Total International Terrorist Attacks, 1981-2000. Department of State Publication, Office of the Secretary of State, Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counter terrorism, April 2001.
http://www.usis.usemb.se/terror/rpt2000/totaluscasualties.html
* Used projected data of year 2000
National Vital Statistics Report, Vol.49 No. 12, Oct 9, 2001
National mortality data:
http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortICD9J.shtml
Death from September 11th:
http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.remains/index.html
The purpose of this slide is to have some general comparison between the risk of terrorism attack and that of other more familiar causes, so that we can have a general feeling of the level of the risk of terrorism. Data on other risks is adopted from the BMA Guide to Living with Risk. British Medical Association, Penguin Books, 1987.
It is not scientifically correct to compare the general estimate on risks and the specific death rate of one cause from one year. Also, lightning may be more predictable and random than terrorism attack. Again, this slide just wants to show the general position of the risk of terrorism attack. The point is : there are more important health threats to worry about and we can do something about it.
If you want to compare the death rate from different causes, the CDC and WHO web site can provide more information. The following slide is an example from USA
Death rate of terrorism was calculated from the data of U.S. population and the deaths from terrorism
Resident Population Estimates of the United States by Age and Sex: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999, with Short-Term Projection to November 1, 2000.
http://eire.census.gov/popest/archives/national/nation2/intfile2-1.txt
http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.remains/index.html
* Age adjusted death rate in 2000. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 12, Oct 9, 2001.
It is important to put risk in context. Most people would think the great risk is a pilot, police man, or fire man. The occupation at great risk is that of President of the US where 3/44 presidents have died from terrorists. The risk for a president of the US, it over 50 million times great than for a student in a classroom.
The risk of dying from terrorism was even lower than that from hitting by lightening. Assume how surprised you will be, if someone tell you that your chance of hitting by lightening will be as high as that of homicide.