Tectonic Plates
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Tectonic plates are large pieces of the Earth's crust that slowly move over time. There are three types of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they push together often forming mountains, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other which can cause earthquakes.
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Tectonic Plates
The document discusses tectonic plates and their movement. It explains that tectonic plates are large plates that make up the Earth's surface and they are constantly moving against each other. When plates collide, they can form mountain ranges, and when they move apart oceans are formed as the space between fills with water. Examples are given of the formation of the Himalayas from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean as plates diverged. Tectonic plate movement can cause natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
Tectonic Plates
The document discusses tectonic plates and their movement over time. It explains that tectonic plates are large sections of Earth's crust that are constantly shifting. Approximately 225 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. The plates have since moved apart, forming the current continental configuration. In about 250 million years, the continents are predicted to reconverge into another supercontinent called Pangea Ultima. As plates shift, they interact along boundaries where they can separate, collide, or slide past each other.
Convergent Boundary
A convergent boundary occurs where two tectonic plates collide, with one plate forced under the other. This can cause mountain building as the overriding plate is pushed upward. It can also result in volcanic activity and earthquakes as the plates grind together deep underground. Convergent boundaries have existed since the formation of the Earth and are responsible for geological processes that have shaped our planet over billions of years.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
Sec.2 slow motion on planet earth
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes the Earth's surface. It explains that plate tectonics involves several large plates and smaller plates that make up the Earth's outer shell. These plates are constantly and very slowly moving in relation to each other, either pulling apart, crashing together, or sliding past one another. The movement of these plates through processes like rifting, earthquakes, and volcanic activity is what creates and alters the Earth's landforms and features over long periods of time.
Plate boundaries
This document discusses the different types of plate boundaries including convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. At convergent boundaries, plates move toward each other forming trenches and volcanic arcs at oceanic-continental boundaries and trenches and island arcs at oceanic-oceanic boundaries. Continental-continental convergent boundaries form mountains. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide past each other, forming tsunamis at oceanic-oceanic boundaries and earthquakes at continental-continental boundaries. Divergent boundaries form when plates move apart, creating mid-ocean ridges at oceanic-oceanic boundaries and rift valleys at continental-continental boundaries.
HPU NCS2200 plate boundary types
HPU NCS2200 earth science for elementary education majors summer online course plate boundary types lecture part 2
Transform boundaries
Transform boundaries cause earthquakes and tsunamis when tectonic plates slide past one another. An earthquake in Japan in 2012 occurred when two continental plates slid along a transform boundary on land. An underwater earthquake at a transform boundary in Thailand generated a tsunami, as the sliding of two oceanic plates under the sea set off the massive waves. Transform boundaries can produce earthquakes both on land and under water, and the latter can then trigger destructive tsunamis.
Recommended
Tectonic Plates
The document discusses tectonic plates and their movement. It explains that tectonic plates are large plates that make up the Earth's surface and they are constantly moving against each other. When plates collide, they can form mountain ranges, and when they move apart oceans are formed as the space between fills with water. Examples are given of the formation of the Himalayas from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean as plates diverged. Tectonic plate movement can cause natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
Tectonic Plates
The document discusses tectonic plates and their movement over time. It explains that tectonic plates are large sections of Earth's crust that are constantly shifting. Approximately 225 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. The plates have since moved apart, forming the current continental configuration. In about 250 million years, the continents are predicted to reconverge into another supercontinent called Pangea Ultima. As plates shift, they interact along boundaries where they can separate, collide, or slide past each other.
Convergent Boundary
A convergent boundary occurs where two tectonic plates collide, with one plate forced under the other. This can cause mountain building as the overriding plate is pushed upward. It can also result in volcanic activity and earthquakes as the plates grind together deep underground. Convergent boundaries have existed since the formation of the Earth and are responsible for geological processes that have shaped our planet over billions of years.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
Sec.2 slow motion on planet earth
The document discusses plate tectonics and how it shapes the Earth's surface. It explains that plate tectonics involves several large plates and smaller plates that make up the Earth's outer shell. These plates are constantly and very slowly moving in relation to each other, either pulling apart, crashing together, or sliding past one another. The movement of these plates through processes like rifting, earthquakes, and volcanic activity is what creates and alters the Earth's landforms and features over long periods of time.
Plate boundaries
This document discusses the different types of plate boundaries including convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. At convergent boundaries, plates move toward each other forming trenches and volcanic arcs at oceanic-continental boundaries and trenches and island arcs at oceanic-oceanic boundaries. Continental-continental convergent boundaries form mountains. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide past each other, forming tsunamis at oceanic-oceanic boundaries and earthquakes at continental-continental boundaries. Divergent boundaries form when plates move apart, creating mid-ocean ridges at oceanic-oceanic boundaries and rift valleys at continental-continental boundaries.
HPU NCS2200 plate boundary types
HPU NCS2200 earth science for elementary education majors summer online course plate boundary types lecture part 2
Transform boundaries
Transform boundaries cause earthquakes and tsunamis when tectonic plates slide past one another. An earthquake in Japan in 2012 occurred when two continental plates slid along a transform boundary on land. An underwater earthquake at a transform boundary in Thailand generated a tsunami, as the sliding of two oceanic plates under the sea set off the massive waves. Transform boundaries can produce earthquakes both on land and under water, and the latter can then trigger destructive tsunamis.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics theory, explaining how the Earth's crust is broken into tectonic plates that move and interact, causing landforms like mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. As plates collide, converge, or separate, they create uplift, folding, and faults that form mountains, and volcanoes are formed from magma emerging where plates are pulling apart or coming together. When plates shift abruptly they can cause earthquakes, and related events like tsunamis and different types of volcanic eruptions.
Divergent plate boundaries
Divergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. There are two main types of tectonic plates - continental plates composed of rocks and minerals, and oceanic plates which are thinner and located under seas. As the plates separate, molten lava rises up between them to form new crust. This divergence is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle which push the plates apart. New crust forms underwater as seafloor spreading, and volcanoes and mountains can form on the edges of the separating plates.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where plates slip past each other.
Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries. It explains that tectonic plates are giant pieces of the Earth's crust that are constantly moving. There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive boundaries where one plate moves under another, and conservative boundaries such as transform faults that offset movement at plate margins. The document also includes quiz questions to test understanding of these concepts.
Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
Earthquake program for older kids.
This is a powerpoint that I create for an Earthquake program I did a few years ago. It is a lot of information, but I took the time to stop after each idea and demonstrate with candy. For instance, after explaining how the plates move, everyone got a small candy bar, and used it to demonstrate how plates diverge, converge, and slide; and how land forms are created as a result of how they move.
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
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The document summarizes plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth and explains that plate tectonics involves the constant motion of tectonic plates due to convection currents in the mantle. It provides evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and discusses how sea floor spreading and subduction at trenches cause the plates to move over time.
Plate Boundaries
This document discusses different types of plate boundaries. There are three main types: constructive boundaries, where plates move apart and new crust is formed; destructive boundaries, where plates converge and one plate is subducted under the other; and conservative boundaries, where plates slide past each other without being created or destroyed. Constructive boundaries include mid-ocean ridges, while destructive boundaries involve subduction zones and can result in volcanoes or mountain building. The key components of the lithosphere and how tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle are also summarized.
Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate tectonics developed from Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. Wegener noticed coastlines of Africa and South America fit together and proposed all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Later, scientists proposed mantle convection and sea floor spreading caused by convection currents in the mantle to explain plate movement. Today, plate tectonics theory describes the lithosphere broken into rigid plates that move across Earth's surface due to mantle convection and other forces, forming boundaries and landscape features.
Subduction zones Convection currents and continental drift
Subduction zones occur where one tectonic plate slides under another, usually around the Ring of Fire. Convection currents in the mantle cause rocks to rise and fall, powering plate tectonics at the Asthenosphere. Continental drift is when tectonic plate movements cause continents to shift positions over time, an idea first proposed by Alfred Wegener based on matching coastlines, shared rock types, and fossil evidence between continents that were once joined together in the supercontinent Pangaea.
Shaking our world (Plate boundaries)
This document discusses the different types of plate boundaries including convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Convergent boundaries occur when plates move toward each other and form trenches and volcanic arcs or mountains depending on if the plates are oceanic or continental. Divergent boundaries happen when plates move apart from each other, forming mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys. Transform boundaries are when plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes or tsunamis along oceanic boundaries and earthquakes along continental boundaries.
Plate Tectonics Notes
- The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle.
- There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates separate and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and oceanic plates are subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other.
- Evidence for plate tectonics includes magnetic patterns in ocean crust, matching fossils and rock formations on separated continents, and the fit of continental shelves. Plate movements have caused continents like Pangaea to break apart over millions of years.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
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The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. [1] The Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates that move around on top of the mantle. [2] The lithosphere comprises the crust and part of the upper mantle and "floats" on the asthenosphere, which is the plastic layer below. [3] There are two types of plates - ocean plates below oceans and continental plates below continents.
Chapter 14.3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
8th Grade Integrated Science chapter 14 lesson 3 on the theory of plate tectonics. This lesson covers plate boundaries and the effects of the movement. It includes pictures and definitions of divergent, convergent, transform, collision, and subduction boundaries. There is an explanation of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere including convection currents. This also introduces forces causing plate motion such as basal drag, ridge push, and slab pull.
Plate tectonics review #2
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries, including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, such as at mid-ocean ridges which form undersea mountain ranges as oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge. It also describes transform boundaries where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, such as at the San Andreas Fault in California.
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Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics theory, explaining how the Earth's crust is broken into tectonic plates that move and interact, causing landforms like mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. As plates collide, converge, or separate, they create uplift, folding, and faults that form mountains, and volcanoes are formed from magma emerging where plates are pulling apart or coming together. When plates shift abruptly they can cause earthquakes, and related events like tsunamis and different types of volcanic eruptions.
Divergent plate boundaries
Divergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. There are two main types of tectonic plates - continental plates composed of rocks and minerals, and oceanic plates which are thinner and located under seas. As the plates separate, molten lava rises up between them to form new crust. This divergence is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle which push the plates apart. New crust forms underwater as seafloor spreading, and volcanoes and mountains can form on the edges of the separating plates.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where plates slip past each other.
Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries. It explains that tectonic plates are giant pieces of the Earth's crust that are constantly moving. There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive boundaries where one plate moves under another, and conservative boundaries such as transform faults that offset movement at plate margins. The document also includes quiz questions to test understanding of these concepts.
Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
Earthquake program for older kids.
This is a powerpoint that I create for an Earthquake program I did a few years ago. It is a lot of information, but I took the time to stop after each idea and demonstrate with candy. For instance, after explaining how the plates move, everyone got a small candy bar, and used it to demonstrate how plates diverge, converge, and slide; and how land forms are created as a result of how they move.
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
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Earth science. Plate Tectonics ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth and explains that plate tectonics involves the constant motion of tectonic plates due to convection currents in the mantle. It provides evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and discusses how sea floor spreading and subduction at trenches cause the plates to move over time.
Plate Boundaries
This document discusses different types of plate boundaries. There are three main types: constructive boundaries, where plates move apart and new crust is formed; destructive boundaries, where plates converge and one plate is subducted under the other; and conservative boundaries, where plates slide past each other without being created or destroyed. Constructive boundaries include mid-ocean ridges, while destructive boundaries involve subduction zones and can result in volcanoes or mountain building. The key components of the lithosphere and how tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle are also summarized.
Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate tectonics developed from Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. Wegener noticed coastlines of Africa and South America fit together and proposed all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Later, scientists proposed mantle convection and sea floor spreading caused by convection currents in the mantle to explain plate movement. Today, plate tectonics theory describes the lithosphere broken into rigid plates that move across Earth's surface due to mantle convection and other forces, forming boundaries and landscape features.
Subduction zones Convection currents and continental drift
Subduction zones occur where one tectonic plate slides under another, usually around the Ring of Fire. Convection currents in the mantle cause rocks to rise and fall, powering plate tectonics at the Asthenosphere. Continental drift is when tectonic plate movements cause continents to shift positions over time, an idea first proposed by Alfred Wegener based on matching coastlines, shared rock types, and fossil evidence between continents that were once joined together in the supercontinent Pangaea.
Shaking our world (Plate boundaries)
This document discusses the different types of plate boundaries including convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Convergent boundaries occur when plates move toward each other and form trenches and volcanic arcs or mountains depending on if the plates are oceanic or continental. Divergent boundaries happen when plates move apart from each other, forming mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys. Transform boundaries are when plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes or tsunamis along oceanic boundaries and earthquakes along continental boundaries.
Plate Tectonics Notes
- The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle.
- There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates separate and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and oceanic plates are subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other.
- Evidence for plate tectonics includes magnetic patterns in ocean crust, matching fossils and rock formations on separated continents, and the fit of continental shelves. Plate movements have caused continents like Pangaea to break apart over millions of years.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Volcano
What is volcanoes, their types(based on Magma & Based on Eruption style), location, eruption style and different types of rock found nearby the volcanoes.
Different tectonic plates, Tectonic Plates movement.
Advantages and Disadvantages of volcano.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. [1] The Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates that move around on top of the mantle. [2] The lithosphere comprises the crust and part of the upper mantle and "floats" on the asthenosphere, which is the plastic layer below. [3] There are two types of plates - ocean plates below oceans and continental plates below continents.
Chapter 14.3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
8th Grade Integrated Science chapter 14 lesson 3 on the theory of plate tectonics. This lesson covers plate boundaries and the effects of the movement. It includes pictures and definitions of divergent, convergent, transform, collision, and subduction boundaries. There is an explanation of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere including convection currents. This also introduces forces causing plate motion such as basal drag, ridge push, and slab pull.
Plate tectonics review #2
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries, including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, such as at mid-ocean ridges which form undersea mountain ranges as oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge. It also describes transform boundaries where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, such as at the San Andreas Fault in California.
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Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
Sara Arif - EDSC 304 - Teacher Lecture & Guided Notes - Plate Tectonics and E...
Plate tectonics and various landforms form by plate movements of earth system
Plate tectonics and various landforms form by plate movements of earth system
Subduction zones Convection currents and continental drift
Subduction zones Convection currents and continental drift
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fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
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Tectonic Plates
- 2. What are tectonic plates? Tectonic plates are a series of large pieces of soil or ground (like a giant jigsaw puzzle) which are in constant motion travelling at a few centimeters per year. There are 3 types of Tectonic Plates.
- 3. TECTONIC PLATES DIVERGENT This movement separates one plate from another. Africa separated from South America because of this movement.
- 4. When two tectonic plates clash against each other. Mountain ranges are formed due to this movement. TECTONIC PLATES CONVERGENT
- 5. Sliding movement. Earthquakes are caused because of this movement. TECTONIC PLATES TRANSFORM
- 6. Onyx used Earthquake It’s super Effective You Rock !