This study aimed at investigating the impact of teachers' quality on graduates' employability the case of public universities in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which lecturers' teachers' quality affect the quality of training of graduates. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was successfully collected from 361 graduates, 385 final year undergraduate students preparing for graduation in 2019 and 56 academic staff. Questionnaire was the instruments used for the study. Instruments consisted of both closed and opened ended items. The reliability statistics for graduates and students from the University of Buea was 0.876 and 0.827 respectively while that for graduates and students from the University of Bamenda was 0.871 and 0.894 respectively. Data from closed ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while the opened ended questions were analysed thematically. Findings showed that lecturers' teachers' quality R = 412 , P = 0.000 strongly and significantly affect the quality of training and employability chances of graduates with all P values 0.001, far 0.05. Aside this relationship, a significant proportion of graduates, students and academic staff indicated that not all teachers employed in the University and in their department are qualify to teach. Therefore, it was recommended that adequate measures should be adopted to improve on teachers' quality by creating a teacher education center. Nyenty Stephen Atem | Joseph Besong Joseph ""Teachers' Quality and Graduates Employability: The Case of Public Universities in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30009.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30009/teachers%E2%80%99-quality-and-graduates-employability-the-case-of-public-universities-in-the-north-west-and-south-west-regions-of-cameroon/nyenty-stephen-atem
WORK EXPERIENCE DESIGNS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: CONCEPTS AND PROGRAMMESMichael Ashang
In this paper therefore, the writer delineate explicitly, all related concepts of work experience designs in agriculture under conceptual frame. The concepts captured hitherto were work experience, work experience programmes, work experience in agriculture, Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), and cooperative education. He also explores perspicaciously the various work experience programmes in Nigeria and other developed countries of the world. Efforts were also made to differentiate between cooperative education and SIWES.
Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment ...ijtsrd
The study assessed the extent to which Principalship Practices in Resource influence the Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon. Inspired by Imogene’s Goal Attainment theory and The Principalship Model for the Attainment of School Objectives, the study was guided by three objectives, answered three questions and tested three hypotheses. The survey research design and the post positivist quantitative and qualitative research mixed triangulation method were applied and with a questionnaire and interview guide data was collected from 326 principals. Proportionate and Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 31 and 10 principals from the two regions South West and Littoral . Applying descriptive Frequencies, percentages, tables and pie chart and inferential statistics to analyzed data, the results revealed that principalship practices in resource management influences the attainment of school objectives to the extent of 73.76 . This influence is comparatively strongest in financial resource management with the extent of 96.25 , above average in human resource management with extent of 73.04 and the weakest but average is material resource management with the extent of 59.68 . From the findings recommendations were made to the Ministry of secondary education to restructure their policy on principalship. Ilimbi Catherine Enjema | Fonkeng Epah George "Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38465.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38465/resource-management-practices-as-a-facet-of-principalship-and-the-attainment-of-school-objectives-in-cameroon/ilimbi-catherine-enjema
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
Investigating the institutional policies that contribute toward the students’...Sam Rany
The purpose of the study is to investigate the institutional policies that contributed to the enhancement of students’ academic success and educational quality in a Cambodian university. In a context of knowledge-based economy, higher education plays an important role to develop the citizen physically, mentally, and spiritually as well as to enhance the economic, social, political and cultural values of the nation. In the aftermath of the civil war in 1998, the Royal Government of Cambodia has strived to restore its education system in order to be integrated into the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Community by 2015 through adopting various strategies and policies to advance educational quality for Cambodia students’ academic success. This paper will investigate and discuss the status of institutional policies that can facilitate in reforming the educational system in Cambodian tertiary education. Astin’s theory (1984, 1993, 1999) is adopted to link the idea of institutional policies and Cambodian student’s academic success; the documents and data of governmental ministries, development partners, and higher education institutions will be employed in the study of such policies.
The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the curriculum structure for instructional leaders’ training and development against the desired competences; and to evaluate the career development framework of instructional leaders. With these ends in view, the study examined the instructional leadership framework, the curriculum document, and the instructional leaders’ recruitment, selection and retention strategies. The perspectives of instructional leadership trainers, instructional leaders, zone education department heads, and national level education experts who were selected using a purposive sampling technique were explored through one-on-one interviews. In the light of these, the qualitative data analysis discloses the absence of national instructional leadership framework from which instructional leadership curriculum should have emerged. It was also understood that the loosened curriculum development culture ultimately resulted in the curriculum’s lack of relevance to the desired competences for instructional leadership development. It was further learnt that there existed an absence of context specific recruitment, selection and retention strategies for instructional leaders. It is, therefore, concluded that the instructional leadership development practices of Ethiopia, seemed to have been deviating from expectations. Hence, it is recommended that there is a need to design a national instructional leadership development framework based on which the instructional leadership curriculum development and implementation practices could be managed. The recruitment, selection, and retention strategies should also involve incentive packages that could attract competent candidates to the profession. It is further recommended that there is a need to promote positive mindset exercises for instructional leaders to take their own professional development initiatives.
Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on...ijtsrd
The purpose of this paper was to investigate constraints to the implementation of the competence based approach CBA , and effects on vision 2035, as well as what teachers, principals and chiefs of work proposed as solutions to implementation problems. The major issue in this study was to find out whether the characteristics of the CBA constraints the implementation. The survey design was used The simple random sampling and clustered random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 10 principals, 19 chiefs of work and 129 teachers giving a total of 158 from a population of 509 government technical teachers, chiefs of work and principals in the five technical colleges that were used as sample in Fako division. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire comprising 46 items all closed ended and 2 open ended. Data from closed ended and open ended items were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS and the technique of content analysis respectively. Findings from the data analysis were presented using frequencies, percentages and means. The findings revealed that the CBA was preferred to other teaching methods in spite of its numerous constraints. As such, Cameroon can achieve vision 2035 if CBA is properly implemented. Some recommendations were made to improve on the practice for example, teachers need to be continuously trained through seminars workshops and regular follow up by principals and pedagogic inspectors to ensure the CBA is properly implemented. Ngwa Marcus Suh "Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on the Attainment of Vision 2035 of an Emerging Economy for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28044.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/28044/approach-in-government-technical-colleges-in-fako-division-and-its-effects-on-the-attainment-of-vision-2035-of-an-emerging-economy-for-cameroon/ngwa-marcus-suh
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
WORK EXPERIENCE DESIGNS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: CONCEPTS AND PROGRAMMESMichael Ashang
In this paper therefore, the writer delineate explicitly, all related concepts of work experience designs in agriculture under conceptual frame. The concepts captured hitherto were work experience, work experience programmes, work experience in agriculture, Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), and cooperative education. He also explores perspicaciously the various work experience programmes in Nigeria and other developed countries of the world. Efforts were also made to differentiate between cooperative education and SIWES.
Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment ...ijtsrd
The study assessed the extent to which Principalship Practices in Resource influence the Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon. Inspired by Imogene’s Goal Attainment theory and The Principalship Model for the Attainment of School Objectives, the study was guided by three objectives, answered three questions and tested three hypotheses. The survey research design and the post positivist quantitative and qualitative research mixed triangulation method were applied and with a questionnaire and interview guide data was collected from 326 principals. Proportionate and Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 31 and 10 principals from the two regions South West and Littoral . Applying descriptive Frequencies, percentages, tables and pie chart and inferential statistics to analyzed data, the results revealed that principalship practices in resource management influences the attainment of school objectives to the extent of 73.76 . This influence is comparatively strongest in financial resource management with the extent of 96.25 , above average in human resource management with extent of 73.04 and the weakest but average is material resource management with the extent of 59.68 . From the findings recommendations were made to the Ministry of secondary education to restructure their policy on principalship. Ilimbi Catherine Enjema | Fonkeng Epah George "Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38465.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38465/resource-management-practices-as-a-facet-of-principalship-and-the-attainment-of-school-objectives-in-cameroon/ilimbi-catherine-enjema
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
Investigating the institutional policies that contribute toward the students’...Sam Rany
The purpose of the study is to investigate the institutional policies that contributed to the enhancement of students’ academic success and educational quality in a Cambodian university. In a context of knowledge-based economy, higher education plays an important role to develop the citizen physically, mentally, and spiritually as well as to enhance the economic, social, political and cultural values of the nation. In the aftermath of the civil war in 1998, the Royal Government of Cambodia has strived to restore its education system in order to be integrated into the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Community by 2015 through adopting various strategies and policies to advance educational quality for Cambodia students’ academic success. This paper will investigate and discuss the status of institutional policies that can facilitate in reforming the educational system in Cambodian tertiary education. Astin’s theory (1984, 1993, 1999) is adopted to link the idea of institutional policies and Cambodian student’s academic success; the documents and data of governmental ministries, development partners, and higher education institutions will be employed in the study of such policies.
The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the curriculum structure for instructional leaders’ training and development against the desired competences; and to evaluate the career development framework of instructional leaders. With these ends in view, the study examined the instructional leadership framework, the curriculum document, and the instructional leaders’ recruitment, selection and retention strategies. The perspectives of instructional leadership trainers, instructional leaders, zone education department heads, and national level education experts who were selected using a purposive sampling technique were explored through one-on-one interviews. In the light of these, the qualitative data analysis discloses the absence of national instructional leadership framework from which instructional leadership curriculum should have emerged. It was also understood that the loosened curriculum development culture ultimately resulted in the curriculum’s lack of relevance to the desired competences for instructional leadership development. It was further learnt that there existed an absence of context specific recruitment, selection and retention strategies for instructional leaders. It is, therefore, concluded that the instructional leadership development practices of Ethiopia, seemed to have been deviating from expectations. Hence, it is recommended that there is a need to design a national instructional leadership development framework based on which the instructional leadership curriculum development and implementation practices could be managed. The recruitment, selection, and retention strategies should also involve incentive packages that could attract competent candidates to the profession. It is further recommended that there is a need to promote positive mindset exercises for instructional leaders to take their own professional development initiatives.
Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on...ijtsrd
The purpose of this paper was to investigate constraints to the implementation of the competence based approach CBA , and effects on vision 2035, as well as what teachers, principals and chiefs of work proposed as solutions to implementation problems. The major issue in this study was to find out whether the characteristics of the CBA constraints the implementation. The survey design was used The simple random sampling and clustered random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 10 principals, 19 chiefs of work and 129 teachers giving a total of 158 from a population of 509 government technical teachers, chiefs of work and principals in the five technical colleges that were used as sample in Fako division. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire comprising 46 items all closed ended and 2 open ended. Data from closed ended and open ended items were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS and the technique of content analysis respectively. Findings from the data analysis were presented using frequencies, percentages and means. The findings revealed that the CBA was preferred to other teaching methods in spite of its numerous constraints. As such, Cameroon can achieve vision 2035 if CBA is properly implemented. Some recommendations were made to improve on the practice for example, teachers need to be continuously trained through seminars workshops and regular follow up by principals and pedagogic inspectors to ensure the CBA is properly implemented. Ngwa Marcus Suh "Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on the Attainment of Vision 2035 of an Emerging Economy for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28044.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/28044/approach-in-government-technical-colleges-in-fako-division-and-its-effects-on-the-attainment-of-vision-2035-of-an-emerging-economy-for-cameroon/ngwa-marcus-suh
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...Premier Publishers
The paper analysed the teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe. This study sought to investigate the challenges confronting teachers of rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised all secondary school teachers in Nkayi District. The sample consisted of 120 teachers of which 68 were female and 52 were male. The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study revealed that most teachers had a positive attitude towards the TVET programme. It also revealed that schools faced many challenges as they tried to implement TVET. The study recommends that there should be more allocation of financial, material and human resources towards TVET in secondary schools.
Pakistan Education System & RecommendationS.M.Ali Raza
Analysis Federal & Provincial Education budgets & their targets & Recommendation
It was my 2nd project as a student of BSc(hons)
Prepared by me: S.M.Ali Raza Naqvi
The Evaluation of Teaching Practice from the Perspective of Cooperating Teachersijtsrd
Teacher education is the bedrock of the quality of the educational system of every country. For this quality to be realized, it is important to constantly monitor the stages theoretical, teaching practice, research project involved in teacher education. This study sought to investigate the effectiveness of the teaching practice stage of the teacher education programme in the University of Buea from the perspective of cooperating teachers. More specifically, the study sought to determine from the perceptions of cooperating teachers on whether student teachers command a mastery of the subjects they teach. The research methodology used was a survey of the opinions of 194 cooperating teachers selected through the simple random sampling technique. The subjects completed a self-response questionnaire made up of open and closed-ended items. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences to obtain frequencies, simple percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations were used. The results obtained revealed that participants were divided in their opinions ON the objective that guided the study. Based on these findings, recommendations were made to guide relevant practice, policy and research. Ambei Moses Chu "The Evaluation of Teaching Practice from the Perspective of Cooperating Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20290.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/20290/the-evaluation-of-teaching-practice-from-the-perspective-of-cooperating-teachers/ambei-moses-chu
Planning and Managing Technical and Vocational Education in Polytechnics: Pri...inventionjournals
The desire to plan and manage vocational education adequately as an investment for economic and human resource is reinforced by studies in the field of educational economics such as UNESCO and UNICEF through advocacy for „Equitable, Quality Education and Lifelong Learning for All‟ as the main goal for education. In third world countries, large numbers of graduates from formal schools are unemployed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gather information about planning and managing technical and vocational education in polytechnics with priorities in training trends and prospects. The objectives of the study were to: find out instructors‟ perceptions about instructional methodologies employed by youth polytechnic instructors; examine trainees‟ and instructors‟ views about training tools, equipment and materials at their disposal as the necessary implements towards acquisition of vocational skills and knowledge. The study adopted survey research design. The study population was 1880. Census and purposive sampling were used to draw a sample of 31.06% informants. The study employed questionnaires, interview schedules and checklists for collect data. Data were presented in percentages, pie charts, frequencies, bar graphs and ratios. A major finding was that agriculture trade was offered as common a course to first years only. Community‟s negative attitude towards vocational training discouraged youths from enrolling at YPs. 72.8% respondents observed that YPs were poorly enrolled. 79.9% trainees reported instructors demonstrated skills while trainees explained them. Some trainees shared tools during practicals. 93.1% instructors were ICT illiterate. Few YPs had automated tools/equipment and trade workshops were poorly equipped. The study concluded that YPs were in dire need of instructors, adequate training tools/equipment, materials and workshops. The study recommended that County Government building a YP in every location and craft comprehensive policies on financing/staffing of YPs.
This paper is targeted to aid providers, government, academics, researchers and the general population. The aim of this paper is to provide an analyses of the unemployment problem in South Africa and provide some solutions (some financial) to mitigate the unemployment problem. In addition this paper will look at the obstacles that hinder the execution of solutions and how these obstacles can be overcome.
CRITICAL STUDY OF RESEARCH RESULTS ABOUT TVET AND TEFA'S ROLE IN SOCIAL, ECON...Argo Ciptono
To support the strategic role of TVET, there are many programs that need to be done including the use of teaching factory teaching models (TEFA). Question: What is the direction of TVET education according to industry needs? Does the application of TVET contribute to the social, economic and educational development of a country? What is the impact of TVET in developing countries? What is TEFA? What is the effect of TEFA on the work readiness of vocational students? Has TEFA been implemented properly? Is the application of TEFA able to contribute to the economic development and education of a country? To answer a number of questions, it is necessary to do research with the title "Critical study of the results of research on the role of TVET and TEFA in social, economic and educational development in a country". The purpose of this study was to determine the role of TVET and TEVA on social, economic and educational development in a country. The study was conducted using literature review of a number of references and relevant research results, and continued with Focus Group Disscussion (FGD). The study concluded that: The study concluded that: (1) TVET has a key and key role in the social, economic and educational fields of a country; (2) the impact of TVET in Nigeria and other developing countries, in general, has not been impressive; (3) the application of TEFA has a positive and significant effect on work readiness of vocational students; and (4) the application of TEFA is able to contribute to the social, economic and educational development of a country.
The Effectiveness of School Management Boards An Appraisal from the Perspecti...ijtsrd
This paper sought to examine the extent to which School Management Boards S.M.Bs are effective in performing their functions as stated in Decree No. 2001 041 of 19th February 2001. In addition, it sought to investigate problems encountered by SMB as well as strategies that can be put in place to improve on its effectiveness. This was done from the perspective of secondary school teachers and administrators in selected schools in Fako Division of the South West Region. The survey research design was used and data were collected through the use of questionnaires for administrators and teachers. A total of 138 administrators and 291 teachers responded to the questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques frequencies, means and percentages and revealed that to a greater extent the S.M.Bs are perceived by the respondents to ensure that financial resources are effectively managed in schools. Based on the findings, it was revealed that S.M.Bs in Public Secondary Grammar Schools, could manage financial resources effectively and efficiently to a greater extent than they could manage these very resources ineffectively. As such the following recommendations have been made Educational authorities Regional Delegates, Divisional Delegates and Pedagogic inspectors should regularly visit and monitor the activities of the SMB to ensure that they are adequately respecting the terms of Decree No 19 02 2001 which spells out the duties of members. Training workshops should be organised for the members of the SMB on the proper management of school resources. Haddassah Limunga Mbake "The Effectiveness of School Management Boards: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Public Secondary Grammar Schools in Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29325/the-effectiveness-of-school-management-boards-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-public-secondary-grammar-schools-in-fako-division/haddassah-limunga-mbake
To the economist, one of the most natural approaches is to study the productivity of education, since prudent investment is governed by the relative productivity of the funds which is in turn determined by the marginal rate of return compared with the best alternative use of the same funds. With considerable pressure now being exerted upon governments for increase in their allocations to education. It is quite understandable that economists, who have always followed the outlays of government with great interest, recently have turned considerable attention to the study of education’s productivity.
Three approaches to this study, none of which is totally independent of the others.
1. Educational Productivity
2. Residual Factors in Educational Productivity
3. Educational Planning and Manpower
Abstract
Youth age group (15-24) is a great asset to a nation, because youth being a working age population if properly trained and prepared for world of work could bring revolution in the economy of a country. Therefore, developed countries give greater emphasis to youth’s training and education to prepare youth for world of work. In develop countries, to prepare youth, especially school leaver’s vocational training schemes were introduced at secondary and high school level. However, in developed countries the ratio of edging population is increasing as compared to the youth working age population, whereas in developing countries including Pakistan the youth population is rapidly increasing. There is a need that we take advantage of this demographic dividend and prepare our youth for world of work. This paper highlights the importance of vocationalization in youth employment. In the paper youth’s employment trend and its relation with education and training were discussed. In the country, causes for failure of past efforts made for vocationalization of general education were examined. Worldwide available different modes for vocational training and effective models were analyzed and suitable model for vocationalization of general education in the country is proposed in this paper.
The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in...ijtsrd
This study focused on “The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students’ Academic Performance in English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon”. The main objective was to investigate if students’ academic performance depends on the ways human resources Administrators and Lecturers are being managed. Main concepts of human resources dexamined were seminars and in service training. This study formulated two specific objectives, and was carried out using two research questions which were later translated to two research hypotheses to ascertain the findings of the study. The study used the survey design in which quantitative and qualitative data was used as the basis on which to build and explain data. Data was collected with the use of questionnaires and interview guides. The sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The sample was selected using the convenient sampling technique. The sample consisted of 375 lecturers and 649 students from the two English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon. The interview was conducted with 10 Administrators from both schools. This gave a grand total of 1034 respondents in this study. An analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data resulted in the following findings there is a significant positive relationship between workers attaining seminars and students’ academic performance and there is a significant positive relationship between in service training and students’ academic performance. The study therefore recommended that when the right persons have been selected, they should be paired with experienced personnel of their field to observe how they work in service training before they are given the opportunity to work on their own the Minister of Higher Education through the Head of State should allocate some funds for seminars to be organise for staff. The study therefore concluded that human resource development is an essential tool towards institutional growth and development. Dr. Nforbi Shalotte Lem | Mr. Amungwa Gerald "The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in Public English Speaking Universities in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49207/the-effects-of-human-resource-development-on-students-academic-performance-in-public-english-speaking-universities-in-cameroon/dr-nforbi-shalotte-lem
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...Premier Publishers
The paper analysed the teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe. This study sought to investigate the challenges confronting teachers of rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised all secondary school teachers in Nkayi District. The sample consisted of 120 teachers of which 68 were female and 52 were male. The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study revealed that most teachers had a positive attitude towards the TVET programme. It also revealed that schools faced many challenges as they tried to implement TVET. The study recommends that there should be more allocation of financial, material and human resources towards TVET in secondary schools.
Pakistan Education System & RecommendationS.M.Ali Raza
Analysis Federal & Provincial Education budgets & their targets & Recommendation
It was my 2nd project as a student of BSc(hons)
Prepared by me: S.M.Ali Raza Naqvi
The Evaluation of Teaching Practice from the Perspective of Cooperating Teachersijtsrd
Teacher education is the bedrock of the quality of the educational system of every country. For this quality to be realized, it is important to constantly monitor the stages theoretical, teaching practice, research project involved in teacher education. This study sought to investigate the effectiveness of the teaching practice stage of the teacher education programme in the University of Buea from the perspective of cooperating teachers. More specifically, the study sought to determine from the perceptions of cooperating teachers on whether student teachers command a mastery of the subjects they teach. The research methodology used was a survey of the opinions of 194 cooperating teachers selected through the simple random sampling technique. The subjects completed a self-response questionnaire made up of open and closed-ended items. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences to obtain frequencies, simple percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations were used. The results obtained revealed that participants were divided in their opinions ON the objective that guided the study. Based on these findings, recommendations were made to guide relevant practice, policy and research. Ambei Moses Chu "The Evaluation of Teaching Practice from the Perspective of Cooperating Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20290.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/20290/the-evaluation-of-teaching-practice-from-the-perspective-of-cooperating-teachers/ambei-moses-chu
Planning and Managing Technical and Vocational Education in Polytechnics: Pri...inventionjournals
The desire to plan and manage vocational education adequately as an investment for economic and human resource is reinforced by studies in the field of educational economics such as UNESCO and UNICEF through advocacy for „Equitable, Quality Education and Lifelong Learning for All‟ as the main goal for education. In third world countries, large numbers of graduates from formal schools are unemployed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gather information about planning and managing technical and vocational education in polytechnics with priorities in training trends and prospects. The objectives of the study were to: find out instructors‟ perceptions about instructional methodologies employed by youth polytechnic instructors; examine trainees‟ and instructors‟ views about training tools, equipment and materials at their disposal as the necessary implements towards acquisition of vocational skills and knowledge. The study adopted survey research design. The study population was 1880. Census and purposive sampling were used to draw a sample of 31.06% informants. The study employed questionnaires, interview schedules and checklists for collect data. Data were presented in percentages, pie charts, frequencies, bar graphs and ratios. A major finding was that agriculture trade was offered as common a course to first years only. Community‟s negative attitude towards vocational training discouraged youths from enrolling at YPs. 72.8% respondents observed that YPs were poorly enrolled. 79.9% trainees reported instructors demonstrated skills while trainees explained them. Some trainees shared tools during practicals. 93.1% instructors were ICT illiterate. Few YPs had automated tools/equipment and trade workshops were poorly equipped. The study concluded that YPs were in dire need of instructors, adequate training tools/equipment, materials and workshops. The study recommended that County Government building a YP in every location and craft comprehensive policies on financing/staffing of YPs.
This paper is targeted to aid providers, government, academics, researchers and the general population. The aim of this paper is to provide an analyses of the unemployment problem in South Africa and provide some solutions (some financial) to mitigate the unemployment problem. In addition this paper will look at the obstacles that hinder the execution of solutions and how these obstacles can be overcome.
CRITICAL STUDY OF RESEARCH RESULTS ABOUT TVET AND TEFA'S ROLE IN SOCIAL, ECON...Argo Ciptono
To support the strategic role of TVET, there are many programs that need to be done including the use of teaching factory teaching models (TEFA). Question: What is the direction of TVET education according to industry needs? Does the application of TVET contribute to the social, economic and educational development of a country? What is the impact of TVET in developing countries? What is TEFA? What is the effect of TEFA on the work readiness of vocational students? Has TEFA been implemented properly? Is the application of TEFA able to contribute to the economic development and education of a country? To answer a number of questions, it is necessary to do research with the title "Critical study of the results of research on the role of TVET and TEFA in social, economic and educational development in a country". The purpose of this study was to determine the role of TVET and TEVA on social, economic and educational development in a country. The study was conducted using literature review of a number of references and relevant research results, and continued with Focus Group Disscussion (FGD). The study concluded that: The study concluded that: (1) TVET has a key and key role in the social, economic and educational fields of a country; (2) the impact of TVET in Nigeria and other developing countries, in general, has not been impressive; (3) the application of TEFA has a positive and significant effect on work readiness of vocational students; and (4) the application of TEFA is able to contribute to the social, economic and educational development of a country.
The Effectiveness of School Management Boards An Appraisal from the Perspecti...ijtsrd
This paper sought to examine the extent to which School Management Boards S.M.Bs are effective in performing their functions as stated in Decree No. 2001 041 of 19th February 2001. In addition, it sought to investigate problems encountered by SMB as well as strategies that can be put in place to improve on its effectiveness. This was done from the perspective of secondary school teachers and administrators in selected schools in Fako Division of the South West Region. The survey research design was used and data were collected through the use of questionnaires for administrators and teachers. A total of 138 administrators and 291 teachers responded to the questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques frequencies, means and percentages and revealed that to a greater extent the S.M.Bs are perceived by the respondents to ensure that financial resources are effectively managed in schools. Based on the findings, it was revealed that S.M.Bs in Public Secondary Grammar Schools, could manage financial resources effectively and efficiently to a greater extent than they could manage these very resources ineffectively. As such the following recommendations have been made Educational authorities Regional Delegates, Divisional Delegates and Pedagogic inspectors should regularly visit and monitor the activities of the SMB to ensure that they are adequately respecting the terms of Decree No 19 02 2001 which spells out the duties of members. Training workshops should be organised for the members of the SMB on the proper management of school resources. Haddassah Limunga Mbake "The Effectiveness of School Management Boards: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Public Secondary Grammar Schools in Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29325/the-effectiveness-of-school-management-boards-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-public-secondary-grammar-schools-in-fako-division/haddassah-limunga-mbake
To the economist, one of the most natural approaches is to study the productivity of education, since prudent investment is governed by the relative productivity of the funds which is in turn determined by the marginal rate of return compared with the best alternative use of the same funds. With considerable pressure now being exerted upon governments for increase in their allocations to education. It is quite understandable that economists, who have always followed the outlays of government with great interest, recently have turned considerable attention to the study of education’s productivity.
Three approaches to this study, none of which is totally independent of the others.
1. Educational Productivity
2. Residual Factors in Educational Productivity
3. Educational Planning and Manpower
Abstract
Youth age group (15-24) is a great asset to a nation, because youth being a working age population if properly trained and prepared for world of work could bring revolution in the economy of a country. Therefore, developed countries give greater emphasis to youth’s training and education to prepare youth for world of work. In develop countries, to prepare youth, especially school leaver’s vocational training schemes were introduced at secondary and high school level. However, in developed countries the ratio of edging population is increasing as compared to the youth working age population, whereas in developing countries including Pakistan the youth population is rapidly increasing. There is a need that we take advantage of this demographic dividend and prepare our youth for world of work. This paper highlights the importance of vocationalization in youth employment. In the paper youth’s employment trend and its relation with education and training were discussed. In the country, causes for failure of past efforts made for vocationalization of general education were examined. Worldwide available different modes for vocational training and effective models were analyzed and suitable model for vocationalization of general education in the country is proposed in this paper.
The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in...ijtsrd
This study focused on “The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students’ Academic Performance in English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon”. The main objective was to investigate if students’ academic performance depends on the ways human resources Administrators and Lecturers are being managed. Main concepts of human resources dexamined were seminars and in service training. This study formulated two specific objectives, and was carried out using two research questions which were later translated to two research hypotheses to ascertain the findings of the study. The study used the survey design in which quantitative and qualitative data was used as the basis on which to build and explain data. Data was collected with the use of questionnaires and interview guides. The sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The sample was selected using the convenient sampling technique. The sample consisted of 375 lecturers and 649 students from the two English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon. The interview was conducted with 10 Administrators from both schools. This gave a grand total of 1034 respondents in this study. An analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data resulted in the following findings there is a significant positive relationship between workers attaining seminars and students’ academic performance and there is a significant positive relationship between in service training and students’ academic performance. The study therefore recommended that when the right persons have been selected, they should be paired with experienced personnel of their field to observe how they work in service training before they are given the opportunity to work on their own the Minister of Higher Education through the Head of State should allocate some funds for seminars to be organise for staff. The study therefore concluded that human resource development is an essential tool towards institutional growth and development. Dr. Nforbi Shalotte Lem | Mr. Amungwa Gerald "The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in Public English Speaking Universities in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49207/the-effects-of-human-resource-development-on-students-academic-performance-in-public-english-speaking-universities-in-cameroon/dr-nforbi-shalotte-lem
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Edu...ijtsrd
This paper explored Cameroon’s decentralization policy in the context of educational reforms which entails the adoption of universal legal framework which aims at universalizing free primary education such as that from the1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All EFA by 2015 and the Dakar 2002 Action Framework. Basically, the government strives to provide free education to pupils, so as to support the underprivileged and enable them read and write in a bid to reduce illiteracy and to bring education to the people. This paper is also anchored on the observation that every major decentralized education throughout the world has to involve some legislative changes to the law. In the case of Cameroon, decentralization constitutes a legal, institutional and financial means through which regional and local authorities operate to foster development with the active involvement of the population. Assessing the legal framework and implementation by various stakeholders shows that the decentralization laws passed over the years in Cameroon have local development and governance as their main thrust. But this review posits that the process for the adoption and implementation of the decentralization policies is slow, partial and seemingly unserious thus barricading the smooth functioning of Basic Education in Cameroon. Unfortunately too, empirical science has narrowly escaped the decentralization process as it pertains to Education primary in Cameroon. As such, this paper acts as a clarion call for more studies to understand how the process unfolds in Cameroon and how it affects the primary education sector. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon, an Overview of the History and Challenges of the Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30620.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30620/tracing-the-evolution-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-ministry-of-basic-education-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-history-and-challenges-of-the-process/ngong-gaius-mufua
The Usefulness of Higher Education Instructional Strategies on the Employabil...ijtsrd
The problem of unemployment among graduates from Cameroon's higher institutions of learning has been a matter of concern to the nation recently. As part of the contribution to arresting the situation, this study was designed to Examine the Usefulness of Higher Education instructional strategies on the employability of graduates in Cameroon. To carry out the study, three research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated. After reviewing both theoretical and empirical literature, the survey research design was employed in the study. The study was carried out in the two state universities of the English speaking regions of Cameroon. The sample for the study consisted of 300 students, 120 lecturers, and 6 employers. Data was collected using close ended questionnaires and interviews. The study employed econometrics regression techniques such as the structural equation modeling SEM approach using the maximum likely hood estimation technique to analyze the data that were collected. The critical ratio was used to test the significance of the hypothesis and the overall results revealed that, instructional strategies have a significant contribution to graduate employability in Cameroon from the perspective of teachers, students, and employers. Based on the above findings, it was specifically recommended that, teachers of higher education institutions should be properly trained on how to effectively use the various instructional strategies to trigger graduate employability. Ndamsa, N. F. Ndi | Seino Evangeline Agwa Fomukong | Nubonyin Hilda Fokong "The Usefulness of Higher Education Instructional Strategies on the Employability of Graduates in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59631.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59631/the-usefulness-of-higher-education-instructional-strategies-on-the-employability-of-graduates-in-cameroon/ndamsa-n-f-ndi
From Global Educational Experiences in the Development of National Education ...ijtsrd
This article describes in detail the necessary methods of using global educational experience in the development and progress of the national education system on the basis of the decrees and decrees of the President. Also, large scale reforms in the national education system in recent years the establishment of a new vocational education system, for the first time since the current academic year, entrepreneurship oriented curricula in vocational education institutions to be introduced as an experimental test. along with the creation and implementation of curricula based on a competency based approach from the new academic year, there was a detailed discussion of the achievements and shortcomings of Distance Education. Samatova Shohsanam Kholmuhammad Qizi "From Global Educational Experiences in the Development of National Education Methods of Use" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48063.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/48063/from-global-educational-experiences-in-the-development-of-national-education-methods-of-use/samatova-shohsanam-kholmuhammad-qizi
Implications of the Unavailability of Resources on the Implementation of New ...ijtsrd
This study intended to examine the unavailability of resources on the Implementation of the New Teacher Training Curriculum in South West Region of Cameroon. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used in collecting data. Questionnaires were completed by 180 teacher trainers drawn from 5 Teacher Training colleges in three divisions. There were two focus groups. The random and purposive sampling techniques were employed in selecting the divisions and the schools. Data collected from the field were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. For descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, bar charts and pie charts were used. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Value r was used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that, majority of respondents were in the opinion that resources were rarely or unavailable. The teacher trainers outlined some of the effects and constraints they encountered in the course of implementing the new curriculum. One main recommendation is that, the ministry of secondary education, educators and facilitators of teacher training colleges should ensure that teacher trainers are taught and trained on the new pedagogic practices that are introduced in the course of implementation of a curriculum before implementation begins. They should also ensure that resources are adequately available. Considering the limitations of the study, the researcher made recommendations for more research by employing a multi dimension in extending to other regions and even carrying out a comparative study between public and private teacher training institutions. Ediage Grace Melioge "Implications of the Unavailability of Resources on the Implementation of New Curriculums in Teacher Training Colleges in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38454.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38454/implications-of-the-unavailability-of-resources-on-the-implementation-of-new-curriculums-in-teacher-training-colleges-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/ediage-grace-melioge
This tracer study determined the employment status
of BS Computer Science
Graduates of LPU from 2004-2009. It also assessed t
he relevance of BSCS curricula,
knowledge, skills and work values acquired by the g
raduates relevant to their
employment; identify the personal and professional
characteristics and job placement
of Computer Science graduates and the school relate
d factors associated with their
employment. The findings of the study served as the
basis of the researcher to
improve, update or enhance the curricula of BSCS pr
ogram to make this more
responsive to the needs of fast changing technology
.
There were 85 percent of the surveyed respondents w
ho were gainfully employed;
majority have professional, technical and superviso
ry position, landed on their first
job related to their course completed, obtained the
ir first jobs in less than 1 year;
stayed in their first job more than 1 year, career
challenge, salaries and benefits are
the prime reasons for changing the job and lack of
work experience is the number 1
problem they encountered when looking for a job.
Information Technology and communication skills dev
eloped by LPU were
considered very much useful to the present work of
the respondents. Work related
values like love for God, supportiveness, courage,
tolerance and perseverance were
also deemed very much useful to the present employm
ent of the respondents. The
proposed program of the study focused on academic d
evelopment, employment
opportunity and enhancing leadership capability of
Computer Science graduates.
It is strongly recommended that the graduating stud
ents before graduation must be
given ample time to experience pre – employment exa
minations and interviews.
Faculty development trainings must be given to the
faculty members teaching
professional subjects. As to general Education Subj
ects, Mathematics and Language
subjects must also be strengthened. All Offices and
Departments must continue to
improve their services towards the attainment of ma
ximum customer satisfaction.
Teaching Method in Building Construction Programme and the Development of Stu...ijtsrd
Technical High Schools in Cameroon are agencies that aim at empowering students with vocational skills that will enable them to be self employed and boost socio economic development. This study was to look at the influence of teaching method as a component of building construction programme on the development of students’ vocational skills in technical high schools in Cameroon. The study used the cross sectional descriptive survey research design in a concurrent triangulation mixed method approach, and targeted five technical high schools in Fako Division and four in the Wouri division. The sample was made up of 83 teachers and 268 students. The data collection instruments were questionnaires for teachers and students and an observation guide for teachers in the flame of classroom activities. Quantitative data were entered using EpiData Version 3.1 and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Standard version, Release 21.0. The questionnaire was made of categorical variables and data were analysed using counting techniques namely frequency and proportions while Multiple Responses Analysis was used to aggregate score within conceptual components. Spearman’s Rho correlation test supported by Binary Logistic Regression was used to appraise the predictive power of teaching method on students’ acquisition of vocational skills. The findings unfold that teachers and students had almost the same appreciation of teaching methods P=0.313 , though teachers to a very high extent 78.3 perceived the adequacy of teaching method more than students 72.7 . Though in their majority they agreed of the proper implementation, this was below the critical cut point for strong lexicography for effective implementation of 80 . However, this deviation was not significant for teachers 2=0.04 df=1 P=0.849 unlike for students 2=3.73 df=1 P=0.049 . This therefore implies that if teachers perceived an effective implementation of teaching methods, this was the case with the students. With respect to the acquisition of vocational skills, teachers and students had almost the same appreciation P=0.146 . In their majority, they agreed though below the critical cut point for strong lexicography for effective implementation of 80 . However, this deviation was not significant for teachers 2=1.19 df=1 P=0.276 and for students 2=0.40 df=1 P=0.526 . This therefore implies that teachers and students perceived the acquisition of vocational skills to be effective. There was a significant positive correlation between the practiced of the recommended teaching methods and acquisition of vocational skills by students R=0.826 P=0.000 . This was supported by Binary Logistic Regression that depicted that the overall Explanatory Power for the Integrated Value Mapping IVM of the conceptual component ‘teaching method’ was 18.4 and was very significant P=0.000 . Among the four sub components of teaching methods, namely explicit teaching, interactive demonstration method, cooperat
TERI University is one of the leading university offering courses in the field of Environmental Science and Sustainability with 100% placement record and erudite professors it has helped students grow in career.
An investigation into the challenges with the South African Qualifications Au...ijtsrd
Students from universities across the SADC region and beyond who did not attain degrees from South African universities are required to go through the South Africa Qualifications Authority SAQA evaluation in order to enroll for further studies in South African universities. The challenge is that they cannot attain outright admission without the SAQA certification despite having attained undergraduate qualifications at university level. This study therefore seeks to establish how universities in the SADC region can standardize qualifications in order to harmonize university degree weighting and grading for the students to proceed to South African universities for further studies. The study will use document analysis and in depth interviews in order to glean requisite information from stakeholders. Tawanda Mukurunge | Neo Tlali | Tsepiso Mncina | Takura Bhila ""An investigation into the challenges with the South African Qualifications Authority for students with qualifications from universities outside South Africa"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23490.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23490/an-investigation-into-the-challenges-with-the-south-african-qualifications-authority-for-students-with-qualifications-from-universities-outside-south-africa/tawanda-mukurunge
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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structure. The Francophone structure today is called the
LMD system (Licence, Master and Doctoral cycles of 3+2+3
years each) corresponding to BMD (Bachelor, Master and
Doctoral cycles) which existed in the Anglophone system.
This new and comparable degreestructure wentoperational
from 2008.
Besides the 1993 reforms, there have been revisions and
additions which relate to Higher Education. Some of these
include:
Law No. 005 of 16th April 2001 on the orientation of
Higher Education in Cameroon. It defined the
orientation of Higher Education in terms of teaching,
research, and contributionto development, bilingualism
and cooperation.
Decree No. 2005/383 of 17th October 2005 on New
University Governance lays down the financial
regulations applicable to Universities.
The 9th August 2008 decree creating the University of
Maroua.
Decree No. 2010/372 of14th December2010,creatinga
second Anglophone state University, the University of
Bamenda.
The University-Industry Charter signed on 20th
December 2010 expressing the values that should be
upheld and the rules and regulations in University-
industry relations.
The 2006-2009 Education SectorsStrategicPlan(ESSP).
The 2010-2014Growthand EmploymentStrategyPaper
(GESP).
Higher Education objectives result from overlapping
national and international policies. Cameroon is a signatory
to several international conventions relatedtoeducation. As
a developing and aid-dependentcountry,Cameroon’sHigher
Education system is influenced by the World Bank, UNESCO,
the African Development Bank and other sub regional
organizations which shape what is deemed strategic for
Higher Education (Doh, 2012). Today, there exist eight (08)
state Universities and over 116 private Higher Institutions
which are claimed to provide professional training to
students. According to the Sector Wide Approach to
Education as cited by Titanji (2017), 20% of every course
should be professionalised. Since the inception of these
reforms and other laws, Cameroon is still faced with high a
rate of unemployed graduatesandunderemployment.Inour
state Universities, there exist professional and classic
disciplines/programmes. Despite this dual existence in
academic progrmammesinourstateUniversities,manyhave
said that there is actually no professionalisation involved.
According to Law No. 005 of 16 April 2001 to Guide Higher
Education, article 2 states that the Higher Education realm
shall be assigned a basic mission of producing, organizing
and disseminating scientific, cultural, professional and
ethical knowledge for development purposes. Article 3 also
states that State shall grant the Higher Education realm a
national priority status and it shall organize and supervise
Higher Education. The new policy on University governance
laid down in decree No. 2005/383 of 17th December 2005
was aimed at improving governance of Higher Education in
four perspectives (managerial,academic,financial andsocial
governance). The decree emphasizes efficiency,
effectiveness, management with rigour transparency and
results.
It is asserted that the purpose was to review and reorient
Higher Education to meet the needs of the society and the
labour market. Given that Higher Educationdoesnotneedto
train without focusing on wherethegraduateswill endup,in
(2018), the Head of State signed a Memorandum of
understanding withtheobjectivetobringotherstakeholders
on board to professionalised Higher Education. This
therefore implied that since 1993 reforms and 2001 law of
orientation to HE, to date, professionalisation of Higher
Education in Cameroon is till togaineffectivegrounddespite
the evolution of several academic programmes. HE in
Cameroon is free for State-owned/public Universities with
delimitation for classic programmes and for nationals.
Statement of the Problem
Over the years, HigherEducationinCameroonhaswitnessed
several reforms. The primary drive of these reforms was to
address the issue of high rate of graduate unemployment.
Article 4.1 of the 1998, in its section 2, it state education is to
develop creativity, a sense of initiative and the spirit of
enterprise in learners. The government has placed great
importance on quality education and recognizes it as an
essential component for the development needs of the
society. However, quality is still an issue of concern with
high levels of unemployment. According to the International
Labour Organization’s 2015 report, the unemployment rate
in Cameroon is 30% and that of underemployment is 75%.
This is further justified by the fact that in (2018),theHeadof
State signed a Memorandum of understanding with the
objective to bring other stakeholders on board to
professionalised Higher Education. Also, during the Head of
State traditional addressing to youths in 2017, he said the
reason while many graduates are unemployedisbecauseHE
education has not been professionalised. Recently, the
Minister of Employment and Vocational Training(Tchiroma,
2019), said “we have hundreds of thousands of our youths
who do not find jobs because they don’t have the skills. They
don’t have the skills because they have not been trained yet
many have acquired HE certificate”.
This therefore implied thatsince1993reformsand2001law
of orientation to HE, to date, professionalisation of Higher
Education in Cameroon is till to gaineffectivegroundinspite
of the evolution of several academicprogrammes.According
to the Human capital economic theory, knowledge has to be
put to work, seen to work and be in work and employability
is the predominant purpose for professionalisation.
Therefore, if Higher Education is not contributing self-
sufficiently to enhancing graduates’ employability skills,
then, it implies that HE it is very expensive and time
consuming.
Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which
teachers’ quality affects the quality of training of graduates.
Research Questions
Is there a relationship between teachers’ quality and
students and graduates employability skills?
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between
lecturers’/teachers’ quality and the quality training of
graduates.
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Ha1: There is a significant relationship between teachers’
quality and the quality training of graduates.
Significance of the Study
It is hoped that findings of the study would encouraged the
government of Cameroon to put in more effort, to effectively
professionalised HE academic programmes or to effectively
implement the sub objective 10statedintheDraftDocument
of Sector Wide Approach (2006) which is to ameliorate the
quality of Higher Education by
Putting in place of an efficient system of evaluation and
valorisation of pedagogic activities
Creation and putting in place a pedagogic perfection
center
Putting in place of an evaluation system of teachers by
students and
Putting in place a support fund to pedagogic renovation
projects in Universities on competitive basis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Teachers’ Quality
Professionalising HE programmes without putting in place
adequate majors to improve on teachers’/lecturers’ quality
will not yield the expected results. On the otherhand,having
professional teachers teaching unprofessional courses will
still not yield the expected results. Therefore, the two must
be ensured. Derek (2017) stated that many instructors do
not teach their courses in ways best calculatedtoachievethe
ends that faculties themselves consider important.
Teachers are considered the most important in-school
impact factor on the quality of student achievement. From
McKinsey’s (2004) report on how the world’s best-
performing school systems come out on top, Barber and
Mourshed (2007) stated that the maindriverofthevariation
in student learning at school is the quality of the teachers.
Also, based on a large scale survey on factors influencing
learning outcomes of students, Hattie (2009) suggestedthat
the quality of lecturers/teachers has a larger impact on the
learning of students than the quality of the curriculum, the
teaching methods, the school buildingsortheroleofparents.
As a result of the widely acknowledged importance of
teachers, much attention should be given to policies with
respect to teachers’ quality within the context of
profoessionalising HE programmes to enhance graduates’
employability.
The individual performance of each faculty member is a
crucial factor in quality teaching and in the
professionalisation of HE programmes. Quality teaching is
the use of pedagogical techniques to produce learning
outcomes for students (OECD, 2008). Experience showed
that fostering quality teaching is a multi-level endeavour.
Support for quality teaching takes place at three inter-
dependent levels:
At the institution-wide level: including projects such as
policy design, and support to organisation and internal
quality assurance systems.
Programme level: comprising actions to measure and
enhance the design, content and delivery of the
programmes within a department or a school.
Individual level: including initiatives that help teachers
achieve their mission,encouragingthemtoinnovateand
to support improvements to student learning andadopt
a learner oriented focus.
These three levels are essential and inter-dependent.
However, supporting quality teaching at the programme
level is a key step as to ensure improvement in quality
teaching at the discipline level and across the institution.
A number of factors have brought quality teaching to the
forefront of higher education policies. Almost every
education system has experienced substantial growth of
student numbers in recent decades and the student profile
has become more diverse. At the same time,HEfacesgreater
pressure from students,parents,employersandtaxpayersto
account for their performance and demonstrate their
teaching quality (Harold, 1999).
Support for quality teaching can be manifested through a
wide range of activities that are likely to improve the quality
of the teaching process, of the programmecontent,aswell as
the learning conditions of students (Bédard, Clément, &
Taylor, 2010). According to the Draft Document of Sector
Wide Approach to Education (2006), at every level of the
educational system the Cameroonian educational system
seemed suffer from the shortage of qualified teachers.
Because of this shortage of qualified teachers, it has led to
the employment of many unqualified teachers. Particularly,
at the tertiary level, it was realised that the number of
lecturers with professional status is low.Thisshortagein the
number of lecturers with professorial rank is critical in the
quality of the lectures and promotion of research.
Today, many Universities in Cameroon are largely
dominated by assistant lecturers who might have not
undergone any training. Therefore, the pedagogic
competence of many may be weak which may not adequate
support the agenda of the professionalisation of HE
programmes to improve on graduates’ employability. This
alone is capable to cause many studentstobeless engagedin
studies cognitively, emotionally and behaviorally.Giventhat
this problem is not new, one of the missions of Universities’
current strategic plan (2007-2015) was to improveteaching
conditions, staff competence and teaching quality. Another
objective was to improve research output, relevance and
good practice. Also, according to the Draft Document of
Sector Wide Approach to Education (2006), one of its
strategic objectives (objective 4) was aimed to ameliorate
the management and governance of the educationsystem by
defining policy of recruitment and distribution of teachers.
On this same document, the improvementofspecial statusof
teachers of Higher Education was highly recommended. To
ameliorate the quality of Higher Education Sub objective10,
actions to be taken were:
Putting in place an efficient system of evaluation and
valorisation of pedagogic activities
Creation and putting in place a pedagogic perfection
center
Putting in place of an evaluation system of teachers by
students
Putting in place a support fund to pedagogic renovation
projects in Universities on competitive basis.
All these strategic actions were to ameliorate quality of
teaching in Universities in Cameroon and to support the
professionalisation of HE. However, ever since these actions
were adopted, little or nothing seems to have beendone.For
instance, in our Universities, the school administration had
never give students that autonomy to evaluate their
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teachers/lecturers, talk lessofcreatingandputtinginplacea
pedagogic perfection center. Therefore, it is expected that
within the context of professionalizing HE programmes,
adequate actions must be taken to ameliorate
teachers’/lecturers’ quality.
The focus on improving Higher Educationqualityhasledtoa
stronger attention for personalised teaching and learning
(OECD, 2007). The expectations that society has towards
teachers and their professionalism is high. Teachers are
therefore challenged to show extended professionalism and
a wider perspective on their rolewithinUniversitiesthrough
research (Stenhouse 1975). In two recent studies (Finnish
Institute for Educational Research 2009; Snoek, Swennen,&
Van der Klink, 2009) national standards and curricula for
teacher education in the European memberstateshavebeen
analyzed. These studies showed that there is a general
consensus on the competences that teachers need. These
competences are focused around subject knowledge,
pedagogical skills, classroom management, linkingtheoryto
practice, co-operation and collaboration, continuous and
lifelong learning and less prominent, quality assurance,
mobility and also leadership (European Commission,2010).
These are individual characteristics that HEIs expect from it
teachers when talking about professionalising HE
programmes.
Putting in place a pedagogic perfection centerforteachersin
Higher Education Institutions could be profitable notonlyto
students/graduates but tothesocietyandlabourmarketasa
whole. The conceptions of teaching can be divided into two
main categories: teachers who see their primary role as
transmitting concepts or knowledge and teachers whose
approach to teaching is essentially to help students develop.
In terms of underpinning learning theory, it is evident that
the former is based on behaviouristiclearningprinciples and
that the latter assumes a constructivistphilosophy. Teachers
who see their role as helping students to develop is what is
greatly needed within the context of professionalisation of
HE programmes. Teachers in Universities should be advised
to conceptualise teachings in the constructivist’s approach
that is, making learners to actively construct knowledge for
themselves. However, the question is could
lecturers/teachers in our Cameroon Universities do this on
their own without provision of support from the
government? This calls on the needfor effective professional
development of teachers/lecturers in our Universities.
Le Boterf (1999) said that a professional is someonecapable
of managing a complex working situation. So, he opts for a
definition that associates professionalism with competence.
His proposal gives an explicit breakdown of the various
components that characterise a professional:
He/She is able to precede properly, above and beyond
his/her duties, in a specific context or situation.
He/She is able to combine personal and environmental
resources, which, in specific contexts, he/she is able to
mobilise properly.
He/She is able to transfer personal resources to
situations that are required by the context.
He/She is able to learn from experience, and learn to
learn.
He/She is able to commit to his/her work and to
professional relationships with others.
By including teaching and the analysis of relationships
between training and professionalism, which is of interest
here, according to Tejada (2009; 2011), professionalisation
is a process that is articulated around the construction of a
professional identity, professional competencies, access
requirements, the associated training, the development of a
professional career, and the processes of evaluation of
professional performance. Professionalisation as a process
does not constitute the final state that occupations lead
towards, but rather a continuous process that pursues their
useful and responsible practice (Darling-Hammond, 2005).
Adult development is the accumulation of experience, and
training therefore appears to be at the root of the
professional development of teachers (VillegasRemser,
2003; FernándezCruz,2006; NemiñaGarcíaRuso;&Montero,
2009; Marcelo, 2011).
With Cameroon becoming an emerging nation by 2035,
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is expected to improve
on their programme quality whilst on the other hand should
be concern with upgrading its’ teachers’/lecturers’ quality.
According to Tejada (2009), Tejada &Fernández Cruz,
(2009), University lecturers undergoing professional
development from a perspective of lifelong learning is vital
in the context of professionalisation of HE programmes. In a
context of independent lifelong learning, the professional
development of teachers implies that they should according
to Mas and Tejada (2012),
Continue systematically to reflect on professional
practice.
Do research in the classrooms.
Incorporate into their teaching the resultsofresearchin
the classrooms and of academic research.
Assess the effectiveness of their teaching strategies and
change them accordingly.
Assesses their own learning needs.
Collaborate with other professionals in an
interdisciplinary manner (training-work).
According to the Common European Principles for Teacher
Competences and Qualifications (European Commission,
2005), all teachers are required to be graduates fromHigher
Education Institutions and are required to have extensive
subject knowledge, a good knowledge of pedagogy,theskills
and competencies required to guide and support learners,
and an understanding of the social and cultural dimensionof
education. Again, the Commission stated that in the context
of lifelong learning, teachers should besupportedinorder to
continue their professional development throughout their
careers. The Commission also recommended that teachers
should be encouraged to spend time working or studying in
other European countries for professional development
purposes.
All these were emphasized because sometimes, even the
knowledge that teachers possess is too fragmented and
decontextualized and by the Commission report, this
phenomenon has resulted to precarious employment and
professional imposture. This Commission also reportedthat
University lecturers very often identify themselves with the
specialty and not with teaching, the latter of which becomes
a somewhat secondary aspect of their professional practice
which was supposed to be the primary aspect of their
professional practice.
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The creation of training support units which exist in many
European Countries have been acknowledged in Cameroon
as clearly articulated in the Draft Document of Sector Wide
Approach to Education (2006) in its sub objective 10, page
165 stating the actions to be taken to ameliorate the quality
of Higher Education which are;
Putting in place of an efficient system of evaluation and
valorisation of pedagogic activities
Creation and putting in place a pedagogic perfection
center
In addition, little has been done for the realization of these
objectives and the incentives for lecturers to continue
updating their teaching competencies through their
professional careers are scarce. Adequate training of
lecturers / teachers plays a key role in professionalisation of
Higher Education programmes. Therefore,
professionalisation of Higher Education programmes in
Cameroon should have serious repercussions for initial
training and continuing education of its teachers.
Professionalisation of HE programmeswithin the Cameroon
context must be blend withqualityteachingfromitacademic
staff if positive results are to be attained.
Theoretical Review
The Improvement Theory (Benthum, Gulikers, Jong &
Mulder, 2011)
Theory of improvement describes how the characteristicsof
the professionalisationprogramme contribute to teachers’
learning. Because of the experienced difficulties in
professionalising teaching, a theory of improvement is
critical in successful professionalisation of programmes in
HE (Birenbaum, 2011; Smith, 2011; Segers&Tillema, 2011).
Effective professional development of teachers is needed to
help teachers implement new reforms. Change is often
accompanied with complexity and therefore, opportunities
for effective professional development are paramount for
teachers.
According to the theory of improvement, Higher Education
Institutions are arguably responsible for helpingstudentsto
gain the skills, knowledge and attributes required ofthem in
the initial stages of their careers, and for ensuring students’
ability to adapt to changing workforce needs. Although not
all educators may agree with this statement, most
institutions are moving to accept this responsibility. This
theory of improvement focuses on the need to improve on
teachers’ training to support the professionalisation of HE.
Teachers’ professionalisation of good practices is very
instrumental because of its capability to enhance graduates’
professional growth to theworkplace.Therefore,Imantsand
Van Veen (2010) have emphasized that the
professionalisationapproachandthetheoryofimprovement
should be highly reflected in the context of educational
reform project.
This theory is relevant to the study in that it informs
stakeholders that for professionalisation of HE academic
programmes to take place with its objective to improve on
graduates’ quality as seen in the 1993 reforms and 2001law
of orientation to HE, there is the need to adopt and
implement effective mechanism to improve on teachers’
professional competencies. As stated in the Sector Wide
Approach to Education (2006) some mechanisms were
recommended to improve on HE teachers’ qualityandoneof
it is the creation of centres for pedagogic perfection of
teachers.
Professionalisation of HE academic programmes might be
difficult to attain if ways to on improve teacher’s
competencies are lacking in educational reform orifpresent
and not effectively implemented. According to the Law of
orientation of HE (2001), teachers have been described as
guarantors of quality education and given thatHattie(2009)
has opined that the quality of teachers hasa largerimpact on
the learning of students than the quality of the curriculum,
the teaching methods, the school building or the role of
parents. Adequate strategies shouldbeadoptedto makesure
teachers fulfill what is demanded of them.
Methodology
The survey research design was adopted for the study. The
population of the study consisted of final year
undergraduate students and graduates from the two public
Universities. The target population consisted of participants
from education (field of teaching), chemistry, banking and
finance, Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine and College of
Technology. Data was collected from 385 final year
undergraduate students 365 graduates and 56 lecturers.
Among the 385 final year students, 233 were from
University of Buea and 152 from the University of Bamenda.
Furthermore, among the 365 graduates sampled, 230 were
from University of Buea and 135 from the University of
Bamenda and among the 56 lecturers, 35 were from the
University of Buea and 21 from the University of Bamenda.
Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection
which consisted of both closed and opened endeditems.The
opened ended item was to allow the participants to share
their own view using their own words about the quality of
teachers in their department of studies. The questionnaire
consisted of a total of 17 test items. The instrument after
designed was presented to some University
lecturers/teachers to ensure that it isvalidforthestudy.The
test items were designed using the five point Likert Scale
ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and
Strongly Disagree. The reliability analysis oftheparticipants
was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha test. The reliability
coefficient gotten from graduates from the University of
Buea was 0.867 while that from graduates of University of
Bamenda was 0.871. As for the final year undergraduate
students, the reliabilitycoefficientgottenfromstudentsfrom
the University of Buea was 0.827 while that fromstudents of
University of Bamendawas 0.894.The data was analysed
using SPSS version 23, with the aid of frequency, percentage
and Spearman rho test which wasusedtotestthehypothesis
of the study. Finally, statistics were presented at 95%
confidence interval with alpha set at 0.05 levels.
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Findings
Table 1: Graduates Perception of Lecturers/Teachers Quality (N=361)
Test items
Strongly Agree
and Agree
Neutral
Disagree and
Strongly
Disagree
From the way I was taught by lecturers in my department, I say the
professional status of some lecturers was low.
179 (49.6%)
5
(1.4%)
177 (49.0%)
During my stay in the University, there were lecturers in their
department teaching who needed adequate training on how to teach.
240
(66.5%)
6
(1.7%)
115
(31.9%)
*Having a pedagogic perfection center that offer short courses on how to
teach will be good for lecturers.
317
(87.8%)
26
(7.2%)
18
(5.0%)
*Implementing an evaluation system of teachers by students is required
(students evaluating teachers at the end of each course taught).
289
(80.1%)
0
(0.0%)
72
(19.9%)
During my stay in the University, I observed that some lecturers in my
department have good knowledge of subject matter but poor
pedagogical skills.
264
(73.1%)
0
(0.0%)
97
(26.9%)
During my stay in the University, I observed that some lecturers in my
department lack adequate knowledge of subject matter and have poor
pedagogical skills.
155
(42.9%)
0
(0.0%)
206
(57.1%)
Throughout my degree programme, I can say some lecturers are not
qualified to teach in my department.
168
(46.5%)
0
(0.0%)
193
(53.5%)
Graduates unemployment in Cameroon can also be attributed to the
quality of lecturers teaching in the University.
145
(40.2%)
0
(0.0%)
216
(59.8%)
Multiple response set
1151
(53.1%)
11
(0.5%)
1004
(46.3%)
Generally, findings show that 53.1% of the graduates indicated that lecturers’ quality is low while 46.3% of the graduates
disagreed and 0.5% of them were neutral. To be specific, 240 (66.5%) of the graduates strongly agreed andagreed thatduring
their stay in the University, there were lecturers teaching in their department who needed adequate training on how to teach.
264 (73.1%) of the graduates also strongly agreed and agreed that during their stay in the University,theyobservedthatsome
lecturers in their department had good knowledge of subject matter but poor pedagogical skills while 97 (26.9%) of them
disagreed.
Findings also show that 155 (42.9%) of the graduates agreed that during their stay in the University, they observed that some
lecturers in my department lack adequate knowledge of subject matter and had poor pedagogical skills while 206 (57.1%) of
them disagreed. Findings also show that 168 (46.5%) of the graduates agreed that throughout their degree programme,there
are some lecturers who are not qualified to teach in their department while 193(53.5%)ofthemdisagreed.179(49.6%)ofthe
graduates also agreed that there are lecturers who taught whose professional status is low because of the way they taught
while 177 (49.0%) of them disagreed. Findings also show that while 145 (40.2%) of the graduates agreed that graduates’
unemployment can also be attributed to quality of lecturers while 216 (59.8%) of them disagreed. Finally, findings further
reveal that 317 (87.8%) and 289 (80.1%) of the graduates respectively agreed that having a pedagogic perfection center that
offers short courses on how to teach will be good for lecturers and implementing an evaluation system where students are
given the chance to evaluate teachers at the end of each course taught is required.
Table 2: Graduates Own Opinion on the Quality of Lectures that taught them During Studies
Themes Groundings Sampled Quotations
Lecturers perceived to be
qualified/competent(Good
pedagogical skills and
mastery of subject matter)
135
“They are my role model. They teach with real examples in life and
provide the necessary skills to solve them”.
“I appreciate the quality of my lecturers from my department because
they had a good mastery of the subject matter and pedagogy”.
“Professional and have a full mastery of the subject matter”.
“The quality of lecturers who have taught me so far have mastery of their
subject”.
“They have skills and knowledge”.
“The quality of lecturers that have taught me so far have professional
attribute and have a good knowledge on instructional learning or
delivery”.
“They are competent and have a good mastery of the subject matter”.
“They are professionally intelligent”.
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Few /some lecturers
perceived to have good
pedagogical skills and
mastery of content and
others not.
70
“Some of them are doing their job well but some are not”.
“Just a hand few of the lecturers who taught me possessed good
pedagogical skills and showed mastery of the subject matter”.
“Some are qualified while others are not and they need further training”.
“Some lecturers are really qualified to teach while others lack the skills”.
‘Most of the lecturers are ineffective”.
“Majority of the lecturers has poor lecturing techniques but few of them
have good lecturing skills”.
“In my opinion, some have a good mastery of content and subject matter
and know how to deliver the goods while some lecturers do not”.
Some lecturers perceived
to be poor in pedagogical
skills but good knowledge
of subject matter
60
“A majority of the lecturers are knowledgeable with their subject matter
but are not stable and consistent in dishing out the knowledge”.
“Some lecturers have a good mastery of the subject matter but lack
pedagogical skills”.
“Most of the lecturers lacked training skills but have mastery of the
subject matter”.
Lecturers perceived to be
incompetent
25
“We don’t have competent lecturers on Campus especially in my field of
Special Education”.
“Many of the lecturers are not efficient nor duty conscious”.
“Most of the lecturers are not well trained which makes their quality low”.
Some lecturers perceived
to be lazy and not honest
to their profession
20
“Some of the lecturers are very lazy”.
“Lecturers are not entire committed”.
“Some are good, well learned and gives the required skills to students but
others are lazy, arrogant and sometimes don’t take their academic work
seriously”.
Lecturers perceived to be
competent but more effort
required
10
“They are good in teaching but they still need to put in more effort”.
“In my department, the lecturers are competent but effort will always be
required”.
“Although a good number of the lecturers are competent they still need to
improve on their pedagogical skills”.
Findings on table 2 show that graduates’ own stake about lecturers who taught during their studies was grouped into six (06)
categories. Findings show that while some of the graduates said that their lecturers were competent/qualified thatishavinga
good mastery of the subject and pedagogical skills as depicted in some of their statements “I appreciate the quality of my
lecturers from my department because they had a good mastery of the subject matter and pedagogy”,“Professional andhavea
full mastery of the subject matter”, a good number of the graduates as well also said some of their lecturershavegoodmastery
of content but poor pedagogical skills as depicted in some of their statements “Some lecturers have a good mastery of the
subject matter but lack pedagogical skills”, “Most of the lecturers lack training skills but have mastery of the subject matter”.
Findings further show while some of the graduates saidtheirlecturersareincompetent,lazyandnothonesttotheir profession,
others said that their lecturers are competent but more effort is required of them as supported by the statements “They are
good in teaching but they still need to put in more effort”, “In my department,thelecturersarecompetent buteffortwill always
be required”.
Table 3: Students Perception of Lecturers/Teachers Quality (N=385)
Test items
Strongly Agree
and Agree
Neutral
Disagree and
Strongly Disagree
Judging from the way many lecturers teach in my department, I say
the professional status of many is low.
161
(41.8%)
7
(1.8%)
217
(56.4%)
There are lecturers in my department teaching who need adequate
training on how to teach.
280
(72.7%)
0
(0.0%)
105
(27.3%)
*Having a pedagogic perfection center that offer short courses on
how to teach will be good for lecturers.
350
(90.9%)
14
(3.6%)
21
(5.5%)
*Implementing an evaluation system of teachers by students is
required (students evaluating teachers at the end of each course
taught).
287
(74.5%)
14
(3.6%)
84
(21.8%)
Some lecturers in my department have good knowledge of subject
matter but poor pedagogical skills
287
(74.5%)
14
(3.6%)
84
(21.8%)
Some lecturers in my department lack knowledge of both subject
matter and pedagogical skills.
168
(43.6%)
21
(5.5%)
196
(50.9%)
Throughout my degree programme, I can say some lecturers are not
qualified to teach in my department.
182
(47.3%)
28
(7.3%)
175
(45.5%)
Graduates unemployment in Cameroon can also be contributed to
the quality of lecturers/teachers in the University.
217
(56.4%)
35
(9.1%)
133
(34.5%)
Multiple response set
1295
(56.1%)
105
(4.5%)
910
(39.4%)
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In general, findings show that 56.1% indicated that teachers’ quality is low while 39.4% ofthestudentsdisagreedwith4.5%of
them being neutral. To be specific, 280 (72.7%) of the students agreed that there are lecturers in their department teaching
who need adequate training on how to teach. 287 (74.5%) of the students also agreed that some lecturers in their department
have good knowledge of subject matter but poor pedagogical skills. 182 (47.3%) of the students equally agreed that there are
lecturers teaching in their departments who lack both knowledgeofsubjectmatterand pedagogical skillswhile196(50.9%)of
them disagreed. Also, while findings show that 182 (47.3%) of the students agreed that throughout their degree programme,
there were some lecturers who were not qualified to teach in their department, 175 (45.5%) of the students disagreed.
Furthermore, while findings show that 161 (41.8%)ofthe studentsagreedthatthere werelecturersintheirdepartmentwhose
professional status is low from the way they teach, 217 (56.4%) of the students disagreed. Findings also show that while 217
(56.4%) of the students agreed that graduates’ unemployment in Cameroon can also be attributed to the quality of lecturers
teaching in the University, 133 (34.5%) of the students disagreed. Finally, findings show that 350 (90.9%) of the students
agreed that having a pedagogic perfection center that offer short courses on how to teach will be good for lecturers while 287
(74.5%) of the students equally agreed that implementing a system of evaluation where students are required to evaluate
lecturers at the end of each course taught is required.
Table 4: Students Own Opinion on the Quality of Lectures in their Department
Themes Groundings Sampled Quotations
Lecturers perceived as
competent
125
“Most of my lecturer that have taught me had a good mastery of their courses.
That is to say their teaching is satisfactory”.
“The quality of lecturers that have taught me have been great”.
“So far, I have been lucky to have good and very qualified lecturers”.
“Lecturers who have taught me so far are of high quality as they master both
knowledge of subject matter and pedagogical skills to teach. They teach you to
understand well”.
“Most of the lecturers are highly skilled, well trained and have vast knowledge
of the subject matter”.
Majority of lecturers
perceived to have
good mastery content
while few are not
65
“I can say that 80% of my lecturers have mastery of what they are teaching and
they know how to do it while others are just going in for money”.
“Some of them are excellent in their teaching while others are lacking behind”.
“Some of the lecturers have a good mastery of their subject matter while others
are very poor”.
“80% of my lecturers are amazing while the rest 20% are barely talking and
wasting time”.
“Most of my lecturers 70% are very good and the rest 30% are still adjusting to
the name lecturer”.
Good mastery of
content but poor
pedagogical skills
60
“Majority of the lecturers have good knowledge of the content but low
pedagogical skills”.
“Many are skillful but lack the style or effective teaching methods to present
subject matter while some are just being lazy”.
“To me, the quality of training is not satisfactory to me given that most of my
lecturers teaching have good knowledge of the content by poor pedagogical
skills”.
“Many are competent but their methodology is not the best”.
“Some lecturers have good knowledge of subject matter but poor pedagogical
skills”.
Lack of professional
training
23
“The lecturers are quite skillful but some of them lack professional training”.
“There are lecturers in my department who teach as if they are trained to be
teachers while others are good at their job”.
“Some of the lecturers in my department need professional training on how to
teach. This is so because a lecturer might have knowledge of the content but
when skills are lacking, their lecturers are boring to students”.
Skillful but lack
passion for job
7
“Most of the lecturers have the skills but not the passion for their job”.
“Some lecturers teach with very low passion”.
Students’ description of the quality of lecturers in their department wasgroupedintofive(05)categories.Findingsshowwhile
a good number of the students said all the lecturers in their department are competent that is having good mastery of content
and pedagogical skills, some of the students said in their department some of lecturers are competent while others are not.
Findings also show that some of the students said there are lecturers in their department who have good mastery of content
but poor pedagogical skills. Lack of professional skills by some lecturers was also mentioned by some of the students. Aside
this, some of the students said there are lecturers in their department who are skillful but teach with low passion.
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χ2=2.18, df=1, P=0.139
Figure 1: Comparing Graduates and Students’ Opinion on Lecturers/Teachers Quality
Generally, findings on figure 1 show that graduates and students do not significantly differ in the opinion on
lecturers’/teachers’ quality (P>0.05) with 53.1% of the graduates and56.1%ofthestudentsindicatingthatlecturers’qualityis
low while 46.3% of the graduates and 39.4% of the students indicating that teachers quality is high.
Academic Staff Perspective of Lecturer’s /Teachers’ Quality
Figure 2: Academic Staff Perspective of Lecturer’s /Teachers’ Quality
Findings on the figure 2 show that out of 56 of the lecturers sampled, 32 (57.1%) of them agreed that all lecturersemployedin
the University in general and in their department in particular are qualified to teach while 24 (42.9%) of the lecturers
disagreed.
Table 5: Academic Staff Opinion of the Kind of Qualities expected from Lectures
Themes Groundings Sampled Quotations
Good mastery of
content (knowledge)
19
“Good mastery in their field of specialty”.
“Knowledge”.
“Professional mastery of the subject matter”.
“Specialized knowledge”.
“Lecturers should be more acquainted to practice in order to help the students
to be ready for the field of work”.
“Mastery of topic”.
“The knowledge and expertise”.
Practical teaching 18
“To be more practical in teaching”.
“Teach using didactic materials”.
“Teach using real examples”.
“I expect them to be more practical in their lecturers”.
“Practical illustration in teaching”.
“Practice oriented teaching”.
Professional
competencies
14
“Lecturers should have professional skills in their field of study”.
“Lectures should have in-depth professional experience and competency in the
area which they are teaching”.
“Lecturers/teachers should be of good academic standing”.
“Professionalism and competencies”.
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Research skills 12
“Research and teaching are fundamental. Lecturers should stay clear from
politics and focus in research”.
“They should be research oriented and have production skills”.
“Research and use of contemporary knowledge and technologies in teaching”.
“More field work”.
“Research skills”.
“Research competencies”.
Assiduity 11
“High quality of teaching from lecturers”.
“Dedication”.
“Assiduity”.
“Assiduity in duties”.
ICT skills 6
“ICT skills”.
“Training in special skills like ICTs”.
“Increase the use of ICTs and other visual aids”.
Enthusiasm 4
“Enthusiastic and innovative lecturers”.
“Enthusiasm about what they teach”.
Commitment 4
“Devotedness”.
“Commitment”.
Consciousness 4
“Proper time management”.
“Time conscious”.
Honesty 3
“Honesty”.
“Moral standard”.
Good teacher-student
relation
3
“A cordial relationship between teachers and students”.
“Loving and kind to students”.
Innovative 1 “Be innovative and creative”.
Academic staff opinions on the kind of qualities they expect from lecturers/teachers were grouped into 12 categories. The
frequently mentioned qualities were that lecturers should have good mastery of content, teach using a practical approach,
possess professional competences must have research skills and be hard working (assiduous). Skills in ICT, teaching with
enthusiasm, committed to teaching, honesty, consciousness, good teacher-student relationship and innovation were other
qualities expected from University lecturers.
Verification of Hypothesis One (Ho1): There Is no Significant Relationship Between Lecturers’/Teachers’ Qualityand
The Quality Training of Graduates.
Table 6: Relationship between Lecturers’/Teachers Quality and Quality of Graduates Training
Test Statistics Lecturer/Teacher Quality Quality of Graduates Training
Spearman's rho
R-value 1.000 .412**
P-value . .000
N 361 361
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Finally, findings on table 6 show that there is a very significant and strong relationship between lecturer/teacher quality and
quality of graduates training (P<0.001, far less than 0.05). The positive sign of the relationship (R = 412**) implies that
graduates are more likely to benefit from quality training when well qualified lecturers/teachers are employed or when the
quality of lecturers/ teachers is high. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that states that there is a significant relationship
between lecturers’/teachers’ quality and the quality training of graduates was accepted while the null hypothesis that states
there is no significant relationship between lecturers’/teachers’ quality and the quality training of graduates was rejected.
Discussion and Conclusion
Statistically, findings show that lecturers’/teachers’ quality
has a very significant, strong and positive effect on the
quality of graduates training. Despite this relationship
between teacher quality and quality of graduates training,
findings show that while some of the graduatesandstudents
said that the lecturers teaching in their programme of study
are qualified as supported with some of their statements “I
appreciate the quality of my lecturers from my department
because they had a good mastery of the subject matter and
pedagogy”, “Professional and have afull masteryofthesubject
matter”, a majority of the graduates and students said that
not all lecturers’ in their programme of study are qualify to
teach as supported with some of their statements “Some
lecturers have a good mastery of the subject matter but lack
pedagogical skills”, “Most of the lecturerslackedtrainingskills
but have mastery of the subject matter”.
Furthermore, while some of graduates and students said
some of the lecturers have good mastery of content butpoor
pedagogical skills, someofthestudentsfurtherreportedthat
there are lecturers in their department who lack
professional skills, incompetent, lazy, not honest to their
profession and teach with low passion. Aside these
descriptions of lecturers by graduates and students,some of
the graduates on the other hand said lecturers are
competent but more effort is required of them as supported
with their statement “They are good in teaching but they still
need to put in more effort”, “In my department, the lecturers
are competent but effort will always be required”. Thiskindof
responses signifies the need for more in-service training of
lecturers/teachers which can be done through organization
of seminars and workshops.
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It should be noted that not only a majority of the graduates
and students said teachers’ quality is low. A significant
proportion of the lecturers/teachers equally said not all
lecturers employed in the University in general and in their
department in particular are qualified to teach. Sometwelve
(12) qualities were deemed necessary from
lecturers/teachers. The frequently mentioned qualities as
mentioned by academic staff themselves were thatlecturers
should have good mastery of content, teach using a practical
approach, possess professional competences must have
research skills and be hard working (assiduous). Skills in
ICT, teaching with enthusiasm, commitment, honesty,
consciousness, good teacher-student relationship and
innovation were other qualities expected from University
lecturers as stated by academic staff.
Professionalising HE programmes without putting in place
adequate majors to improve on teachers’/lecturers’ quality
will not yield the expected results. On the otherhand,having
professional teachers teaching unprofessional courses will
still not yield the expected results. Therefore, the two must
be ensured. Derek (2017) stated that many instructors do
not teach their courses in ways best calculatedtoachievethe
ends that faculties themselves consider important. Teachers
are considered the most important in-school impact factor
on the quality of student achievement. From McKinsey’s
(2004) report on how the world’s best-performing school
systems come out on top, Barber and Mourshed (2007)
stated that the main driver of the variation in student
learning at school is the qualityoftheteachers.Hattie(2009)
suggested that the quality of lecturers/teachers has a larger
impact on the learning of students than the quality of the
curriculum, the teaching methods, the school buildingorthe
role of parents. As a result of the widely acknowledged
importance of teachers, much attention should be given to
policies with respect to teacher quality within the context of
professionalising HE programmes to enhance graduates’
employability.
In a study carried out by Hattie (2009) on factors
responsible for University students less engagement in
studies, findings showed that poor pedagogical skills of
lecturers was the most mentioned factor. Based on this, the
quality of of graduates training will negatively affected.
According to the Human Capital theory by Becker (1964),
Higher Education has been acknowledged as a key indicator
of economic development, yet in many developing countries
like Cameroon, this is yet to be realized despite all the
reforms made in the past to improve on its quality to
enhance graduates’ employability skills because of lack of a
strong political will to ensure it implementation.
According to Benthum, Gulikers, Jong and Mulder (2011),
theory of improvement, for professionalisation of HE
academic programmes to take place with its objective to
improve on graduates’ quality as seen in the 1993 reforms
and 2001 law of orientation to HE, there is the need to adopt
and implement effective mechanisms to improve on
teachers’ professional competencies. Professionalisation of
HE academic programmes might be difficult to attainif ways
to improve on teachers’ competencies are lacking in
educational reform or if present and not effectively
implemented. Countries such as Hong Kong, Korea,
Singapore, and Taiwan have achieved extraordinaryrates of
economic growth while making large investments in HE.
HEIs in Cameroon can do the same.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following
recommendations were put forward:
A system of teacher evaluation done by students and
monitoring mechanisms for teacher effectiveness should be
implemented. A school of education should be created in
every state university to provide teacher education
certification while teachers on the ground should get
certificates from accredited institutions. Workshops and
capacity building programmes should constantly be
organized to improve on the pedagogical competences of
academic staff.
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