Ticagrelor in acute myocardial infarctionVasif Mayan
Potential benefits of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after an MI has not been studied
Patients with MI are at increased risk of RECURRENT ISCHAEMIC EVENTS
Intensive secondary prevention is theoretically beneficial
Finding an ideal drug with best risk-benefit ratio is a challenge
TICAGRELOR
--- Direct acting
Not a pro-drug; does not require metabolic activation
Rapid onset of inhibitory effect on the P2Y12 receptor
Greater inhibition of platelet aggregation than clopidogrel
--- Reversibly bound
Degree of inhibition reflects plasma concentration
Faster offset of effect than clopidogrel
Functional recovery of circulating platelets within ~48 hours
PLATO trial
PEGASUS TIMI trial
This particular presentation of mine covers salient features of recent drug developed for treatment of dyslipidaemia particularly familial hypercholesterolemia. This presentation also covers recent modifications in treatment guidelines.
Among patients with or at high risk of CVD, use of an FDC strategy for blood pressure, cholesterol, and platelet control vs usual care resulted in significantly improved medication adherence.Polypill therapy significantly improved adherence, SBP and LDL-cholesterol in high risk patients compared with usual care, especially among those who were under-treated at baseline.
Atorvastatin: Statins in CVD management. Is just lipid lowering enough Dr Vivek Baliga
When it comes to management of cardiovascular diseases, are achieving lipid lowering targets sufficient. Here Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal medicine discusses the additional benefits of statins in CVD in India.
ARBs (Angiotensin receptor blockers) are the most widely used anti hypertensive throughout the world. A solid knowledge related to ARB will make our practice more patients friendly & benefit will be maximum.
Ticagrelor in acute myocardial infarctionVasif Mayan
Potential benefits of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after an MI has not been studied
Patients with MI are at increased risk of RECURRENT ISCHAEMIC EVENTS
Intensive secondary prevention is theoretically beneficial
Finding an ideal drug with best risk-benefit ratio is a challenge
TICAGRELOR
--- Direct acting
Not a pro-drug; does not require metabolic activation
Rapid onset of inhibitory effect on the P2Y12 receptor
Greater inhibition of platelet aggregation than clopidogrel
--- Reversibly bound
Degree of inhibition reflects plasma concentration
Faster offset of effect than clopidogrel
Functional recovery of circulating platelets within ~48 hours
PLATO trial
PEGASUS TIMI trial
This particular presentation of mine covers salient features of recent drug developed for treatment of dyslipidaemia particularly familial hypercholesterolemia. This presentation also covers recent modifications in treatment guidelines.
Among patients with or at high risk of CVD, use of an FDC strategy for blood pressure, cholesterol, and platelet control vs usual care resulted in significantly improved medication adherence.Polypill therapy significantly improved adherence, SBP and LDL-cholesterol in high risk patients compared with usual care, especially among those who were under-treated at baseline.
Atorvastatin: Statins in CVD management. Is just lipid lowering enough Dr Vivek Baliga
When it comes to management of cardiovascular diseases, are achieving lipid lowering targets sufficient. Here Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal medicine discusses the additional benefits of statins in CVD in India.
ARBs (Angiotensin receptor blockers) are the most widely used anti hypertensive throughout the world. A solid knowledge related to ARB will make our practice more patients friendly & benefit will be maximum.
Basics of hypertension and available treatment.
Overview of mechanism of action, risks/benefits of various classes of drugs.
Prevalent prescription trends and future market review.
This is a case on Diastolic heart failure with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Here we have discussed the pharmaceutical care plan (SOAP) about the treatment and non pharmacological approaches to treat the specified conditions
Chlorthalidone for poorly controlled hypertension in chronic kidney diseasesShadab Ahmad
Given the central role of volume excess in the pathogenesis of hypertension in CKD, and the low cost of thiazide diuretics, there is a need to study the use of these drugs to lower BP among patients with uncontrolled hypertension and moderately advanced CKD.
Drugs for prophylaxis of Myocardial InfarctionJervinM
Drugs for prophylaxis of Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction
Drugs for primary prevention of MI
Drugs for secondary prevention of MI
Recent advances
Cardiac rehabilitation
A detailed information about the cholesterol types, its absorption, conversion and drugs used to lower the levels of LDL, VLDL and Triglycerides - classification, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage and indications.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Temisartan + chlorthalidone
1. Choosing a diuretic combination
therapy in hypertension
Follow the crowd
Or
Follow evidence?
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728684
2. The agenda for discussion
• Recalling the basics
• Hypertension therapy: principles
• Diuretics
• All about Chlorthalidone
• Time reflected evidence
• Summary
• Combination
7. Hypertension therapy: principles
• Non pharmacologic
1. Sodium restriction of 70-100 mEq Sodium per day
2. Diet rich in fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy, reduced
saturated fats, moderation in alcohol
3. Weight reduction may normalize 75% of overweight
patients with mild hypertension
4. Exercise
• Pharmacologic
1. One drug approach: Thiazides, CCBs or ACE
Inhibitors/ ARBs.
2. Additional drug in case of inadequate control.
9. Co-morbid therapy: principles
• ACE Inhibitors with diabetes mellitus and
proteinuria
• Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers with
angina
• Alpha 1 blockers in men who have benign
prostatic hypertrophy
• Diuretics, ACE Inhibitors, ARB, or beta blocker for
heart failure
• African Americans tend to respond better to
diuretics and calcium channel blockers
14. Diuretics: Conclusions
• Diuretics are the only class of drugs that directly
deals with the fundamental cause of hypertension:
Sodium retention
• Considered first line therapy for most forms of
hypertension as a standard of care
• Inexpensive
• Longstanding history of use, efficacy and tolerance
• Often necessary in combination therapy with other
classes of anti hypertensives that may cause salt and
water retention as compensatory response.
15. Sodium and water regulation by the
nephron: distal convoluted tubule
• The urine flows into the distal convoluted tubule
(DCT) where another 5% of the sodium is
reabsorbed by the sodium chloride co
transporter
• Thiazide diuretics (hydrochorothiazide) inhibit
this co transporter.
• Orally absorbed well.
– Chlorothiazide is the only parenteral form.
– Indapamide is excreted by the biliary system
16. Clarity on diuretics
• Are thiazide diuretics the first-choice drug or one
of the first-choice drugs?
• Do all thiazide diuretics give the same benefit?
• Is hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) a better choice
than chlorthalidone for hypertension?
• Optimal dose?
• Negative effects of thiazide diuretics?
17. Thiazide diuretics - first-choice?
• Thiazide diuretics are first-line for hypertensive
patients without compelling indications for
alternate drugs.
• The advantage of HCTZ is its availability in many
combination preparations, which can improve
adherence.
• Indapamide is another thiazide-like diuretic with
good evidence for reduction in cardiovascular end
points as first- or second-line antihypertensive
therapy.
19. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Chlorthalidone has a longer half-life than HCTZ (50
to 60 vs 9 to 10 hours), which might explain the
superior BP control, especially at night time.
• Meta-analysis of 19 trials found 24-hour BP was
higher with 12.5- to 25-mg doses of HCTZ compared
with other antihypertensive drugs (systolic BP 4.5 to
6.2 mm Hg higher, diastolic BP 2.9 to 6.7 mm Hg
higher).
• Not many trials have compared HCTZ with other
thiazide diuretics in terms of cardiovascular or
mortality outcomes.
• Hence, there is a need to rely on less rigorous study
designs and other outcomes.
20. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Chlorthalidone reduces systolic blood pressure (BP)
better than HCTZ at equivalent doses with similar
effects on potassium levels:
– -25 mg of chlorthalidone, compared with 50 mg of HCTZ,
provided superior BP reduction overall (12 vs 7 mm Hg on
24-hour monitor) and at nighttime (13 vs 6 mm Hg).2
• Retrospective (and thus not definitive) analysis of
the MRFIT trial found that the chlorthalidone-based
regimen reduced mortality compared with the
HCTZ-based regimen (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.68
to 0.92, P = .0016).
21. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Large trials using chlorthalidone (like ALLHAT and
SHEP) have demonstrated reductions in
cardiovascular end points; evidence for HCTZ is less
robust.
• A network meta-analysis of 5 trials comparing
chlorthalidone with other thiazides did not find
differences in cardiovascular outcomes. However,
– These were indirect comparisons and
– The “other thiazides” were not just HCTZ, as many
reviewers assumed:
– 2 were HCTZ combined with potassium-sparing diuretics;
– 1 was indapamide (not HCTZ).
22. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Patients requiring antihypertensives should be
reminded that dietary sodium restriction (< 1500
mg/d)16 remains key to BP management—
handouts could be given with each prescription.
• Available data suggest HCTZ is at best equal to
and very likely inferior to chlorthalidone for
improving BP and clinical outcomes.
23. Chlorthalidone - dosage
• Consider chlorthalidone when initiating thiazide
diuretics for hypertension.
• Prescribe 12.5 mg of chlorthalidone daily and
increase to 25 mg daily.
• Higher doses tend to cause more side effects
(including hypokalemia) but minimal further BP
reduction.
• Precautions and bloodwork monitoring for
chlorthalidone are similar to those for HCTZ.
24. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• One study has shown that
– Patients are more likely to persist with HCTZ than
chlorthalidone following initiation of either agent.
– However, for those who remain persistent on
chlorthalidone, there is an apparent efficacy
advantage in that they are less likely to require
further additional antihypertensives.
– Chlorthalidone 25-50 mg daily - Thiazide-like in
action, not structure
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension Vol 14 | No 9 | September 2012, The Comparative
Effectiveness of Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorthalidone in an Observational Cohort of Veterans
by Brian C. Lund et al.
25. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Mean change in
SBP (mm Hg) and
potassium (mEq/l)
by dose (mg) using
pooled data from
all studies and time
points for
– Chlorthalidone &
– HCTZ
26. Chlorthalidone - first-choice?
• Differences in
potassium loss
between HCTZ and
chlorthalidone
appear greatest for
doses between 50
and 75 mg.
29. Current medical diagnosis and
treatment
• Chlorthalidone has
the advantage of
better 24-hour BP
control than
hydrochlorthiazide
30. Cardiovascular Therapeutics - A
Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease , 4th Edition
• The pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic profile
of chlorthalidone is
distinctly different from
that of hydrochlorthiazide.
• On a milligram-per-milligram
basis,
chlorthalidone is 1-5-2
times more potent.
• In recommended doses,
chlorthalidone is more
effective in loweing systolic
BP than HCTZ.
31. Cardiovascular Therapeutics - A
Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease , 4th Edition
• This is likely because
chlorthalidone has a
longer half life than
HCTZ. [50-60 hours
vs. 9-10 hours]
32. Cardiovascular Therapeutics - A
Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease , 4th Edition
• Chlorthalidone has had a
more consistent pattern
of favorable outcomes.
• Chlorthalidone has more
favorable pleiotropic
effects relating to platelt
aggregation and
angiogenesis than does
the thiazide diuretic,
bendroflumethiazide.
33. Summary
Longer half
life
More
favorable
Outcomes &
↓ mortality
More
favorable
pleiotropic
effects
More
favorable
Outcomes
More
effective in
lowering
systolic BP
More
potent
Better 24-
hour BP
control