This document provides guidelines for urban tree planting and silvicultural management in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was created by a project team led by Dr. Talemos Seta and advises on selecting suitable tree species, planting and post-planting care. The guideline includes 8 chapters that cover topics such as selecting trees based on site characteristics, describing 80 suitable species, and engaging local communities in tree planting and management. It aims to increase Addis Ababa's urban green cover and help stakeholders properly care for and monitor planted trees.
This document provides an overview of plantation design and plant selection. It discusses the history of viewing plants as living things worthy of respect. It outlines basic principles for plantation design, such as considering maintenance needs, site conditions, and plant requirements. The document also details steps for creating a planting design, including evaluating the functional and aesthetic characteristics of plants. It provides information on using trees, shrubs, and other plants to create spaces, block views, and stabilize slopes. Examples of suitable species for different landscape applications are also mentioned.
The document discusses the history and principles of plantation design. It outlines the steps for creating a planting design, which includes considering the site conditions and plant requirements. The document discusses using trees, shrubs, and other plants in architecture design to create spaces, block views, and stabilize slopes. It also provides examples of using trees as specimens, in hedges, alleys and lines in the landscape.
The Costs of Maintaining (& Not Maintaining) TreesSusan Stafford
What do we really know–and not know–about the costs of performing less than optimal maintenance? How do investments in structural pruning, health care, mulching and even watering maintenance practices stack up against the cost of NOT providing optimal levels of maintenance for urban trees? Analysis of data from the literature review includes risk assessment, pest economics, IPM, costs of removal and tree mortality.
Urban forestry involves the cultivation and management of trees in urban environments. It offers unique challenges compared to traditional forestry due to factors like air pollution, limited space, and compacted soils. Well-managed urban forests provide benefits like improved air and water quality, reduced noise and temperatures, and increased property values. Effective urban forest management includes activities like tree inventories, maintenance, and ordinances to guide planting and removal.
Considering Trees in Development ActivitiesAndrew Lueck
The document discusses considerations for preserving and planting trees during development projects. It outlines the tree preservation process, which involves evaluating existing trees, designing around trees to be preserved, installing protective measures, monitoring trees during construction, and ensuring long-term survival. The benefits of trees include environmental, economic, and social advantages, so developers should involve arborists and other experts early in the planning process to properly account for trees.
Green highways (plantation & maintenance) policy 2015SaumyaShukla68
This document outlines a policy for planting and maintaining vegetation along national highways in India. The objectives are to develop eco-friendly highways through community participation and reduce pollution. Tree species are selected based on their suitability to local soil and climate conditions and their benefits, like providing shade, reducing erosion and pollution. Guidelines are provided for planting patterns, including using small trees for the first row and taller trees for subsequent rows. Recommended plant species are listed for different soil types and conditions.
Landscaping provides economic, health, environmental, and social benefits. Economically, landscaping can increase property values by 14% and reduce heating/cooling costs by 20%. Health benefits include reducing stress and providing exercise by gardening. Environmentally, landscaping reduces flooding, erosion, and pollution while improving air and water quality. Socially, landscaping creates attractive, livable communities and spaces for entertainment. Employment opportunities in landscaping are wide-ranging from gardeners and landscapers to consultants, designers, and government roles in planning and conservation.
This document provides information on the benefits and costs of trees, methods for appraising and valuing trees, regulatory and legal issues related to urban forestry, and topics for information and education. It discusses the sociological and environmental impacts of trees, approaches for appraising trees including replacement costs and community appraisal software. It also outlines considerations for tree selection, management of insects and diseases, protections, inventories, and standards like LEED and SITES.
This document provides an overview of plantation design and plant selection. It discusses the history of viewing plants as living things worthy of respect. It outlines basic principles for plantation design, such as considering maintenance needs, site conditions, and plant requirements. The document also details steps for creating a planting design, including evaluating the functional and aesthetic characteristics of plants. It provides information on using trees, shrubs, and other plants to create spaces, block views, and stabilize slopes. Examples of suitable species for different landscape applications are also mentioned.
The document discusses the history and principles of plantation design. It outlines the steps for creating a planting design, which includes considering the site conditions and plant requirements. The document discusses using trees, shrubs, and other plants in architecture design to create spaces, block views, and stabilize slopes. It also provides examples of using trees as specimens, in hedges, alleys and lines in the landscape.
The Costs of Maintaining (& Not Maintaining) TreesSusan Stafford
What do we really know–and not know–about the costs of performing less than optimal maintenance? How do investments in structural pruning, health care, mulching and even watering maintenance practices stack up against the cost of NOT providing optimal levels of maintenance for urban trees? Analysis of data from the literature review includes risk assessment, pest economics, IPM, costs of removal and tree mortality.
Urban forestry involves the cultivation and management of trees in urban environments. It offers unique challenges compared to traditional forestry due to factors like air pollution, limited space, and compacted soils. Well-managed urban forests provide benefits like improved air and water quality, reduced noise and temperatures, and increased property values. Effective urban forest management includes activities like tree inventories, maintenance, and ordinances to guide planting and removal.
Considering Trees in Development ActivitiesAndrew Lueck
The document discusses considerations for preserving and planting trees during development projects. It outlines the tree preservation process, which involves evaluating existing trees, designing around trees to be preserved, installing protective measures, monitoring trees during construction, and ensuring long-term survival. The benefits of trees include environmental, economic, and social advantages, so developers should involve arborists and other experts early in the planning process to properly account for trees.
Green highways (plantation & maintenance) policy 2015SaumyaShukla68
This document outlines a policy for planting and maintaining vegetation along national highways in India. The objectives are to develop eco-friendly highways through community participation and reduce pollution. Tree species are selected based on their suitability to local soil and climate conditions and their benefits, like providing shade, reducing erosion and pollution. Guidelines are provided for planting patterns, including using small trees for the first row and taller trees for subsequent rows. Recommended plant species are listed for different soil types and conditions.
Landscaping provides economic, health, environmental, and social benefits. Economically, landscaping can increase property values by 14% and reduce heating/cooling costs by 20%. Health benefits include reducing stress and providing exercise by gardening. Environmentally, landscaping reduces flooding, erosion, and pollution while improving air and water quality. Socially, landscaping creates attractive, livable communities and spaces for entertainment. Employment opportunities in landscaping are wide-ranging from gardeners and landscapers to consultants, designers, and government roles in planning and conservation.
This document provides information on the benefits and costs of trees, methods for appraising and valuing trees, regulatory and legal issues related to urban forestry, and topics for information and education. It discusses the sociological and environmental impacts of trees, approaches for appraising trees including replacement costs and community appraisal software. It also outlines considerations for tree selection, management of insects and diseases, protections, inventories, and standards like LEED and SITES.
Characteristics and Utilization Principle of Native Plants in HighwayIJERA Editor
Highway greening projects, in essence, is a kind of ecological restoration project. Plant as the prerequisite and
important material basis of ecological restoration, the choice and utilization of plant is the key to the success of
green. In the current green design, this part also has many problems. Therefore, this paper puts forward the
definition of native plants in ecological theory, and summarizes the characteristics and the use of different types of
plants.
This document discusses the importance of street trees and urban forestry. It notes that street trees are the lifeblood of communities and foundations of economies, providing livable and healthy urban streets. Street trees provide numerous benefits, including improved stormwater management, reduced air and noise pollution, increased property values, and cooler ambient temperatures. The document outlines various zones of the sidewalk and recommends proper placement and selection of street trees based on attributes like pollution tolerance, pruning tolerance, and size. It stresses the importance of selecting the right tree species for the right location to maximize benefits.
Biomechanics of Trees in ROW Forestry Programs A Useful Metric to Guide Clima...LaurenWeyers
This document discusses the importance of considering tree biomechanics and biodiversity when planning climate-ready forestry programs. Three key points:
1) Abiotic and biotic impact factors like sea level rise, storms, pests and disease will increasingly threaten tree stability as the climate changes, making metrics like biomechanics and diversity useful for guiding policy.
2) Tropical trees show a range of biomechanical adaptations, with some native species having strong branch connections and aspect ratios that promote stability. Mixed-species plantings may also experience lower stresses.
3) Events like Biomechanics Week can engage communities and attract partnerships to conduct adaptive research on tree resiliency, sharing lessons between temperate and
This document provides guidelines for managing the tree population at Pinehurst Country Club. It outlines a 3-phase tree management plan: 1) conducting an inventory of all trees, 2) analyzing the inventory data to determine maintenance needs, and 3) implementing the plan through activities like mulching, monitoring, and annual planting/removal. The inventory involves identifying each tree by species, size, condition and location. This data is used to assess the diversity, age distribution and maintenance requirements of the tree population.
The document provides guidelines for managing the tree population at Pinehurst Country Club. It outlines a 3-phase tree management plan: 1) conducting an inventory of all trees which involves collecting data on location, species, size and condition; 2) analyzing the data to determine maintenance needs and ensure proper species and age diversity; 3) implementing the plan which includes pruning, removal, mulching, monitoring for pests and diseases, and preventative maintenance. The guidelines provide detailed instructions for all aspects of properly maintaining the urban forest.
The document discusses what constitutes a green and sustainable city. It explains that a green city aims to balance environmental, economic and social needs to ensure a clean, healthy environment for current and future generations. Some key elements of green cities include green and blue spaces that provide oxygen, green corridors for recreation and biodiversity, and green belts to prevent urban sprawl. Planning considerations for green cities include ensuring clean air and water, mixed land use, renewable energy, and public transportation. Benefits of green cities include improved environmental quality, health outcomes, property values, and quality of life.
Considering Trees in Development ActivitiesAndrew Lueck
A presentation covering why and how trees should be considered during development activities. Topics covered include site analysis, tree inventory, tree preservation, tree planting plans.
Paul Roebuck, one of our London based ecologists, takes you through some basics on green infrastructure in the UK and highlights some really interesting projects we have worked on and exciting future developments.
The slides cover legislation, mitigation, habitat creation, ecology impact assessments and green roofs and walls.
This document discusses landscaping along highways. It notes that highway development often results in loss of vegetation, so highway agencies should offset this through corridor development and management. The objectives of highway landscaping are listed as aesthetic enhancement, reducing air and noise pollution, providing shade, preventing soil erosion and glare. Considerations for tree selection include growth characteristics, soil/site conditions. Medium trees are recommended for the first row, with taller shade trees for subsequent rows. Regular watering, pruning and protection from animals/frost are important maintenance activities.
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
The document discusses sustainable lawn care practices. It defines sustainability and explores how the concept applies to maintaining lawns. Some key choices for sustainable lawns include using turfgrass mixtures instead of monocultures and selecting species adapted to local conditions. Sustainable maintenance strategies focus on practices like mowing high, leaving clippings, reducing fertilizer use, and optimizing irrigation. An integrated pest management approach is also recommended to minimize pesticide use.
This document discusses the importance of implementing a systematic approach to public tree management. It emphasizes treating trees like infrastructure by following standards, understanding their multiple benefits, conducting tree inventories to understand what trees are present, and using the data to inform long-term management plans and budgets. The systematic approach involves assessing tree risk following ANSI and ISA standards, proper tree planting and maintenance, and ensuring trees receive necessary follow-up care like irrigation, pruning and inventories to maximize their health and benefits over time.
i-Tree Eco is a software tool that uses tree inventory and local hourly air quality and weather data to evaluate the structure, functions, and value of urban forests. It provides reports on metrics like leaf area, carbon storage, air pollution removal, and energy conservation. i-Tree Eco offers flexible data collection and project design options. It is continuously improved with new science and functions to better address urban forest management needs. However, it does require resources to conduct complex, large projects and local data may not always be available or representative.
Architecture and town planning _Unit 2 _SPPU_principle of landscaping and urb...Shrikant Kate
• Landscaping: importance , objectives, principles, elements, material (soft and hard).
• Urban renewal for quality of life and livability.
• Importance of sustainable architecture with case study.
This document discusses how green infrastructure, such as forests and parks, can help regions become more resilient to natural hazards. It provides definitions of green infrastructure and resilience, and examines how forests specifically benefit and risk regions facing flooding and wildfires. The document advocates for an all-hazards planning framework to minimize risks and maximize benefits through defining hazard areas, integrating green infrastructure into planning processes, using community planning tools, and coordinating actions across different scales from sites to communities to regions.
- The document discusses the importance of preserving open spaces and vegetation in urban planning to balance environmental, social and economic needs. It notes trees and vegetation provide aesthetic, climatic and engineering benefits.
- It outlines various values and benefits of trees related to architecture, climate, site development and engineering like moderating temperatures, intercepting rainfall, stabilizing soils and reducing pollution. Trees also have economic and legal value by enhancing property values.
- Jurisdictions have enacted preservation ordinances to balance development with resource protection. Successful preservation must integrate into early planning stages rather than be retrofitted later. Proper protection of trees during construction is also important to prevent root damage.
This document discusses urban greening and forestry initiatives in Hyderabad, India. It notes that over 50% of the global population lives in urban areas, with more people moving to cities. Hyderabad has undertaken several initiatives to increase urban green cover, including the Green Hyderabad program, tree parks, and developing parks. Urban forestry can help regulate cities' environments and improve residents' well-being by reducing pollution and noise, and increasing biodiversity. Challenges to urban forestry include lack of space and maintaining trees' survival in urban conditions.
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using root zone technology (RZT) for low-cost sewage treatment of residential buildings in Herle District, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. RZT uses plant species to treat sewage in pilot-scale reactors. It aims to analyze characteristics of sewage from the study area, investigate the feasibility of using constructed wetlands to treat sewage wastewater, compare treatment efficiency to conventional plants, and determine optimal costs based on occupant numbers. The literature review discusses using constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment and introduces RZT as a planted mat system employing plant strategies to effectively treat domestic and commercial wastewater with low installation and maintenance costs.
- Environmental safeguards are preventative measures taken to mitigate impacts from development activities on the environment and communities.
- The document discusses the importance of studying rural road projects' environmental impacts and involving local stakeholders.
- Key aspects reviewed for rural roads include climate, vegetation, water bodies, land use, cultural sites, and drainage. Field visits and community consultation are used to record features.
This document summarizes the keynote presentation on designing and planning for climate-smart communities given by Nancy Somerville and Neil Weinstein to the ASLA Blue Ribbon Panel on Climate Change and Resilience. The presentation outlines core principles and design approaches for creating healthy, climate-smart, and resilient communities. It recommends public policies that support approaches using green infrastructure, transit-oriented development, protection of natural systems and vulnerable communities, among others. The document provides an overview of the presentation content including climate adaptation challenges and opportunities for landscape architects.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Characteristics and Utilization Principle of Native Plants in HighwayIJERA Editor
Highway greening projects, in essence, is a kind of ecological restoration project. Plant as the prerequisite and
important material basis of ecological restoration, the choice and utilization of plant is the key to the success of
green. In the current green design, this part also has many problems. Therefore, this paper puts forward the
definition of native plants in ecological theory, and summarizes the characteristics and the use of different types of
plants.
This document discusses the importance of street trees and urban forestry. It notes that street trees are the lifeblood of communities and foundations of economies, providing livable and healthy urban streets. Street trees provide numerous benefits, including improved stormwater management, reduced air and noise pollution, increased property values, and cooler ambient temperatures. The document outlines various zones of the sidewalk and recommends proper placement and selection of street trees based on attributes like pollution tolerance, pruning tolerance, and size. It stresses the importance of selecting the right tree species for the right location to maximize benefits.
Biomechanics of Trees in ROW Forestry Programs A Useful Metric to Guide Clima...LaurenWeyers
This document discusses the importance of considering tree biomechanics and biodiversity when planning climate-ready forestry programs. Three key points:
1) Abiotic and biotic impact factors like sea level rise, storms, pests and disease will increasingly threaten tree stability as the climate changes, making metrics like biomechanics and diversity useful for guiding policy.
2) Tropical trees show a range of biomechanical adaptations, with some native species having strong branch connections and aspect ratios that promote stability. Mixed-species plantings may also experience lower stresses.
3) Events like Biomechanics Week can engage communities and attract partnerships to conduct adaptive research on tree resiliency, sharing lessons between temperate and
This document provides guidelines for managing the tree population at Pinehurst Country Club. It outlines a 3-phase tree management plan: 1) conducting an inventory of all trees, 2) analyzing the inventory data to determine maintenance needs, and 3) implementing the plan through activities like mulching, monitoring, and annual planting/removal. The inventory involves identifying each tree by species, size, condition and location. This data is used to assess the diversity, age distribution and maintenance requirements of the tree population.
The document provides guidelines for managing the tree population at Pinehurst Country Club. It outlines a 3-phase tree management plan: 1) conducting an inventory of all trees which involves collecting data on location, species, size and condition; 2) analyzing the data to determine maintenance needs and ensure proper species and age diversity; 3) implementing the plan which includes pruning, removal, mulching, monitoring for pests and diseases, and preventative maintenance. The guidelines provide detailed instructions for all aspects of properly maintaining the urban forest.
The document discusses what constitutes a green and sustainable city. It explains that a green city aims to balance environmental, economic and social needs to ensure a clean, healthy environment for current and future generations. Some key elements of green cities include green and blue spaces that provide oxygen, green corridors for recreation and biodiversity, and green belts to prevent urban sprawl. Planning considerations for green cities include ensuring clean air and water, mixed land use, renewable energy, and public transportation. Benefits of green cities include improved environmental quality, health outcomes, property values, and quality of life.
Considering Trees in Development ActivitiesAndrew Lueck
A presentation covering why and how trees should be considered during development activities. Topics covered include site analysis, tree inventory, tree preservation, tree planting plans.
Paul Roebuck, one of our London based ecologists, takes you through some basics on green infrastructure in the UK and highlights some really interesting projects we have worked on and exciting future developments.
The slides cover legislation, mitigation, habitat creation, ecology impact assessments and green roofs and walls.
This document discusses landscaping along highways. It notes that highway development often results in loss of vegetation, so highway agencies should offset this through corridor development and management. The objectives of highway landscaping are listed as aesthetic enhancement, reducing air and noise pollution, providing shade, preventing soil erosion and glare. Considerations for tree selection include growth characteristics, soil/site conditions. Medium trees are recommended for the first row, with taller shade trees for subsequent rows. Regular watering, pruning and protection from animals/frost are important maintenance activities.
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
The document discusses sustainable lawn care practices. It defines sustainability and explores how the concept applies to maintaining lawns. Some key choices for sustainable lawns include using turfgrass mixtures instead of monocultures and selecting species adapted to local conditions. Sustainable maintenance strategies focus on practices like mowing high, leaving clippings, reducing fertilizer use, and optimizing irrigation. An integrated pest management approach is also recommended to minimize pesticide use.
This document discusses the importance of implementing a systematic approach to public tree management. It emphasizes treating trees like infrastructure by following standards, understanding their multiple benefits, conducting tree inventories to understand what trees are present, and using the data to inform long-term management plans and budgets. The systematic approach involves assessing tree risk following ANSI and ISA standards, proper tree planting and maintenance, and ensuring trees receive necessary follow-up care like irrigation, pruning and inventories to maximize their health and benefits over time.
i-Tree Eco is a software tool that uses tree inventory and local hourly air quality and weather data to evaluate the structure, functions, and value of urban forests. It provides reports on metrics like leaf area, carbon storage, air pollution removal, and energy conservation. i-Tree Eco offers flexible data collection and project design options. It is continuously improved with new science and functions to better address urban forest management needs. However, it does require resources to conduct complex, large projects and local data may not always be available or representative.
Architecture and town planning _Unit 2 _SPPU_principle of landscaping and urb...Shrikant Kate
• Landscaping: importance , objectives, principles, elements, material (soft and hard).
• Urban renewal for quality of life and livability.
• Importance of sustainable architecture with case study.
This document discusses how green infrastructure, such as forests and parks, can help regions become more resilient to natural hazards. It provides definitions of green infrastructure and resilience, and examines how forests specifically benefit and risk regions facing flooding and wildfires. The document advocates for an all-hazards planning framework to minimize risks and maximize benefits through defining hazard areas, integrating green infrastructure into planning processes, using community planning tools, and coordinating actions across different scales from sites to communities to regions.
- The document discusses the importance of preserving open spaces and vegetation in urban planning to balance environmental, social and economic needs. It notes trees and vegetation provide aesthetic, climatic and engineering benefits.
- It outlines various values and benefits of trees related to architecture, climate, site development and engineering like moderating temperatures, intercepting rainfall, stabilizing soils and reducing pollution. Trees also have economic and legal value by enhancing property values.
- Jurisdictions have enacted preservation ordinances to balance development with resource protection. Successful preservation must integrate into early planning stages rather than be retrofitted later. Proper protection of trees during construction is also important to prevent root damage.
This document discusses urban greening and forestry initiatives in Hyderabad, India. It notes that over 50% of the global population lives in urban areas, with more people moving to cities. Hyderabad has undertaken several initiatives to increase urban green cover, including the Green Hyderabad program, tree parks, and developing parks. Urban forestry can help regulate cities' environments and improve residents' well-being by reducing pollution and noise, and increasing biodiversity. Challenges to urban forestry include lack of space and maintaining trees' survival in urban conditions.
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using root zone technology (RZT) for low-cost sewage treatment of residential buildings in Herle District, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. RZT uses plant species to treat sewage in pilot-scale reactors. It aims to analyze characteristics of sewage from the study area, investigate the feasibility of using constructed wetlands to treat sewage wastewater, compare treatment efficiency to conventional plants, and determine optimal costs based on occupant numbers. The literature review discusses using constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment and introduces RZT as a planted mat system employing plant strategies to effectively treat domestic and commercial wastewater with low installation and maintenance costs.
- Environmental safeguards are preventative measures taken to mitigate impacts from development activities on the environment and communities.
- The document discusses the importance of studying rural road projects' environmental impacts and involving local stakeholders.
- Key aspects reviewed for rural roads include climate, vegetation, water bodies, land use, cultural sites, and drainage. Field visits and community consultation are used to record features.
This document summarizes the keynote presentation on designing and planning for climate-smart communities given by Nancy Somerville and Neil Weinstein to the ASLA Blue Ribbon Panel on Climate Change and Resilience. The presentation outlines core principles and design approaches for creating healthy, climate-smart, and resilient communities. It recommends public policies that support approaches using green infrastructure, transit-oriented development, protection of natural systems and vulnerable communities, among others. The document provides an overview of the presentation content including climate adaptation challenges and opportunities for landscape architects.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
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1. Urban Tree Planting and Silvicultural Management
Guideline for Addis Ababa
Project Team
Dr. Talemos Seta …………………………………………..……………..Project Coordinator
Prof. Sebsebe Demissew………………………….………………………Project Advisor
Dr. Sileshi Degefa ………………………………………………..…………..….Member
Mr. Fikadu Erenso………………………………………………………….…...Member
Mr. Debela Daba………………………………………………………………….Member
Gullele Botanic Garden: Eng. Gutama Moroda (Executive Director)
WRI Contact: Alemakef Tassew
7-8, Nov. 2023
Saron Hotel, Addis Ababa
2. Presentation
Outline Research Part
About the Guideline
Chapter One: Plant selection
Chapter Two: Characteristics of Trees and Urban Green Spaces
Chapter Three: Summary of the Guideline in table form
Chapter Four: Description of Selected Tree/shrub species
Chapter Five:Pre-planting and Silvicultural management for
Seedlings
Chapter Six: Post planting and Silvicultural Management
Chapter Seven: Community Engagement Advocacy and Awareness
Chapter Eight: Conclusions and Recommendations
3. 1. Research Part
1.1. Introduction
Cities
Occupy 3% of earth’s land
60-80% of energy consumption
75% of carbon emissions
60% of the world’s pop. would be living in cities by
2030
United Nations SDG 11, has stated the goal of making cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
Lack of affordable housing, safe and sustainable transport due to mass
migration (rural-urban), climate change and pollution effect, and weaker
infrastructure development
4. 1.1. Introduction
• Making cities more welcoming to nature
and human life is important. (Goal 11:
Sustainable Cities and Communities,
SDGs).
• To tackle urbanization-imposed
challenges in both the developed and
developing world, urban green
infrastructures (UGI) are becoming a
popular strategy.
• Green spaces in cities, play a positive
role in improving residents’ mental
health by stabilizing emotions and
releasing stress,
• WHO: cities to provide 9 m2 green space
for every inhabitant, live within 15 min.
walk
5. 1.1. Introduction
• Tree planting has become one of the important events in urban
greening and regulate the conditions of cities
• For every 10% increase in the Urban Green Spaces, the Land
Surface Temperature (LST) drops by 0.4 C◦,
• This indicates the significance of the UGS composition in providing
most important environmental benefits (Amani-Beni and Zhang,
2019]
• Addis Ababa: has a very low green space per person
• Urban green space per capita distribution differs in the districts of
Addis Ababa.
• The National Urban Green Infrastructure standard of Ethiopia
proposes 15 m2 per capita public green open spaces within city
boundaries
6. 1.2. Data Collection Procedures
Data
Collection
procedures
Key stakeholder
consultation
Field Survey &
Observation
Review of Policies,
strategies and Manuals
Semi-structured
Interview
Desk review and
document analyses
8. 1.4. Research Findings,
The total of 79 woody species grouped in 65 genera and 42 families was
recorded. See the top ten species (Table)
Scientific names Family
Common
name
Habit N/E
Total
no
plots
Freq. percent
Grevillea robusta
A.Cunn.ex R.Br.
Proteaceae silver oak Tree E 300 295 98.33
Jacaranda mimosifolia
D. Don
Bignoniaceae
Yetemenja
zaf
Tree E 300 290 96.67
Acacia melanoxylon
R.Br.
Fabaceae Omedla Tree E 300 275 91.67
Callistemon citrinus
(Curtis) Seekls
Myrtaceae Bottle brush
Shrub/T
ree
E 300 245 81.67
Acacia saligna (Labill.)
Wendl.
Fabaceae Tree E 300 215 71.67
Duranta erecta L. Verbenaceae Durenta Shrub E 300 210 70.00
Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae weeping fig Tree E 300 208 69.33
Spathodea campanulata
P. Beauv.
Bignoniaceae
Yecheka
nebelbal
Tree E 300 205 68.33
Araucaria heterophylla
(Salisb.) Franco
Araucariaceae tree E 300 202 67.33
Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Oleander shrub E 300 200 66.67
9. 1.4. Research findings
• The exotic plant species are highly dominant in all corners of the city
• Shortage of nursery facilities, lack of quality seed and seedling, and
their sources in the city are among the challenges of the urban
greenery
• Most of the street trees in the city are covered by G. robusta followed
by J. mimosifolia.
• Mismatches between legal provisions and the implementation on the
ground due to weak enforcement
• Plants with long and wider diameter have been planted in a very narrow road
median
10. 1.4. Research findings
• Tree root conflict with urban infrastructure particularly with
sidewalk
• Branches of some trees are broken on the main road, and
branches are hiding the opposite roads for pedestrians
• The trees dried along the sidewalk were not removed
• Branches obstructing power lines, telephone lines and other
urban infrastructure
• Undersized seedlings have been planted in the roadside, median
and urban parks, which were getting dried.
• Centrally developed guideline on tree planting and
silvicultural management at the city level is highly
recommended.
11. 2. Urban Tree Planting and Silvicultural
Management Guideline for Addis Ababa
12. a. About the Guideline
• is designed to be user-friendly and easy to understand for both
experts and non-experts
• provide all relevant stakeholders knowledge and skills in the
planning, implementation and monitoring of tree planting and
management processes.
• to fill the gaps in the capacity of experts working in the area of
green infrastructure development at all levels in the city.
• provides a list of tree/shrub species appropriate for specific urban
planting sites
• provides the platform for the active participation of all relevant
stakeholders throughout planning processes in the tree planting and
management initiative
13. b. How to use the guideline & Expected users
How
to
use
the
Guideline
Users should focus on the table 1 to
get shortened information
For more information, refer to
Chapter four
Expected
users
decision makers,
Practitioners
experts
Private sectors
14. c. Scope and Limitations of the Guideline
• The guideline focuses on street trees (both roadside and
road median), recreational parks, riversides, botanical
gardens, residents and institutions homesteads, and live
fences.
• We have recommended 80 potentially suitable tree/shrub
species for the urban green infrastructure of Addis Ababa
• It is open for further addition of right species for right
places in the city.
15. • Laboratory analysis of soil
parameters was not carried out.
• Species suitability index was not
conducted for each species for selection (as
it takes 3-5 years to determine suitability
from a weighted index for each species
based on the severity of damage (biotic,
abiotic and anthropogenic)
• Species based functional traits for
the selected trees and shrubs have not
been conducted.
• The species selections were made
by subjective experts’ decisions based
on an in-depth review of the
characteristics of each species in
addition to field observations in the
city.
d. Limitations
of the
Guideline
15
16. Chapter One
1.1. Plant species Selection
Cultural Constraints
Utilities
Structures
Surface cover
Pollution
Site
Factors
Environmental
Constraints
Edaphic
Climatic
Physiographic
Biological
Economic Factors
Establishment costs
Maintenance Cost
Removal Costs
Social Factors
Aesthetic
Functional utility
externalities
Species
selection
Species selection model (Miller, 1997)
17. 1.1. Plant Selection
Consider the following as a guide to selecting the right tree for the right place.
i/ choose the low maintenance plants suited to your site
ii/ eliminate plants of invasive nature
iii/ welcome wildlife
iv/ consider drought tolerance
iv/ think of maintenance requirements
v/ group high maintenance plants together for greater visual impact and
easier care
vi/ consider wind tolerance
ix/ avoid monocultures and plan for a mosaic of trees, shrubs, herbs,
grasses and groundcovers.
18. 1.2. Specific Objectives of the Guideline
To provide a set of criteria for the selection of tree species for tree planting
programs in Addis Ababa City based on the environmental, cultural, social, and
economic factors.
To categorize the suitability of species for various purposes and sites based on tree
characteristics.
To provide a list and description of the potential tree and shrubby species and their
attributes suitable to major landscapes and ecological restoration settings in Addis
Ababa.
To identify potential seed and seedlings sources.
To recommend tree species suitable to different sites and urban infrastructural
facilities in the city
To recommend planting maintenance and post planting management practices to
ensure greater survival and growth of planted trees for major potential tree species.
21. Chapter Two
2.1. Characteristics of Trees and urban green spaces
Size and spacing: size of a tree and spacing
between trees before planting
Form, texture, color, and seasonal interest:
match tree characteristics to nearby architectural
styles and keeping the natural harmony
22. Tree shapes:
Trees form various shapes during
its growth and development.
• Round /oval shaped
• Spreading/open shaped
• Columnar shaped
• Pyramidal/Conical
• Weeping:
• Irregular shapes:
• Vase
• Root structure
Tap root,
Fibrous,
Buttress roots
• Pest and disease free
23. 2.2. Urban Green space categories & purpose of tree
planting
Categories
• Urban Parks,
• parking lots,
• road sides and medians
• Homesteads/Residents/
• condominium compounds
• riversides, and upper
catchment area.
Purpose of trees
Shade, soil conservation
Ornamental, Economical
values
Noise pollution barrier,
windbreak
Pollution resistant, fast
growing.. etc
24. 2.3. Urban parks
Consider the following for
tree arrangement in the
Urban Parks:
for maximum aesthetic
effect and naturalness
to the eye, parks
should be planted with
a variety of tree
species with irregular
spacing, and
Integrate tree and grass
planting with
walkways and other
structures considering
the shading effects and
damages of roots on
the structures
Common
criteria,
Urban
Parks
Adaptability to AA condition
Trees with multiple economic and
ecological uses (e.g., fruit),
Maximum ameliorating effect on the
microclimate
Trees with High aesthetic value
Trees compatible with grass and other
trees,
Trees with high cultural values
Trees with evergreen characteristics
25. 2.4. Road medians, Roadsides, and parking lots,
• When selecting tree
for placement on
streets (both roadsides
and road median),
parking lots, and
shopping centers,
better to know future
use of the plant.
• A number of
checkpoints required
Check
procedures
Underground services
Do not plant if not in excess of 3m
deep or 5m for main water lines
Aerial services
Shading effects
Root infrastructure conflict
Long term risks if any
26. 2.4.1. Criteria for selecting Trees in roadsides
and medians
In the tree species selection, the aspects such as
• space distance (3m road shoulder, 3m apart, sth 4m),
• maintenance costs,
• tree health
• adaptability to our climate,
• attractiveness,
• the range of size, and
• suitability to growing along the streets.
Plant 5m away from intersection and streetlight, 4m from stop sign and 2m from
property line.
28. 2.5.Homesteads/Residents/condominium compounds
• Homesteads have the highest impact in transforming city’s
environment
• The number, type, and shape of the plant will be determined
depending on the site condition, interest of the owner
• Planting should follow the recommendation of the recent
master plan.
• Shade might be an important function of trees in residential
areas.
• The ideal shade tree has fairy dense, round crown with limbs
broad enough to partially shade the roof.
29. 2.5. Homesteads/Residents/condominium compounds
• a large tree will provide more building shade than a small tree.
• Columnar or upright trees are good in narrow side yards.
• keep trees at least 1.5-3 m from the building/houses
• Keep trees away from overhead power lines and do not plant
in underground water and sewer lines and septic tanks.
• Shade, fruit and ornamental trees are very common
33. Chapter Five
Pre-planting and Silvicultural management for
Seedlings
PPSM
Pests and
Disease
Control
Composting
Weeding:
Watering
34. A hole and soil prepared for tree planting
A hole of up to 40 cm deep and equally wide
should be dug for smaller seedlings with a
height of 50-1.0 m.
35. How to plant a tree?
Tree planting procedures in the field
36. Chapter Six
Post planting & Silvicultural Management
PPM
Watering
Pest and
diseases
control
Mulching
Pollarding
Tree
Pruning
Training
Weeding
37. Watering
Watering
1-3 months,
water if the
top 10 cm
soil is dry
Each tree
requires 70 L
water/week
After 1 year:
water every
3 to 4 weeks
After 6-12
months,
water
twice/month
After 3-6
months:
water twice
a week.
38. Chapter Seven
7.1.Community Engagement, Monitoring and Evaluation
• Community engagement (CE) is the process of inviting community
members into the decision-making strategy to assess, plan, implement, and
evaluate solutions to issues that affect their daily lives and environments.
CE
Objectives of
the program
Transparency
of the
program
Capacity of
stakeholders in
CE
Representation
s of institutions
Developing
trust in
communities
CE: builds community
spirit and unity so as to
develop trusts among
each other for the urban
tree planting and
management program
39. Process of community Engagement
The following should be considered as principle of urban tree planting initiatives;
i/ Connect urban tree planting initiatives with long-term management
ii/ Connect urban communities to the tree planting and management initiatives;
iii/ Focus on tree canopy targets rather than on the number of trees planted;
iv/ Give attention on post-planting care and encourage retention of existing trees;
v/ Monitor tree losses and gains to determine the specified targets are being met;
vi/ Increase species diversity by careful species selection as well as age and size
diversity to enhance urban resilience;
vii/ Focus on the distribution of tree canopy,
40. 7.2. Establish Advisory Technical Group (ATG)
AA Plan and
development
Bureau
AA Beautification
and Green
Development Bureau
AA Construction
Bureau
FDRE
Environment
Protection
Authority
AA-GLI
AA-EPA
Gullele Botanic
Garden Civic Societies
Ethiopian Forestry
Development
41. 7.3. Monitoring and Evaluation
S.N Condition to monitor Metrics Descriptions
1 Tree survivorship Number or % of trees surviving after
1 year and after 3-5 years
Tree mortality is often highest in the first few
years. Monitoring tree survival can allow people
to modify their management strategies and
replant dead trees
2 Tree replanting Number of trees replanted after
1 and after 3-5 years
This metric indicates how well the trees are
growing and if trees are being regularly cared for
3 Tree health status Number of ‘healthy’ trees
after 1 and 3-5 years, based on
how people perceive
tree health
Recording tree health ensures that monitoring
programs are in place, allows people to intervene
if trees are dying, and
can be used to gather information about how tree
species perform in urban plantations
4 Tree maintenance Frequency of maintenance activities These metrics ensure that funding and plans are
in place for caring of trees after planting.
Before planting, there should be a maintenance
plan in place suitable to the local environment,
and that can be adapted according to how trees
perform in urban greening
42. 7.3. Monitoring and Evaluation
5 Community
Participation and
Volunteers involvement
Percentage of households
/Number of civic societies, NGOs,
volunteers, etc. who participate
over time
Monitoring the percent of households who
participate during planting, after first year,
and after 3-5 years in the maintenance and
to what extent people are adopting the
program. If number of participants does
not increase, additional support or
interventions might be needed.
6 Value of
planted trees
Number of species and
trees planted with local use
value, or other cultural
significance
This measures if local values and preferences
are being taken into account, as well as the
potential utility of trees.
7 Environmental
value of planted
forests
Number of Indigenous tree
species planted
Number of Indigenous tree
species surviving after 1 and
3-5 years
Planting local tree species increases the
environmental benefits. Certain local species
are also often best adapted to persist in local
conditions.
43. 7.4. Funding and Resource Mobilization
Private sector
and foundations
World Resources
Institute
UN administered
funds
Bilateral funds
at city level
Global forest
fund
One Tree
Planted Inc.
Tree planting
+Mgt program
International
finance
institutions
Global Funds
(GEF
44. 8. Conclusion and Recommendations
8.1. Conclusion
• A total of 79 woody species of which 55.7% (44 species) were
indigenous and remaining 44.3% were exotic species
(Research data)
• The city is highly dominated by the top 10 exotic species,
particularly the inner sub-cities.
• 80 potential tree and shrub species for urban green
infrastructure development.
• Of 80 tree and shrub species selected, 74% (59 species) are
indigenous and the remaining (26%) are non-indigenous plant
species.
45. 8.2. Recommendations
• Gradual replacement of exotic species by other Indigenous
species for the continuity of urban resilience
• Sufficient funding should be allocated for the planting of new
urban trees and its management through mobilizing the
community, NGO and governmental organizations.
• Establishing an advisory technical group at the city level for
tree planting and silvicultural management issues
• To support the national and city wide tree planting efforts and
create strong awareness in the community participation, it is
important to launch National Tree Planting Day in Ethiopia.
46. 8.2. Recommendations
• Provide a mechanism for open consultation on urban trees issues
between local community groups, interested professional bodies and
several other stakeholders from city to woreda level
• City government should establish a formal and practical approach to
link the responsible city offices with the public at large on the issues
from planning to implementation of tree planting and management.
• Create greater understanding and awareness of the values of amenity
trees and stay up-to-date with current thinking, policy and research
activities.
• Establish the small holder cooperatives in the surroundings of Addis
Ababa and build their technical capacities to collect variety of seeds
from the mother trees in the fruiting season and purchase it to the
city at the time of propagation (Source of Seeds).
Adapting to Climate Change, Adapting to Extreme Heat, Adapting to Flooding
Pollarding is a method of pruning that keeps trees and shrubs smaller than they would naturally grow
Pruning is the process when individual branches are cut selectively.