The study assessed the extent to which Principalship Practices in Resource influence the Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon. Inspired by Imogene’s Goal Attainment theory and The Principalship Model for the Attainment of School Objectives, the study was guided by three objectives, answered three questions and tested three hypotheses. The survey research design and the post positivist quantitative and qualitative research mixed triangulation method were applied and with a questionnaire and interview guide data was collected from 326 principals. Proportionate and Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 31 and 10 principals from the two regions South West and Littoral . Applying descriptive Frequencies, percentages, tables and pie chart and inferential statistics to analyzed data, the results revealed that principalship practices in resource management influences the attainment of school objectives to the extent of 73.76 . This influence is comparatively strongest in financial resource management with the extent of 96.25 , above average in human resource management with extent of 73.04 and the weakest but average is material resource management with the extent of 59.68 . From the findings recommendations were made to the Ministry of secondary education to restructure their policy on principalship. Ilimbi Catherine Enjema | Fonkeng Epah George "Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38465.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38465/resource-management-practices-as-a-facet-of-principalship-and-the-attainment-of-school-objectives-in-cameroon/ilimbi-catherine-enjema
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Teachers' Quality and Graduates Employability The Case of Public Universities...ijtsrd
This study aimed at investigating the impact of teachers' quality on graduates' employability the case of public universities in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which lecturers' teachers' quality affect the quality of training of graduates. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was successfully collected from 361 graduates, 385 final year undergraduate students preparing for graduation in 2019 and 56 academic staff. Questionnaire was the instruments used for the study. Instruments consisted of both closed and opened ended items. The reliability statistics for graduates and students from the University of Buea was 0.876 and 0.827 respectively while that for graduates and students from the University of Bamenda was 0.871 and 0.894 respectively. Data from closed ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while the opened ended questions were analysed thematically. Findings showed that lecturers' teachers' quality R = 412 , P = 0.000 strongly and significantly affect the quality of training and employability chances of graduates with all P values 0.001, far 0.05. Aside this relationship, a significant proportion of graduates, students and academic staff indicated that not all teachers employed in the University and in their department are qualify to teach. Therefore, it was recommended that adequate measures should be adopted to improve on teachers' quality by creating a teacher education center. Nyenty Stephen Atem | Joseph Besong Joseph ""Teachers' Quality and Graduates Employability: The Case of Public Universities in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30009.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30009/teachers%E2%80%99-quality-and-graduates-employability-the-case-of-public-universities-in-the-north-west-and-south-west-regions-of-cameroon/nyenty-stephen-atem
The Policy and Practice of Preparing the Nigerian Teacher for the Challenges ...iosrjce
Nigeria like all other countries in the world has a National Policy on Education which provides the
template to guide among other things the preparation of its teachers for the challenges of the new generation.
While this is on paper, its implementation is a serious challenge thereby making it difficult for the state to
effectively use the teacher as a tool of development to execute his mandate. This will make the state not to fulfil
its role in the new generation. It is therefore, the opinion of the authors that the Nigerian Government and other
stakeholders should brace up by summoning the political courage to faithfully implement its provisions on
teacher preparation as provided in the NPE so that the country will be a key player in the new generation.
The document discusses curriculum review as key to functional basic education in Nigeria. It provides historical context on changes to Nigeria's education system and curriculum over time. Some key points:
- Nigeria has undergone various reforms to its education system including changing from a 7-5-4 to 6-3-3-4 system and implementing Universal Basic Education.
- Curriculum review is important to ensure the curriculum meets the needs of society and remains relevant. However, changes must be properly planned.
- The current justification for reviewing the basic education curriculum included addressing issues like curriculum overload and promoting critical thinking.
- The new basic education curriculum reduced subjects from 20 maximum to 10 to align with international best practices.
11.lecturers assessment of teaching practice exercise in nigerian universitiesAlexander Decker
The document examines education lecturers' assessments of the quality of teaching practice in Nigerian universities. It finds that lecturers rated the quality of teaching practice as fairly above average. Experience and job status were found to significantly influence lecturers' assessments, while gender had no influence. The document recommends allotting more time to teaching practice and organizing retraining programs for lecturers on best practices in the internship aspect of teacher education.
The implementation of secondary education development plan in tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This study investigated how community secondary school heads in Shinyanga, Tanzania are prepared and supported to implement the Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP). The study found that many teachers are appointed as heads with little leadership training, and few receive training yearly. Heads feel discontent due to shortages and responsibilities. Some heads implement SEDP without guidelines. The study was limited by its small sample size and recommends further research with a larger sample. It also recommends training deputy heads before promotion and using coaching, mentoring, and networks to support new heads.
The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the curriculum structure for instructional leaders’ training and development against the desired competences; and to evaluate the career development framework of instructional leaders. With these ends in view, the study examined the instructional leadership framework, the curriculum document, and the instructional leaders’ recruitment, selection and retention strategies. The perspectives of instructional leadership trainers, instructional leaders, zone education department heads, and national level education experts who were selected using a purposive sampling technique were explored through one-on-one interviews. In the light of these, the qualitative data analysis discloses the absence of national instructional leadership framework from which instructional leadership curriculum should have emerged. It was also understood that the loosened curriculum development culture ultimately resulted in the curriculum’s lack of relevance to the desired competences for instructional leadership development. It was further learnt that there existed an absence of context specific recruitment, selection and retention strategies for instructional leaders. It is, therefore, concluded that the instructional leadership development practices of Ethiopia, seemed to have been deviating from expectations. Hence, it is recommended that there is a need to design a national instructional leadership development framework based on which the instructional leadership curriculum development and implementation practices could be managed. The recruitment, selection, and retention strategies should also involve incentive packages that could attract competent candidates to the profession. It is further recommended that there is a need to promote positive mindset exercises for instructional leaders to take their own professional development initiatives.
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Teachers' Quality and Graduates Employability The Case of Public Universities...ijtsrd
This study aimed at investigating the impact of teachers' quality on graduates' employability the case of public universities in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which lecturers' teachers' quality affect the quality of training of graduates. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was successfully collected from 361 graduates, 385 final year undergraduate students preparing for graduation in 2019 and 56 academic staff. Questionnaire was the instruments used for the study. Instruments consisted of both closed and opened ended items. The reliability statistics for graduates and students from the University of Buea was 0.876 and 0.827 respectively while that for graduates and students from the University of Bamenda was 0.871 and 0.894 respectively. Data from closed ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while the opened ended questions were analysed thematically. Findings showed that lecturers' teachers' quality R = 412 , P = 0.000 strongly and significantly affect the quality of training and employability chances of graduates with all P values 0.001, far 0.05. Aside this relationship, a significant proportion of graduates, students and academic staff indicated that not all teachers employed in the University and in their department are qualify to teach. Therefore, it was recommended that adequate measures should be adopted to improve on teachers' quality by creating a teacher education center. Nyenty Stephen Atem | Joseph Besong Joseph ""Teachers' Quality and Graduates Employability: The Case of Public Universities in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30009.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30009/teachers%E2%80%99-quality-and-graduates-employability-the-case-of-public-universities-in-the-north-west-and-south-west-regions-of-cameroon/nyenty-stephen-atem
The Policy and Practice of Preparing the Nigerian Teacher for the Challenges ...iosrjce
Nigeria like all other countries in the world has a National Policy on Education which provides the
template to guide among other things the preparation of its teachers for the challenges of the new generation.
While this is on paper, its implementation is a serious challenge thereby making it difficult for the state to
effectively use the teacher as a tool of development to execute his mandate. This will make the state not to fulfil
its role in the new generation. It is therefore, the opinion of the authors that the Nigerian Government and other
stakeholders should brace up by summoning the political courage to faithfully implement its provisions on
teacher preparation as provided in the NPE so that the country will be a key player in the new generation.
The document discusses curriculum review as key to functional basic education in Nigeria. It provides historical context on changes to Nigeria's education system and curriculum over time. Some key points:
- Nigeria has undergone various reforms to its education system including changing from a 7-5-4 to 6-3-3-4 system and implementing Universal Basic Education.
- Curriculum review is important to ensure the curriculum meets the needs of society and remains relevant. However, changes must be properly planned.
- The current justification for reviewing the basic education curriculum included addressing issues like curriculum overload and promoting critical thinking.
- The new basic education curriculum reduced subjects from 20 maximum to 10 to align with international best practices.
11.lecturers assessment of teaching practice exercise in nigerian universitiesAlexander Decker
The document examines education lecturers' assessments of the quality of teaching practice in Nigerian universities. It finds that lecturers rated the quality of teaching practice as fairly above average. Experience and job status were found to significantly influence lecturers' assessments, while gender had no influence. The document recommends allotting more time to teaching practice and organizing retraining programs for lecturers on best practices in the internship aspect of teacher education.
The implementation of secondary education development plan in tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This study investigated how community secondary school heads in Shinyanga, Tanzania are prepared and supported to implement the Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP). The study found that many teachers are appointed as heads with little leadership training, and few receive training yearly. Heads feel discontent due to shortages and responsibilities. Some heads implement SEDP without guidelines. The study was limited by its small sample size and recommends further research with a larger sample. It also recommends training deputy heads before promotion and using coaching, mentoring, and networks to support new heads.
The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the curriculum structure for instructional leaders’ training and development against the desired competences; and to evaluate the career development framework of instructional leaders. With these ends in view, the study examined the instructional leadership framework, the curriculum document, and the instructional leaders’ recruitment, selection and retention strategies. The perspectives of instructional leadership trainers, instructional leaders, zone education department heads, and national level education experts who were selected using a purposive sampling technique were explored through one-on-one interviews. In the light of these, the qualitative data analysis discloses the absence of national instructional leadership framework from which instructional leadership curriculum should have emerged. It was also understood that the loosened curriculum development culture ultimately resulted in the curriculum’s lack of relevance to the desired competences for instructional leadership development. It was further learnt that there existed an absence of context specific recruitment, selection and retention strategies for instructional leaders. It is, therefore, concluded that the instructional leadership development practices of Ethiopia, seemed to have been deviating from expectations. Hence, it is recommended that there is a need to design a national instructional leadership development framework based on which the instructional leadership curriculum development and implementation practices could be managed. The recruitment, selection, and retention strategies should also involve incentive packages that could attract competent candidates to the profession. It is further recommended that there is a need to promote positive mindset exercises for instructional leaders to take their own professional development initiatives.
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
The document summarizes the findings of a study that evaluated a pilot leadership development program in South Africa called the Advanced Certificate in Education: School Leadership (ACE). The ACE program was intended to provide formal training for aspiring school principals. The study found that while the teaching materials and contact sessions were generally viewed positively, the mentoring component of the program faced several challenges, such as large mentor-mentee ratios, lack of mentor training, and a prescriptive rather than collaborative approach. Overall, the evaluation found that the ACE program showed promise but improvements were needed, particularly to the mentoring process, in order to better support the transfer of learning to school practice.
This document discusses educational reform recommendations for Jamaica based on case studies of Ireland, Finland, and Singapore. It recommends that Jamaica expand vocational training at all levels, increase resources for primary education, improve teaching quality, expand access to high-quality education, increase choice and flexibility in curriculum, cap direct funding of tertiary education, integrate families in children's education, emphasize foreign language training, and conduct consultations as part of reform.
Assessing The Richness of Entrepreneurship Education Curriculum Content: Empi...iosrjce
The study examines the content and support mechanism of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria.
The content and support mechanism remain fundamental in curriculum issue. The study used teachers’
population and 216 samples were employed. Questionnaire instrument was used in data collection process and
descriptive statistics was employed in analysing the data. The findings of the study show that content and
support mechanism of the curriculum were adequate. The implication of the study revealed that content and
support mechanism are capable of providing students with entrepreneurship skills require and it is
recommended that periodic review of content and support mechanism in order to ensure consistency of
curriculum with time and global trend.
11.lecturers assessment of teaching practice exerciseAlexander Decker
The document examines education lecturers' assessments of the quality of teaching practice exercises in Nigerian universities. A survey was conducted of 691 lecturers across Nigeria who rated the quality of teaching practice as fairly above average. The study also found that experience and job status influenced assessments, while gender did not, and it recommends allotting more time to teaching practice and training lecturers on best practices.
This document discusses the importance of entrepreneurship education for science teachers in Nigeria as a means of achieving national transformation. It begins by defining entrepreneurship and explaining why entrepreneurship education is becoming more important in modern society. It then presents the results of interviews with 40 science teachers which found that 30% had an understanding of entrepreneurship as developing identity and self-efficiency, 60% saw it as a technical or cooperative activity, and 10% had no idea. The document concludes that increasing science teachers' knowledge of entrepreneurship can help change negative attitudes and better implement entrepreneurship education goals for national development.
This seminar discusses Obanya's functional curriculum theory, which argues that Africa's curriculum needs to have three goals to help the continent contribute more to the global economy: 1) Developing African pride and understanding African culture, 2) Access to global knowledge and practices, and 3) Personal development skills. The document then defines curriculum and outlines its key components: the program of studies, activities, and guidance. It discusses curriculum implementation, evaluation, and the need for the curriculum to meet societal needs and allow for flexibility over time. The overall seminar focuses on Obanya's curriculum theory and framework, defining curriculum, and outlining implementation, evaluation, and responsiveness to society.
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...Premier Publishers
The paper analysed the teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe. This study sought to investigate the challenges confronting teachers of rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised all secondary school teachers in Nkayi District. The sample consisted of 120 teachers of which 68 were female and 52 were male. The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study revealed that most teachers had a positive attitude towards the TVET programme. It also revealed that schools faced many challenges as they tried to implement TVET. The study recommends that there should be more allocation of financial, material and human resources towards TVET in secondary schools.
This document discusses a study that examined South African educators' perceptions of their increasing workload due to administrative and professional duties. The study found that educators face a heavy workload without adequate support from the Department of Education. It recommends implementing an internship program called READ (Relieve Educators' Administrative Demands) to help educators deal with their workload by assisting with administrative tasks. The document provides background on the roles and responsibilities South African educators are expected to fulfill, which involve both administrative and professional duties. It notes that educators struggle to fulfill all their duties due to the large amount of paperwork and other administrative requirements.
11.political leadership and the development of education programme in nigeria...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the relationship between political leadership and education program development in Nigeria and lessons for other African nations. It finds that successive Nigerian governments, both military and civilian, have pursued education programs aligned with their ideologies and priorities. Funding has been inadequate and dependent on the ruling government's priorities. Many African countries experienced political instability in the 1990s, compounding education spending issues. To reduce illiteracy and achieve education for all goals, Nigeria and other African nations need focused political leadership that develops long-lasting education programs to advance their nations technologically. The political system influences education policy formulation and resource allocation. Education policy reflects the ruling party's ideology.
11.management of distance learning programmes for effective achievement of ob...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about managing distance learning programs in Nigeria to effectively achieve objectives. It discusses:
1) The concept of distance education and its role in Nigeria's National Policy on Education.
2) Key areas that must be managed in any distance education system including course development, student support services, and educators' roles.
3) Ways to improve distance education administration with a focus on course development and production, student support services, and defining educators' roles.
This document summarizes a study on educators' perceptions of continuing professional development for teachers in South Africa. The study aimed to explain educators' views of continuing professional development in light of South Africa's National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development. The study found that educators had differing views in three main areas: 1) their overall view of professional development in the education system, 2) their experiences with different types of professional development programs, and 3) the impact of professional development programs on schools.
Anthropology professional learning communities 2013steyngm1
This document discusses building professional learning communities (PLCs) to enhance continuing professional development for teachers in South African schools. It notes that South Africa needs better qualified teachers due to its apartheid legacy. Two national policies aim to fulfill this need through ongoing teacher development. The document reviews literature showing that isolated teaching is counterproductive, while collaboration and interdependence can improve practices and student performance. It presents a model where individual learning, PLCs, supportive environments, and networking lead to teacher transformation. Effective PLCs may stimulate changes in teaching. The document examines South Africa's mandatory professional development system and conceptual frameworks for adult learning and communities of practice that inform building effective PLCs.
Constraints to administrative leadership role of secondary school principals ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated constraints to the administrative roles of principals in Owerri Education Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 50% of principals in the zone to gather data on financial, physical/equipment, and staffing constraints. The results showed that principals faced significant constraints including inadequate funding for facilities, professional development, and salaries/benefits. Physical constraints included lack of recreational areas, office space, and instructional materials. Staffing constraints included poor conditions of service, lack of staff development programs, and unclear posting/transfer policies. Statistical analysis found no significant differences between male and female principal responses. The study concluded that these constraints hindered principals' ability to effectively
This document discusses how economic factors affect educational planning. It begins by defining key economic concepts like investment, saving, consumption, and production, and how they relate to educational planning. It explains that educational planning requires understanding economics because resources are limited and choices must be made. The document also discusses applying economic concepts to educational planning, characteristics of analyzing education through an economic lens, and some weaknesses of economic influences on education. Overall, the document analyzes how economics influences educational planning and decision making.
The employability skills of upper basic school leavers in jonathanabdelcris
This document outlines a feasibility study conducted in 2014-2015 on developing an innovative educational programme to enhance the employability skills of upper basic school leavers in West and Central Africa. It found that the current curriculum is not adequately equipping students with skills for the job market. It evaluated the curriculum and assessed students' proficiency in employability skills. The results showed gaps in practical and sustainability components in the curriculum. Students' achievement in basic entrepreneurial skills was generally low, indicating the need for a new programme to better develop their employability.
This document discusses the importance of quality and functional physics education for national transformation in Nigeria. It argues that physics education plays a key role in technological advancement and economic development, and is thus crucial for any nation seeking to progress. The document outlines several challenges facing the Nigerian education system, including inadequate funding, poor facilities, and lack of qualified teachers. It emphasizes that governments must commit to implementing educational policies and strengthening collaboration between different levels of government to improve physics education. Providing citizens with knowledge of physics will help root Nigeria's technological culture and lay the foundation for national reconstruction and stability.
Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadershi...ijtsrd
This study reviewed literature from a comprehensive leadership development conference “Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon. The paper, therefore, explored vividly the factors that reflect the ideas and experiences of school and system leadership development from both research and practice perspectives in Cameroon through documental analysis. Indispensable work is provided for those who wish to be up to date about hegemony is crucial for the study of school and educational system management and for global leadership politics though the concept is not widely contested in most developing countries like Cameroon and requires clarification. This study gives valuable new insights from recent research findings and the implications of educational policy in Cameroon as it relates to the development of school leaders. This study provides a bird’s eye view of assessment for effective leadership and draws special attention to the growing structural limitation of implementing ICT in school and the different Cameroon educational systems. The existing literature review clearly indicates that 360 degree feedback process is a significantly valuable tool for organizations, in assessing both teachers and education leaders’ performance appraisal and development purposes. These subtopics have in common an inbuilt tension between structure and agency between the compounding centrifugal forces that seek to legitimate and institutionalise, and the internal persuasive discourse of every learner to their personal understanding of effective school and system leadership that best fit their context at a given time. Michael Auguste Ngantchop Tchoumbou | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Henry Koge Makole | King James Nkum | Tah Patricia Bih "Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53839.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/53839/exploring-complexities-and-paradoxes-in-effective-school-and-system-leadership-in-cameroon/michael-auguste-ngantchop-tchoumbou
The Effectiveness of School Management Boards An Appraisal from the Perspecti...ijtsrd
This paper sought to examine the extent to which School Management Boards S.M.Bs are effective in performing their functions as stated in Decree No. 2001 041 of 19th February 2001. In addition, it sought to investigate problems encountered by SMB as well as strategies that can be put in place to improve on its effectiveness. This was done from the perspective of secondary school teachers and administrators in selected schools in Fako Division of the South West Region. The survey research design was used and data were collected through the use of questionnaires for administrators and teachers. A total of 138 administrators and 291 teachers responded to the questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques frequencies, means and percentages and revealed that to a greater extent the S.M.Bs are perceived by the respondents to ensure that financial resources are effectively managed in schools. Based on the findings, it was revealed that S.M.Bs in Public Secondary Grammar Schools, could manage financial resources effectively and efficiently to a greater extent than they could manage these very resources ineffectively. As such the following recommendations have been made Educational authorities Regional Delegates, Divisional Delegates and Pedagogic inspectors should regularly visit and monitor the activities of the SMB to ensure that they are adequately respecting the terms of Decree No 19 02 2001 which spells out the duties of members. Training workshops should be organised for the members of the SMB on the proper management of school resources. Haddassah Limunga Mbake "The Effectiveness of School Management Boards: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Public Secondary Grammar Schools in Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29325/the-effectiveness-of-school-management-boards-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-public-secondary-grammar-schools-in-fako-division/haddassah-limunga-mbake
An Appraisal Of The Use Of Education Management Information System (Emis) And...Claire Webber
This document discusses a study on the use of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) and their effects on effective secondary school management in Cameroon. The study aimed to examine how EMIS affects school planning, how principal's use of ICT tools in EMIS impacts management, and strategies to improve EMIS effectiveness. The study found that EMIS significantly relates to school planning and enhances management when ICT is integrated. It recommended training information managers to design school-specific MIS systems and providing ICT tools and professional development for principals.
Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on...ijtsrd
The purpose of this paper was to investigate constraints to the implementation of the competence based approach CBA , and effects on vision 2035, as well as what teachers, principals and chiefs of work proposed as solutions to implementation problems. The major issue in this study was to find out whether the characteristics of the CBA constraints the implementation. The survey design was used The simple random sampling and clustered random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 10 principals, 19 chiefs of work and 129 teachers giving a total of 158 from a population of 509 government technical teachers, chiefs of work and principals in the five technical colleges that were used as sample in Fako division. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire comprising 46 items all closed ended and 2 open ended. Data from closed ended and open ended items were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS and the technique of content analysis respectively. Findings from the data analysis were presented using frequencies, percentages and means. The findings revealed that the CBA was preferred to other teaching methods in spite of its numerous constraints. As such, Cameroon can achieve vision 2035 if CBA is properly implemented. Some recommendations were made to improve on the practice for example, teachers need to be continuously trained through seminars workshops and regular follow up by principals and pedagogic inspectors to ensure the CBA is properly implemented. Ngwa Marcus Suh "Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on the Attainment of Vision 2035 of an Emerging Economy for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28044.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/28044/approach-in-government-technical-colleges-in-fako-division-and-its-effects-on-the-attainment-of-vision-2035-of-an-emerging-economy-for-cameroon/ngwa-marcus-suh
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
The document summarizes the findings of a study that evaluated a pilot leadership development program in South Africa called the Advanced Certificate in Education: School Leadership (ACE). The ACE program was intended to provide formal training for aspiring school principals. The study found that while the teaching materials and contact sessions were generally viewed positively, the mentoring component of the program faced several challenges, such as large mentor-mentee ratios, lack of mentor training, and a prescriptive rather than collaborative approach. Overall, the evaluation found that the ACE program showed promise but improvements were needed, particularly to the mentoring process, in order to better support the transfer of learning to school practice.
This document discusses educational reform recommendations for Jamaica based on case studies of Ireland, Finland, and Singapore. It recommends that Jamaica expand vocational training at all levels, increase resources for primary education, improve teaching quality, expand access to high-quality education, increase choice and flexibility in curriculum, cap direct funding of tertiary education, integrate families in children's education, emphasize foreign language training, and conduct consultations as part of reform.
Assessing The Richness of Entrepreneurship Education Curriculum Content: Empi...iosrjce
The study examines the content and support mechanism of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria.
The content and support mechanism remain fundamental in curriculum issue. The study used teachers’
population and 216 samples were employed. Questionnaire instrument was used in data collection process and
descriptive statistics was employed in analysing the data. The findings of the study show that content and
support mechanism of the curriculum were adequate. The implication of the study revealed that content and
support mechanism are capable of providing students with entrepreneurship skills require and it is
recommended that periodic review of content and support mechanism in order to ensure consistency of
curriculum with time and global trend.
11.lecturers assessment of teaching practice exerciseAlexander Decker
The document examines education lecturers' assessments of the quality of teaching practice exercises in Nigerian universities. A survey was conducted of 691 lecturers across Nigeria who rated the quality of teaching practice as fairly above average. The study also found that experience and job status influenced assessments, while gender did not, and it recommends allotting more time to teaching practice and training lecturers on best practices.
This document discusses the importance of entrepreneurship education for science teachers in Nigeria as a means of achieving national transformation. It begins by defining entrepreneurship and explaining why entrepreneurship education is becoming more important in modern society. It then presents the results of interviews with 40 science teachers which found that 30% had an understanding of entrepreneurship as developing identity and self-efficiency, 60% saw it as a technical or cooperative activity, and 10% had no idea. The document concludes that increasing science teachers' knowledge of entrepreneurship can help change negative attitudes and better implement entrepreneurship education goals for national development.
This seminar discusses Obanya's functional curriculum theory, which argues that Africa's curriculum needs to have three goals to help the continent contribute more to the global economy: 1) Developing African pride and understanding African culture, 2) Access to global knowledge and practices, and 3) Personal development skills. The document then defines curriculum and outlines its key components: the program of studies, activities, and guidance. It discusses curriculum implementation, evaluation, and the need for the curriculum to meet societal needs and allow for flexibility over time. The overall seminar focuses on Obanya's curriculum theory and framework, defining curriculum, and outlining implementation, evaluation, and responsiveness to society.
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...Premier Publishers
The paper analysed the teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe. This study sought to investigate the challenges confronting teachers of rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised all secondary school teachers in Nkayi District. The sample consisted of 120 teachers of which 68 were female and 52 were male. The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study revealed that most teachers had a positive attitude towards the TVET programme. It also revealed that schools faced many challenges as they tried to implement TVET. The study recommends that there should be more allocation of financial, material and human resources towards TVET in secondary schools.
This document discusses a study that examined South African educators' perceptions of their increasing workload due to administrative and professional duties. The study found that educators face a heavy workload without adequate support from the Department of Education. It recommends implementing an internship program called READ (Relieve Educators' Administrative Demands) to help educators deal with their workload by assisting with administrative tasks. The document provides background on the roles and responsibilities South African educators are expected to fulfill, which involve both administrative and professional duties. It notes that educators struggle to fulfill all their duties due to the large amount of paperwork and other administrative requirements.
11.political leadership and the development of education programme in nigeria...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the relationship between political leadership and education program development in Nigeria and lessons for other African nations. It finds that successive Nigerian governments, both military and civilian, have pursued education programs aligned with their ideologies and priorities. Funding has been inadequate and dependent on the ruling government's priorities. Many African countries experienced political instability in the 1990s, compounding education spending issues. To reduce illiteracy and achieve education for all goals, Nigeria and other African nations need focused political leadership that develops long-lasting education programs to advance their nations technologically. The political system influences education policy formulation and resource allocation. Education policy reflects the ruling party's ideology.
11.management of distance learning programmes for effective achievement of ob...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about managing distance learning programs in Nigeria to effectively achieve objectives. It discusses:
1) The concept of distance education and its role in Nigeria's National Policy on Education.
2) Key areas that must be managed in any distance education system including course development, student support services, and educators' roles.
3) Ways to improve distance education administration with a focus on course development and production, student support services, and defining educators' roles.
This document summarizes a study on educators' perceptions of continuing professional development for teachers in South Africa. The study aimed to explain educators' views of continuing professional development in light of South Africa's National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development. The study found that educators had differing views in three main areas: 1) their overall view of professional development in the education system, 2) their experiences with different types of professional development programs, and 3) the impact of professional development programs on schools.
Anthropology professional learning communities 2013steyngm1
This document discusses building professional learning communities (PLCs) to enhance continuing professional development for teachers in South African schools. It notes that South Africa needs better qualified teachers due to its apartheid legacy. Two national policies aim to fulfill this need through ongoing teacher development. The document reviews literature showing that isolated teaching is counterproductive, while collaboration and interdependence can improve practices and student performance. It presents a model where individual learning, PLCs, supportive environments, and networking lead to teacher transformation. Effective PLCs may stimulate changes in teaching. The document examines South Africa's mandatory professional development system and conceptual frameworks for adult learning and communities of practice that inform building effective PLCs.
Constraints to administrative leadership role of secondary school principals ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated constraints to the administrative roles of principals in Owerri Education Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 50% of principals in the zone to gather data on financial, physical/equipment, and staffing constraints. The results showed that principals faced significant constraints including inadequate funding for facilities, professional development, and salaries/benefits. Physical constraints included lack of recreational areas, office space, and instructional materials. Staffing constraints included poor conditions of service, lack of staff development programs, and unclear posting/transfer policies. Statistical analysis found no significant differences between male and female principal responses. The study concluded that these constraints hindered principals' ability to effectively
This document discusses how economic factors affect educational planning. It begins by defining key economic concepts like investment, saving, consumption, and production, and how they relate to educational planning. It explains that educational planning requires understanding economics because resources are limited and choices must be made. The document also discusses applying economic concepts to educational planning, characteristics of analyzing education through an economic lens, and some weaknesses of economic influences on education. Overall, the document analyzes how economics influences educational planning and decision making.
The employability skills of upper basic school leavers in jonathanabdelcris
This document outlines a feasibility study conducted in 2014-2015 on developing an innovative educational programme to enhance the employability skills of upper basic school leavers in West and Central Africa. It found that the current curriculum is not adequately equipping students with skills for the job market. It evaluated the curriculum and assessed students' proficiency in employability skills. The results showed gaps in practical and sustainability components in the curriculum. Students' achievement in basic entrepreneurial skills was generally low, indicating the need for a new programme to better develop their employability.
This document discusses the importance of quality and functional physics education for national transformation in Nigeria. It argues that physics education plays a key role in technological advancement and economic development, and is thus crucial for any nation seeking to progress. The document outlines several challenges facing the Nigerian education system, including inadequate funding, poor facilities, and lack of qualified teachers. It emphasizes that governments must commit to implementing educational policies and strengthening collaboration between different levels of government to improve physics education. Providing citizens with knowledge of physics will help root Nigeria's technological culture and lay the foundation for national reconstruction and stability.
Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadershi...ijtsrd
This study reviewed literature from a comprehensive leadership development conference “Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon. The paper, therefore, explored vividly the factors that reflect the ideas and experiences of school and system leadership development from both research and practice perspectives in Cameroon through documental analysis. Indispensable work is provided for those who wish to be up to date about hegemony is crucial for the study of school and educational system management and for global leadership politics though the concept is not widely contested in most developing countries like Cameroon and requires clarification. This study gives valuable new insights from recent research findings and the implications of educational policy in Cameroon as it relates to the development of school leaders. This study provides a bird’s eye view of assessment for effective leadership and draws special attention to the growing structural limitation of implementing ICT in school and the different Cameroon educational systems. The existing literature review clearly indicates that 360 degree feedback process is a significantly valuable tool for organizations, in assessing both teachers and education leaders’ performance appraisal and development purposes. These subtopics have in common an inbuilt tension between structure and agency between the compounding centrifugal forces that seek to legitimate and institutionalise, and the internal persuasive discourse of every learner to their personal understanding of effective school and system leadership that best fit their context at a given time. Michael Auguste Ngantchop Tchoumbou | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Henry Koge Makole | King James Nkum | Tah Patricia Bih "Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53839.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/53839/exploring-complexities-and-paradoxes-in-effective-school-and-system-leadership-in-cameroon/michael-auguste-ngantchop-tchoumbou
The Effectiveness of School Management Boards An Appraisal from the Perspecti...ijtsrd
This paper sought to examine the extent to which School Management Boards S.M.Bs are effective in performing their functions as stated in Decree No. 2001 041 of 19th February 2001. In addition, it sought to investigate problems encountered by SMB as well as strategies that can be put in place to improve on its effectiveness. This was done from the perspective of secondary school teachers and administrators in selected schools in Fako Division of the South West Region. The survey research design was used and data were collected through the use of questionnaires for administrators and teachers. A total of 138 administrators and 291 teachers responded to the questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques frequencies, means and percentages and revealed that to a greater extent the S.M.Bs are perceived by the respondents to ensure that financial resources are effectively managed in schools. Based on the findings, it was revealed that S.M.Bs in Public Secondary Grammar Schools, could manage financial resources effectively and efficiently to a greater extent than they could manage these very resources ineffectively. As such the following recommendations have been made Educational authorities Regional Delegates, Divisional Delegates and Pedagogic inspectors should regularly visit and monitor the activities of the SMB to ensure that they are adequately respecting the terms of Decree No 19 02 2001 which spells out the duties of members. Training workshops should be organised for the members of the SMB on the proper management of school resources. Haddassah Limunga Mbake "The Effectiveness of School Management Boards: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Public Secondary Grammar Schools in Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29325.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29325/the-effectiveness-of-school-management-boards-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-public-secondary-grammar-schools-in-fako-division/haddassah-limunga-mbake
An Appraisal Of The Use Of Education Management Information System (Emis) And...Claire Webber
This document discusses a study on the use of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) and their effects on effective secondary school management in Cameroon. The study aimed to examine how EMIS affects school planning, how principal's use of ICT tools in EMIS impacts management, and strategies to improve EMIS effectiveness. The study found that EMIS significantly relates to school planning and enhances management when ICT is integrated. It recommended training information managers to design school-specific MIS systems and providing ICT tools and professional development for principals.
Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on...ijtsrd
The purpose of this paper was to investigate constraints to the implementation of the competence based approach CBA , and effects on vision 2035, as well as what teachers, principals and chiefs of work proposed as solutions to implementation problems. The major issue in this study was to find out whether the characteristics of the CBA constraints the implementation. The survey design was used The simple random sampling and clustered random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 10 principals, 19 chiefs of work and 129 teachers giving a total of 158 from a population of 509 government technical teachers, chiefs of work and principals in the five technical colleges that were used as sample in Fako division. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire comprising 46 items all closed ended and 2 open ended. Data from closed ended and open ended items were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS and the technique of content analysis respectively. Findings from the data analysis were presented using frequencies, percentages and means. The findings revealed that the CBA was preferred to other teaching methods in spite of its numerous constraints. As such, Cameroon can achieve vision 2035 if CBA is properly implemented. Some recommendations were made to improve on the practice for example, teachers need to be continuously trained through seminars workshops and regular follow up by principals and pedagogic inspectors to ensure the CBA is properly implemented. Ngwa Marcus Suh "Approach in Government Technical Colleges in Fako Division and its Effects on the Attainment of Vision 2035 of an Emerging Economy for Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28044.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/28044/approach-in-government-technical-colleges-in-fako-division-and-its-effects-on-the-attainment-of-vision-2035-of-an-emerging-economy-for-cameroon/ngwa-marcus-suh
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
Implications of the Unavailability of Resources on the Implementation of New ...ijtsrd
This study intended to examine the unavailability of resources on the Implementation of the New Teacher Training Curriculum in South West Region of Cameroon. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used in collecting data. Questionnaires were completed by 180 teacher trainers drawn from 5 Teacher Training colleges in three divisions. There were two focus groups. The random and purposive sampling techniques were employed in selecting the divisions and the schools. Data collected from the field were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. For descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, bar charts and pie charts were used. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Value r was used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that, majority of respondents were in the opinion that resources were rarely or unavailable. The teacher trainers outlined some of the effects and constraints they encountered in the course of implementing the new curriculum. One main recommendation is that, the ministry of secondary education, educators and facilitators of teacher training colleges should ensure that teacher trainers are taught and trained on the new pedagogic practices that are introduced in the course of implementation of a curriculum before implementation begins. They should also ensure that resources are adequately available. Considering the limitations of the study, the researcher made recommendations for more research by employing a multi dimension in extending to other regions and even carrying out a comparative study between public and private teacher training institutions. Ediage Grace Melioge "Implications of the Unavailability of Resources on the Implementation of New Curriculums in Teacher Training Colleges in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38454.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38454/implications-of-the-unavailability-of-resources-on-the-implementation-of-new-curriculums-in-teacher-training-colleges-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/ediage-grace-melioge
The Usefulness of Higher Education Instructional Strategies on the Employabil...ijtsrd
The document discusses a study that examined the usefulness of higher education instructional strategies on graduate employability in Cameroon. It reviewed literature on instructional strategies used in Cameroonian universities and theoretical frameworks on teaching and human capital. The study found that instructional strategies have a significant effect on graduate employability according to teachers, students, and employers. It recommended that teachers be trained on using various instructional strategies to develop skills and improve graduate job prospects.
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Edu...ijtsrd
This paper explored Cameroon’s decentralization policy in the context of educational reforms which entails the adoption of universal legal framework which aims at universalizing free primary education such as that from the1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All EFA by 2015 and the Dakar 2002 Action Framework. Basically, the government strives to provide free education to pupils, so as to support the underprivileged and enable them read and write in a bid to reduce illiteracy and to bring education to the people. This paper is also anchored on the observation that every major decentralized education throughout the world has to involve some legislative changes to the law. In the case of Cameroon, decentralization constitutes a legal, institutional and financial means through which regional and local authorities operate to foster development with the active involvement of the population. Assessing the legal framework and implementation by various stakeholders shows that the decentralization laws passed over the years in Cameroon have local development and governance as their main thrust. But this review posits that the process for the adoption and implementation of the decentralization policies is slow, partial and seemingly unserious thus barricading the smooth functioning of Basic Education in Cameroon. Unfortunately too, empirical science has narrowly escaped the decentralization process as it pertains to Education primary in Cameroon. As such, this paper acts as a clarion call for more studies to understand how the process unfolds in Cameroon and how it affects the primary education sector. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon, an Overview of the History and Challenges of the Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30620.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30620/tracing-the-evolution-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-ministry-of-basic-education-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-history-and-challenges-of-the-process/ngong-gaius-mufua
Strategies applied by the board of management to enhance students academic pe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies applied by Boards of Management (BoM) to enhance student academic performance in secondary schools in Mandera County, Kenya. It finds that most BoM members lack formal education and management skills, resulting in challenges like lack of monitoring, political interference, and mismanagement that negatively impact student performance. The document recommends that BoM members be appointed based on merit and receive management training, and that communication and resource utilization be improved to enhance student academic performance.
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...SubmissionResearchpa
The paper discussed the import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Nigeria. It highlighted the relevance of the primary school teacher; effective development programmes for them in relation to their teaching competences; the primary education in Nigeria, its functions and challenges confronting it; challenges facing primary school teachers. The paper further explored the objectives and forms of teachers’ development and barriers to effective teacher development programmes in Nigeria. It concluded that Mechanisms for effective teachers’ professional development should be put in place by stakeholders on a regular basis; as this is tantamount to enhancing teachers’ teaching competences and that teachers at the primary schools need regular on-the-job professional development programmes. A number of recommendations were articulated to ensure continuous and effective teachers development for practicing primary school teachers in Nigeria by OSIESI Mensah Prince 2020. The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 48-55. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.677 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/677/639 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/677
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes the findings of an evaluation of South Africa's ACE School Leadership Programme pilot. The program aimed to provide formal leadership training for principals through a new qualification, in recognition that effective school leadership is important but most principals previously only had teaching experience. The evaluation assessed how well the program helped participants apply their learning in practice. It found the program emphasized practical application and helped reduce the culture shock of moving from teaching to principalship, but universities need to ensure training transfers to improved school outcomes.
The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers...SubmissionResearchpa
The paper discussed the import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Nigeria. It highlighted the relevance of the primary school teacher; effective development programmes for them in relation to their teaching competences; the primary education in Nigeria, its functions and challenges confronting it; challenges facing primary school teachers. The paper further explored the objectives and forms of teachers’ development and barriers to effective teacher development programmes in Nigeria. It concluded that Mechanisms for effective teachers’ professional development should be put in place by stakeholders on a regular basis; as this is tantamount to enhancing teachers’ teaching competences and that teachers at the primary schools need regular onthe-job professional development programmes. A number of recommendations were articulated to ensure continuous and effective teachers development for practicing primary school teachers in Nigeria. by Osiesi Mensah Prince 2020. The import of professional development programmes for primary school teachers in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 7 (Jul. 2020), 111-118. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i7.507. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/507/484 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/507
Exploring the state of leadership effectiveness of tertiary institutions in g...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the leadership effectiveness of leaders at two tertiary institutions in Ghana. The study examined the leadership styles used as well as the leadership energy and effectiveness. Data showed that leaders at both institutions adopted a team leadership style with concerns for organizational goals and staff well-being. The conclusion was that there is effective leadership with high energy that motivates staff. Recommendations encourage high concern for production, staff, and institutions to achieve goals and objectives sustainably.
The document systematically reviews literature on the need for continuing professional development of education administrators, finding that CPD programs help administrators improve knowledge and skills, better manage schools, and enhance education quality. CPD includes any formal or informal training that helps administrators develop competencies. While training programs exist, the literature calls for more comprehensive and sustainable leadership training to better support administrators.
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
This document discusses developing staff competencies at an engineering college in rural Tamil Nadu, India. It notes the need for staff development due to changes in the external environment like increased competition, and internal changes like management and financial issues. The college faces challenges in recruiting and developing teaching staff due to its rural location. Staff are expected to meet minimum requirements like teaching subjects, assessing students, and supporting student activities. However, ongoing training and development is needed to help staff and the college adapt to ongoing changes in higher education.
Integration of information and communication technology (ict) in teacher educ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in teacher education programs in Nigeria to build human capacity. It argues that for teachers to effectively educate students in the technology age, they must receive ICT training and develop technology skills. The document recommends that ICT education be made a compulsory subject for all students in teacher training institutions in Nigeria in order to produce technology-competent teachers who can help build the country's economy and meet international standards.
Similar to Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...ijtsrd
Cyber ethics is the study of the ethics relating to computers, as well as to user behavior and what computers are programmed to do, and how it affects individuals and society. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right or wrong. Since the advent of computers, various governments have enacted regulations and while organizations have defined policies about cyberethics. Cyberethics also known as “internet ethics,” is a branch of applied ethics that examines the moral, legal, and social issues i.e. ethical questions brought about by the emergence of digital technologies and global virtual environments. Arising with the introduction of the internet are, filtering, accuracy, security, censorship, conflicts over privacy, property, accessibility, and others. This paper is to elucidate more on cyberethics and its impacts on users and the society Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Cyber Ethics: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63513.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/63513/cyber-ethics-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38465 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 464
In Cameroon, as stated in the Hand Book of Heads of
Secondary and High School (MINEDUC, 1996), the functions
of the principal are pedagogic, administrative, financial and
social. A school principal in Cameroon is obliged to perform
all of his/her responsibilities effectively to accomplish the
objectives of the school. These functions are often
challenging for the principal to attain because educational
administration demands that principals develop skills and
capabilities in order to deal with their responsibilities
effectively. Cotton (2003), emphasizes on the importance of
the principal as the key to improving the learning and
teaching environment. Contextually with theprincipal being
the Head of the secondary and High schools in Cameroon
he/she has to develop capabilities in educational
administration. Such capabilities include communication,
delegation, team building, project management, critical
thinking coordination, directing, innovation,budgetanalysis
and monitoring of expenditure (Muturi 2013). This is
because principalship in this 21st century has become
increasingly specialized and professionalized.
Law No 98/004 of 14th April, 1998 on the orientation of
education in Cameroon made provisions for the role of the
teacher in Part 4; Chapter 3 from section 37-39 and
Presidential Decree No.2001/041of19February2001,spell
out the roles and responsibilities of a Principal. Principals
are teachers and they being key actors in education have a
sole responsibility to make sure the curriculum is well
implemented, for this to materialize; principals need to be
effective and efficient to respond to the dynamic nature of
education in both local andinternational standards.Thus the
conception, role and practice of principalship should be
changed for the attainment of school objectives.
Principalship in Cameroon secondary schools has been
widely studied in different forms overtime (Mbua, 2003;
Fonkeng and Tamajong, 2009). School leadership issues
have become increasingly debated and explored in national,
international andcomparativecontext(Marzano, Waters and
McNulty, 2005). This is mainly due to research evidence
produced so far that the principal's role is indeed crucial for
improving Students' academic achievement (Mbua, 2003;
Fonkeng and Tamajong, 2009). Although leadership
development is less structured in Cameroon, as in much of
Africa, there is evidence of in-service leadership
development/training. In-service training in Cameroon
comes in the form of induction training for new employees,
seminars and workshops for capacity building and training
for Principals and vice principals. While pre-service
provision is highly desirable, this is inevitably more
expensive because it is not always possible to identify those
who are likely to be appointed as principals (Bush and
Oduro, 2006). According to the Common Wealth Secretariat
(1996), the need to train and develop headship in Africa has
been perceived, but to translate it to effective provision has
been elusive. Many African countries see preparation of
school heads as a low priority. It observed that preparation
and professional development of Principals for their
administrative duties is inadequate throughout Africa,butit
is highly needed (BushandOduro,2006;MestryandGrobler,
2004).
From all indications, the professional preparation and
training of school administrators, particularly Principals of
Secondary schools have not beengivenanyseriousattention
in Cameroon’s educational policies (Ndongko, 1989; Mbua,
2003; Fonkeng and Tamajong, 2009). Presently,thereare no
training courses for members of the profession. The school
of Administration and Magistracy (ENAM) which had
preparatory program for secondary school administrators
abolished the program of training school administrators
without any substitution.Thisisbecauseofthegeneral belief
that experienced teachers can be promoted to the rank of
principals of secondary schools (Ndongko, 1989). As a
matter of fact, teachers with a minimum of ten years
teaching experience are usually promoted as principals and
vice Principals. Thusthegovernmentispayingattention only
to the training of teachers (With the creation of higher
teacher Training Colleges). No mentionhasbeenmadeofthe
training of principals. The popular assumption is that those
who would be principals/administrators should rise to the
position from among the graduates of teacher education.
Indeed, longevity of service and teaching experience is the
major yardstick in the appointment of principals of schools
(Mbua, 2003; Anjah, 2017). What the policy makers fail to
realise, maybe is that teaching andschool administration are
not the same thing. School administration is an art, and, like
all other arts, has its intricacies, which must be learnt and
mastered by anyone who wants to a make a success of the
system. The above situation about Cameroon further
confirms the observations that despite enormous
expectations of school principals, many are poorly prepared
for the task.
With incessant increase in enrolment in Secondary
education in Cameroon, especially in general education
secondary and High schools. It is relevant that incumbents
and aspiring principals should be formally trained. In this
era of globalisation, administration in schools has become
very complex than it used to be. Thus it is a problem
because; students, parents and other stakeholders in
education are now becoming more aware of their rights and
obligations within the educational system. The entire
society’s structure has changed tremendously and this has
also entered the system of the educational setting. To the
extent, most people assume that any educatedpersoncanbe
a principal of a school.
Consequently, the days of amateur principals are gone, for
diverse reasons, Secondary schools are increasing in Size
and their organization is getting more complex, hence it is
therefore necessary to train principals in areas of financial,
material and human resource management. That is, the
changed conditions in Secondary Schools require principals
to be trained and equipped with necessary skills in school
administration, so as to be able to meetup withglobalisation
realities. It is in this regard that Fonkeng and Tamajong
(2009) warned that,
“The old pattern of Principals’ behaviour/attitudewill not
be sufficient to meet the new challengingopportunitiesfor
leadership. No longer can a principal pass of well-done,
efficiently organised “administravia” as evidence of
his/her role being completely fulfilled”.
Thus it is no longer possible to believe that practical
experience alone constitutes valid administrative training.
Too many costly mistakes can occur while experience is
being acquired and the quality of experience varies among
principals. There are several changing norms in regards to
principalship practices in financial, material and human
resource management. If school leadership is important in
the Cameroon Educational system, then we should also be
concerned with principalshippracticesandhowitaffects the
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38465 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 465
attainment of school goals. Thus these practices will
influence the effectiveness and efficiency of their roles and
responsibilities as school heads in the attainment of school
objectives (Lumby, Crow, and Pashiardis, 2009).
Secondary Education is crucial for economic growth since it
provides countries with Human skills and Knowledge
needed forEconomicgrowth.SecondaryEducationincreases
further learning and training of professionals such as
technicians, scientists and entrepreneurs (World Bank
report, 2001). Governments in all countries of the world
strive to provide education to their citizens with the
understanding that it is essential, not only for economic
growth but also for social stability. Secondary education is
expected to produce graduates who are able to thrive in a
fast challenging world, meet challenges and solve problems;
be entrepreneurial and create jobs, critical and active
citizens (Ndyali, 2013).
In this regard, Farinkia (2019) stated that, Knowledge,skills
and competences of learners should be transferable into the
job market. Since job requirements are always changing, we
may want to consider changing what we expect from our
learners or better still be futuristic. Thus, it must bestressed
that education cannot be an instrument par excellence for
achieving national and international development where
secondary education is not effectively managed to
accomplish its aims and objectives. And in the
administration of Secondary school the principal is central.
The principal, therefore, in a difficult position, is being
expected to attain the school objectives in a particular time
frame to avoid internal and external inefficiencies.However,
school objectives’ cannot be achieved if schools heads are
not in fully committed to play their roles effectively (Mbua,
2003; Fonkeng & Tamajong, 2009, Marzano, Waters and
McNulty, 2005).
According to Mbua (2003) education consists of two
components. He classified these twocomponentsintoinputs
and outputs. According to him, inputs consist of human and
material resources and outputs are the outcomes of the
educational process. Both the inputs and outputs form a
dynamic organic whole and if one wants to investigate and
assess the attainment of school objectives, effects of one
component on the other must be examined. The principals
are the vital input in educational realm, therefore; Ndyali
(2013) points out that their major responsibilitiesinschools
is to provide professional leadership that would lead to the
achievement of educational objectives which is revealed in
terms of students outcomes (output).
Despite these contemporary trends of principals’ roles and
responsibilities, it has been observed that the attainment of
school objectives is still low. Thatisstudentsdo notacquired
the require skills, knowledge, behaviour for the smooth
socio-economic integration. Forexamplestudentswholeave
Secondary general schools are not equipped with the
necessary practical skills tobeintegratedintothejobmarket
which therefore means the external efficiency of the school
system is weak. Secondly the morals of students who
graduate from our secondary schools it is not optimal (they
express delinquent behaviours) thus the rate of indiscipline
is very high. According to the Draft Document of the Sector
Wide approach in Education which states; education is a
major mission of the state (Republic of Cameroon, 2005 and
2008). Therefore it is the state’s major responsibility to
ensure that principalship practices positively influence the
attainment of school objectives, thus this in turn will curbs
internal and external inefficiencies of the school.
1.2: Statement of the Problem
It is observed that students do not acquired the require
skills, knowledge, behaviour for their smooth socio-
professional integration. Ndungu (2014) addedthat,despite
the many measures put in place to improve students’
performance; poor grades at national exams are still
prevalent. The problem of poor performance of students
affects everybody in the society, for eventheemployeesnow
and again cry for poor performance of employees which is
attributed to poor training of institute of learning. For
example secondary education graduate are not only
equipped with the necessary practical skills to be integrated
into the job market but also do not adequately manifest the
expected goals of secondary education and national goals at
large. As a consequence there is a high rate of joblessness,
cyber terrorism, fraud, political thuggery etc. which
therefore means the objectives of education are not likely to
be attained. Secondly the morals of students who graduate
from our secondary schools is not optimal (they express
delinquent behaviours such as violence, deviant attitude,
drug consumption, unwanted pregnancies etc.)thusthe rate
of indiscipline is very high. This implies they did not acquire
the necessary morals. Furthermore knowledge which is the
base of our students; which is on performance in national
examination is low; this is a clear evidence of educational
wastage (high failure, repetition and drop outs rates). All of
these human-capital formations are poor in the system and
the society where human capital formation is poor,
development is retarded. Given that in a school system
where the principal is a king-pin, his practices in Financial,
Material and Human Resource Management will have a
serious bearing on the attainmentofschool objectives.Inour
present context, culled from verbal reports, end of year
reports, discourses during seminars,sectorconferences,and
post inspections reports from inspectors it is revealed that
principalship practices in the domains mentioned above are
not effectively and efficiently practiced. For example:-inthe
domain of humanresourcemanagementmanyprincipalsare
confronted with the shortage of qualifiedteachers whichhas
led to sometimes the employment of unqualified persons. In
addition the existing insufficient qualified teachers are
poorly distributed in some casesunder-usedinthebigurban
towns and rural zones respectively. Principals are not given
any prior training in financial management; this has either
led to misappropriation or outright embezzlement of school
funds. The inadequate financial allocation of the school is
also a cause of concern. Poor management of the financial
resources placed at the disposal of the principal. Principals
are also confronted with shortage and in some case the
complete absence of physical and material resourcessuchas
classrooms which has led to large class sizes, lack of school
manuals and other didactic materials.
It is against this backdrop of principalship practicesthatthis
study seeks to investigate the extent to which principalship
practices in resource management influence the attainment
of school objectives in some selected schoolsinCameroon. It
is from this precept that the study “Principalship and the
attainment of School objectives in Cameroon Secondary
Schools: The Case of South West and Littoral Regions”
emanated.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38465 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 466
1.3: Research Objectives
The study generally sought to evaluate the extent to which
principalship practices in resource management determine
the attainment of school objectives in Cameroon Secondary
Schools.
Specifically, the study set out to investigate;
1. To study the extent to which principalship practices in
financial resourcemanagementinfluencetheattainment
of school objectives.
2. To determine theextentto whichprincipalshippractices
in material resource management influence the
attainment of school objectives
3. To assess the extent to which principalship practices in
human resource management influence the attainment
of school objectives.
1.4 Research Questions:
The study answered the following research questions:
1. To what extent does principalship practice in financial
resource management influence the attainment of
school objectives?
2. To what extent does in material resource management
influence the attainment of school objectives?
3. To what extent does principalship practice in human
resource management influence the attainment of
school objectives?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The study tested the following null hypotheses at 0.05 level
of significance;
1. Principalship practices in financial resource
management do not influence the attainment of School
objectives.
2. Principalship practices in material resource
management do not influence the attainment of School
objectives.
3. Principalship practices in human resourcemanagement
do not influence the attainment of School objectives.
2. Review of Conceptual and Theoretical Literature
2.1: Conceptual Literature
Resource management practices in the schools entails the
management of human, material, physical and financial
resources for achievement/attainment of the desiredschool
goals/objectives. Thus this calls for adequate provision for
and efficient utilization of school plant facilitiesintheschool
system (Oboegbulem 2004, Adeogun, 2002; Mbipom 2000).
Resource management and job performance are in close
collusion. For instance where the school principal is not
effective and efficient in his/her resource management
practices, teachers’ job performance would be affected and
as a consequence, it would be reflected on the students’
attitude and academic achievement.
Researchers (e.g, Babalola, 2006; Oboegbulem 2004, Mbua,
2003; Adeogun, 2002; Mbipom 2000) have concluded that
resource management by principalsatthesecondarylevel of
education deals with planning, organizing,coordinatingand
controlling of the resources. The success of this level of
education depends largely on a careful and effective
handling of educational resources in terms of allocation and
utilization especially money, materials and machines put
under the educational managers for efficient educational
services (Babalola, 2006). There are many issuess affecting
the management of Secondary schools in most less
developed countries today. This is because the schools are
increasingly becoming complex and it is demanding for the
principals to meet up with the advances in technology and
globalization exigencies. Some of these issues in
management include; shortage of unqualified teachers/staff
which has led to sometimes employment of unqualified
persons, limited finances, shortage and in some cases
complete absence of infrastructure, communication,human
relations and decision-makingprocedures etc.(Fonkengand
Tamajong, 2009; Mbua, 2003; Akpan, 2003). Cox (1996) in
Umosen (2010) also added that the main problem
confronting education in less developed countries is the
inability to coordinate and effectively manage available
resources. This managerial ineffectivenesshasa greatdeal to
play in the attainment of school objectives.
2.1.1: Human Resource Management
Klerck (2009) defined human resource management as,
“The process of hiring and developing employees so that
they can become more valuable to organization. It
includes conducting job analysis, planning personal
needs, recruiting the right people for the jib, orienting
and training, managing wages and salaries, providing
benefits and incentives, evaluating performance,
resolving disputes and communicating with all
employees at all levels (Klerck,2009)”. Human Resource
management can also be definedas,“theorganizational
function that deals with issues related to people such as
compensation, hiring, performance management,
organization development, safety, wellness, benefits,
employee motivation, communication, administration
and training (Collings and Wood, 2009)”.
It can also be defined as the process of acquiring training,
developing, motivating and appraising a sufficient quantity
of qualified employees to perform the activitiesnecessaryto
accomplish organizational objectivesanddevelopingspecific
activities and overall organizational climate to generate
maximum worker satisfaction and employee efficiency (
Boone and Kurtz, 1996).
Human resource management is a functioninorganizational
designed to maximize employee performance in service of
their employer’s strategic objectives. It is primarily
concerned with how people are managed within
organizations, focusing on policies and systems (Johnson,
2009). Therefore, the achievement of organizational goals
cannot be met without human resources. An organization is
nothing without its employees. Omebe (2014) explained
that, human resource management can be seenasthedesign
of formal systems in an organization to ensure effective and
efficient use of human talents to accomplish organizational
goals.
The ultimate focus of human resource management is the
people within an organization. Regularplanning,monitoring
and evaluation are important for the success of human
resource management. Successful implementation ensures
that all employees (teachers) know their role, career part
and also feel they are part of the organization, which is able
to manage and reconcile their expectations as well as those
of the organization and its objectives (Rajewski, 2006). The
process of human resource management therefore includes
conducting job analysis, planning personnel needs and
meeting their needs, recruiting the right people for the job,
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orientation and training, managing wages and salaries,
providing benefits and incentives, evaluating performance,
resolving disputes and communicatingwithall employeesat
all levels ( Etomes, 2016).
Decenzo and Robbins (1999) also proposed that human
resource managementisanapproachconsistingoffourbasic
components or functions namely: staffing; training and
development; motivationandmaintenance.Therefore,in the
process of management, administrators/managers of
educational institutions need to possess human resource
management skills for proper management and to ensure
achievement of the objectives of educational institutions.
Human beings are complex and their behaviour and
reactions sometimes is uncertain or is difficult to predict,
this calls for the necessity of human relation and
management skills for effective management. In this regard
Osuala (2008) outlined three management skills:
Human skills as those required to get people do their
best as individuals and to work well with others;
Technical skills as those required for turning out the
actual product or service of organization;
Conceptual skills as those required relating part of the
organization or institutions work to the whole.
Without management skills principals will not be able to
work productively with teachers for the attainment of the
goals of education. In this light, the attainment of the school
goals and objectivesinourCameroonSecondaryEducational
system cannot be realized without the application of human
resource management skills possessed by school
administrators (Principals).
2.1.2: Material Resource Management
According to Mbamba (1992), materials management in
education is defined as “…. Executive functions concerned
with the planning, acquisition, allocation, distribution and
controlling the proper use as well as maintenance of
educational materials and facilities in order to realize the
objectives of the education system”. Hence, materials
management from its definition entails that the wise
engagement in activities related to materialsbeginningfrom
materials needs assessment, purchasingnecessarymaterials
and ending with the proper disposal of unused /obsolete,
scrap and surplus materials.Itmeansmaterialsmanagement
also stressed on optimal utilization of the purchased
material resources for effective and efficient attainment of
the institutional mission and visions. Material resource
management is thereforethe processby whichorganizations
manage their resources effectively and efficiently ensuring
that building and other technical systems support the
operations of the organization.
Material resource management in schools cannot be
overemphasized since it is aimed at evaluating the physical
conditions of existing facilities in schools. It is a strategic
planning tool for modernization of the existing facilities;
developing the helpful measures for continuous
maintenance, reconstruction and rejuvenation. Okolo
(2005) says material resource auditingisaimedatproviding
numerical rating for capital planning, with a view to
identifying functional deficiencies in building; the nature,
expenditure or cost and timingofcorrectiveactionsthat may
be needed to tackle such physical shortage or insufficiency.
This implies if the school principal can exhibit outstanding
material management practices, this will limit most of the
challenges faced by the school. Thus a school administrator
has to be efficient and effective in the management of school
resources (Stonner et al, 1995).
Planning is the primary function of management. It is the
guiding instrument to select our goals and determinehow to
achieve them. It also lays a good ground for effective
working and controlling systems. Material resource
planning process is the corner stone of most educational
institutions. The success of an educational administrator is
dependent on his/her ability to forecast the best strategies
needed to effectively and efficiently managethe resourcesat
his/her disposal for the attainment of school objectives. In
this light, Adeotun (2004) says; material resource
management in schools starts from the planning for such
resources. At the inception of a school, certain basic
materials stipulated by government must be available at the
school. These facilities must be adequately planned for. The
facilities include the impermanent properties and physical
infrastructure. The infrastructures are assets rooted in and
located on the land belonging to an educational institution
and used for educational purposes.
Planning in relation to educational material is a sub-system
in the overall planning activity and is defined as “… a
decision making mechanism for designing the best possible
alternative strategy in the use of scarce material resources
earmarked for the achievement of educational goals and
objectives” (Mbamba, 1992:115). It is obvious that
educational institutions discharge their responsibilities
under serious shortage of resource. This is due to the fact
most educational institutions are operating at the backdrop
of scarce resources. Hence principals are always faced with
scarcity of resources in running their schools. The
availability of educational resources (financial, material,
human, etc) not only guarantees the efficiency of the school
system which is paramount in the attainment of school
objectives, it promotes job satisfaction. It is with regard to
this that planning in education spotlights on the efficientuse
of resources. Thus educational institutions have to plan for
their materials resources and utilization for successful
achievement of their goals.
Planning for material resources in the school is very
necessary as Adeotun (2004) advisedthatbeforeequipment
are purchased in the school, they must be planned for and
the need for such equipment must be ascertained. The
budget, must address the problems at stake during planning
for material resources. However, Bernstein (2003) advised
that when planning for material resources in a school, the
factors listed below should be taken into consideration
Triple explosion of the human and society
Feasibility of the implementation of projects and plans
having in mind the cost, the state of the nation's
economy, the realities and exigencies politically.
Existing guidelines and policy on the project or
materials.
Geographical conditions which include the weather,
terrain, etc and its consequence on the kind of materials
to be procured.
The need and cost effectiveness of the material.
The learner-centered principle of giving special
consideration to the students who are the users of most
of the materials.
Accountability
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Purchasing in relation to educational materials resources
refers to the “procurement of materials” (Mbamba,
1992:158). Hence, it is a function that educational
institutions assure the availability of instructional materials
and equipment. Procurement or purchasing the needed
materials in the school is an essential aspect of material
resource management. Tiodern (2009) noted that
purchasing is a crucial aspect of material resource
management and that this can only be done in line with the
budget provision. In most schools as observed by Mbua
(2003) the school administrator or the school bursar often
act as the purchasing officer for the school and this he noted
has brought a lot of disaffection among members of staff as
prices are in most cases unwholesomely inflated. This to
some extent impinges on the veracity or integrity of the
school administrator and bursar.
Storage and distribution of materials are essential aspects of
material resource management. When materials are
supplied or purchased for use in the school, thereisthe need
for proper storage. Bernstein (2003) noted that most school
facilities and equipments are centrally stored. Akindele
(2004) observed that the school administrator's office in
most cases is often converted to the college store house, this
has led to a lot of loses. In a centralized storagesystem,there
is usually a comprehensive inventory of the materials
supplied or purchased and the store keeper must update his
records from time to time. Materials are not to be given out
without the requisition form. This will enable the store
keeper to know the movement of such equipment and
number left. In a school, there are consumables suchasmost
laboratory reagents, the material resourceauditorisoftenin
a better position to know the level at which most of these
reagents are been consumed and make adequate
arrangement for replacement.Therearemoveablematerials
such as the furniture, office equipments, laboratory
materials and game equipments. The immovable resources
are primarily the buildings and other assets for educational
purposes in the school. The school administrator may have
the records of these but the maintenance and monitoring
could be done by the internal material resource auditor
(Biruk, 2008).
According to Adeotun (2004), efficiency in educational
provision is vitally related to adequacy of equipment and
materials. Modern educational environments are
characterized by good seating equipment, standardized
textbooks, reference books, libraries, workshops, well
equipped laboratories, instructional media, highly qualified
personnel, visual aids, more recently computersetc.inorder
to procure and equip these resources education receives
lion’s share of the national budget. Therefore, there should
be a system which ensures effective utilization and care for
these resources. Hence the principal has a ways been
expected to organize his school so that equipment is cared
for with a maximum of effort. Proper morale in the school
prevents wanton equipment damage; accidental damage or
vandalism by a few must be dealt with individually.
In principle, the principal is responsible for securing
necessarily equipment and supplies; for selection and
purchase of equipment and for replace of obsolete
equipment with modern ones. Again, since he/she is the
responsible head of the school, he must organize his staff so
that adequate care of equipment is exercised.Insodoing,the
mar of school equipment might prevail as a result of
accidental or perverse acts. Getting them replaced is also
another responsibility (Tiodern, 2009).
Material resource management is a desertedsectorinschool
administration. The school administrator is often charged
with the responsibility of maintenance and replacement of
most school facilities depending on the availability of fund
(Dania, Obro & Owhorhu, 2016). Ejiogu (2009) noted that
one of the problems in the Nigeria school system with
regards to material resource management is not quite the
non-availability or inadequate provision of good quality
facilities but the inability to take good careof whatisalready
available. School materials are often neglected,mostofthem
are left all around the school premises without anybody
charged with the responsibility of maintain them.
Obi (2002) added that educational institution should be
properly administered for optimum gains. Fonkeng &
Tamajong (2009) also said that, administration in education
is aimed at using both human and material resources
available to the educational system for the realisation of
educational objectives. It is only when these objectives of
education are realized that gains of education will manifest.
Therefore there is the need to train principals in the area of
management of the material resources. This implies thatthe
school administrator (principal) requires adequacy of
relevant components of educational resources to be able to
effectively and efficiently coordinate and manage the school
organization in collaboration with the teachers to bring
about the attainment of school goals and objectives
(Fonkeng & Tamajong, 2009; Mbua, 2003).
2.1.3: Financial Resource Management:
Financial management has been looked at from different
perspectives by different authors. Pandit (1995)
conceptualized it as, “that management activity which is
concerned with the planning and controlling of an
organization’s financial resources”. This means thatfinancial
management is concernedwithdecisionsonhowtoproduce,
raise money, expand and give accounts offundsprovided for
the implementation of programs of an organization or a
school.
Ogbonnaya (2000) asserted that the main purpose of
financial management, be it in government, business or
school, is the raising of funds and ensuring that the funds
realized are utilized in the most effective and efficient
manner. He explained further that resources are scarce and
that all efforts shouldbemadebyeducational administrators
and planners to ensure optimal utilization of funds.
According to UKO et al. (2016), financial resource is a major
aspect of resource management inthe educationsystem.Itis
the monetary inputs available for and expended on the
education system. This implieseducationiscapital intensive.
Bua and Adzongo (2014), says, “The growth and
development of any educational sectorsolelydependson the
management of its finances”. Finance is the backbone of any
institution. When finance is judiciously used, the success of
an educational institution is achieved but when finance is
misappropriated, the reverse becomes the case (Financial
mismanagement and maladministration). Therefore,
financial mismanagement is poormanagementoffinancesin
schools; mal-administration iscorrupt behaviour,corruption
as wrongdoing on the part of an authority, and
misappropriation as dishonest use of funds for one’s own
use (Rangongo, 2016). These terms are used
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interchangeably. Maladministration can be understood as
connected to mismanagement, incompetence, inefficiency,
malpractice and dishonesty (Collins &O’Brien,2003).Thisis
reiterated by Talane and Pillay (2013) when they state that
financial mismanagement involves a host of activities,
including misappropriation of funds, disregard processes,
and a lack of financial reporting to parents as well as other
stakeholders in education. In the school context,
maladministration is viewed as corrupt behaviour that has
become a global trend, and results in non-compliance with
administrative regulationsandrequirements(WesternCape
Education Department (WCED), 2009). It is a legal term that
refers to a failure by principals or any other relevant
functionaries to carry out their financial responsibilities
properly and fully. It may be unintentional, meaning that it
may stem from mistakes, incompetence, negligence or
carelessness (i.e. financial misconduct in handling or
reporting usage of money given). It may be intentional (such
as in the case of bribes, illegal activities and
misappropriation of public resources for personal use or
gain) (Ochse, 2004; Svensson, 2005; WCED, 2009).
Financial management is the fundamental elementonwhich
the success of any organization depends. Where the
management is weak, success is hard to ascertain. No
institution or school has ever succeeded in history without
proper utilization of its resources (Bua & Adzonogo, 2014).
Okwori (2006) defines financial management as the
forecasting, planning,organizing,directingandcontrollingof
all activities relating to the acquisition and application of
financial resources of an enterprise in the keeping with the
financial objectives. Furthermore, Asemah (2010) sees
financial management in schools simply as implying how
finances are raised in school, the identification of sources of
school finance, methods employed in its collection and how
collected revenues are effectively applied to the school
system to achieve the stated goals and objectives of the
school.
School finances are used for the day-to-day running of the
organization. It is of paramount importance to note that
every school manager/ administrator needs to plan the
school budget either termly or annually to achieve optimal
school objectives and for the effective management of
finance. It is solely the responsibility of the school
administrator to see to it that the necessary funds regularly
solicited for, meet the demands of their schools. The
availability of such funds will help handle school projects
which will go a long way to enhance better learning and
teaching (Bua & Adzongo, 2014).
Aminu (2006) in his study revealed that, financial resources
prudently and judiciouslymanagedbyschool administrators
enhance teachers’ job performance and students’ academic
achievement. Bolaji (2002) in a study revealed that school
administrators starved of funds would have problems in
meeting staff requirement which should enhance their job
performance. Hence, good financial managementonthepart
of the school administrators would enhance collaboration,
team spirit and excellence in job performance among
teachers (Adewonyin, 2001).
However, Tims (1992) observed that some head teachers
(Principals) or school managers are foundtobeinefficient in
the way and manner they manage the finances in their
schools. This may not be mismanagement or embezzlement
but because of ignorance of simple techniques of budgeting
and management.
The general objective of education in Cameroon has been
clearly stated in the 1998 law on Education in Cameroon; to
train the child for his civic, moral, intellectual and physical
development for smooth socio-economic integration. The
achievement of these objectives requires funds. Hence,
Ogbonnaya (2000) opines that funds are necessary for the
payment and employment of staff and procurement of
educational materials, which in themselves are indices of
effective management. Principals are the chief accounting
officers of their respective secondary schools. They are
supposed to generate funds internally toruntheirschools as
well as ensure that funds provided by stakeholders are
properly managed. In most cases, someprincipalsclaimthey
lack enough funds to run their schools, but the reality
sometimes may be that it is the manner the little funds
available to the principal is managed that constitute great
management problem. The acute shortage of teaching aids,
seats e.t.c could be instances of the negative effects of
financial management on secondary schools. Most of the
roofs of the classrooms are blown off without receiving
attention of principals. Inadequate supply of instructional
materials like audio visual equipment,laboratory equipment
and even standard textbooks are speculated to be instances
of the effects of financial management on secondaryschools.
The growing interest of both the public and government on
how funds provided for the implementation of secondary
school programs are managed makes financial problems
become a central issue. The public and the relevant
stakeholders in education expect school principalstoensure
proper management of the funds provided for
implementation of school programs.Thisisbecauseeffective
and efficient implementation ofanyschool programdepends
on the proper way financial inputs are managed (Bua &
Adzongo, 2014; Kwaghbo 2008; Lomark, 2002).
Kwaghbo (2008) says, financial management entails;
planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and collecting
of payments in such a way as to achieveorganizational goals.
He also stresses that school managers should have sufficient
knowledge of financial management techniques in order to
be effective financial managers. He added further that
financial manager is one who forecasts, plan budgets
(involving heads of departments) and executes the budget
according to specified estimates that funds are effectively
and efficiently used to achieve the desired objectives of the
school. This therefore implies that principals should be
effectively trained in the area of financial resource
management.
2.1.4: School Objectives:
Educational objectives are expressed in broad statements
that describe the academic and/or professional
accomplishments that the course, the program, or the
institution is preparing students to achieve (Tambo 2003).
Objectives define strategies or implementation steps to
attain the identified goals. Unlike goals, objectives are
specific, measurable, and have a defined completion date.
They are more specific and outline the “who, what, when,
where, and how” of reaching the goals (Mullins, 1999). Thus
school objectives are guidelines to the teaching andlearning
activities of the school which help the principal in
determining the extent to which the school has been
successful.
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The attainment of school objectives is one of the crucial
factors determining future academic and occupational
success. Therefore, educational administrators in general
and professional education should focus on knowledge,
skills/competencies useful and desirable in everyday life.
This is because Principalship practices in the attainment of
school objectives is also associated with both the individual
and collective benefits that education provides in terms of
improving opportunities and of increasing the well-being of
individuals and groups (Louis Seashore et al., 2010;
Fonkeng and Tamjong, 2009; Mbua, 2003; Ndongko,
1989).There is also a clear recognition of the fundamental
role that secondary education plays in terms of providing
opportunities for the development of increased learning
during the lives of individuals.In line with the provisions of
Law No 98/004 of 14 April 1998; “to lay down guidelines for
Education in Cameroon, the general objective of education in
Cameroon has been clearly stated in part 1 section 4.
“To train children for their intellectual, physical, civic and
moral development and their smooth integration into
society bearing in mind prevailing economic, socio-
cultural, political and moral factors”.
Coupled with the Cameroon development agenda (vision
2035) which expresses the aspirations of Cameroonians to
be a united nation, enjoying peace and security, democracy,
decentralised administration; prosperity and universal
access to quality social services (GESP, 2010). In effect, the
achievement of the general objective of education in
Cameroon, (knowledge, skills/competencies, attitudes and
others) is indispensable requisite for access to greater
opportunities for secondary school graduates. The need to
assure at least the kind of trainingthatcoverslearning needs
for students is a growing imperative that is increasingly
recognized and accepted by all governments (UNESCO,
2000).
Students, individual abilities to successfully direct and
manage their professional paths represent very important
competencies that are becoming more and more valuable in
the world.The nature of professional paths and careers has
also changed, as individuals today have more opportunities
for lifelong learning and professional transitions (Baruch,
2004; Savickas et al., 2009). In accordance with the
increasing importance of developing skills/competencies
from an early age, career development represents a process
that unfolds throughout one's lifetime and is marked by
numerous changes. For instance, whereas children often
consider fantasy jobs or professions present in their daily
environment such as their parents' occupations,adolescents
are more aware of their own preferences and have more
focused and realistic career considerations (Auger,
Blackhurst, & Wahl, 2005; Hartung, Porfeli, & Vondracek,
2005; Helwig, 1998; Trice, Hughes, Odom, Woods, &
McClellan,1995). In addition, adolescents are more active in
choosing activities that shape their professional future,
which also partly reflects the increased external demands
and expectations of their parents, teachers and other
relevant persons.
Generally, students finishing secondary/high school face a
very demanding transition either to college or to the job
market that is often accompanied by substantial stress and
worries (Creed, Muller, & Patton, 2003; Gall, Evans, &
Bellerose, 2000; Galotti, 1999). The way adolescents deal
with this change is influenced by numerous personal
characteristics that include cognitive abilities, decision
styles, personality traits or emotional competencies(Brown,
2002; Gati, Landman, Davidovitch, Asulin-Peretz, & Gadassi,
2010).
Nowadays, challenging labour-market seekspeoplenotonly
well educated with good knowledge. Among requirements
set in job advertisements very important are those
connected with psychological characteristics, likecreativity,
social skills and increasingly desire to achieve success, to
work under pressure and accomplish ambitious goals.
Employers look for high achievers. Therefore, in order to
prepare the graduatestothe contemporarylabour-market,it
is very important to supplement the process of students’
professional competences’ formation with needed
psychological competences. Moreso,theaimsandobjectives
of education make it clear thattheultimategoal ofsecondary
education is to develop the individual’s mental capacity and
character for higher education and useful living within the
society since the future of any nation depends quite
considerably on the quality of education it provides for its
citizens. This tasks lies on the principal, who leads and
guides other stakeholders towards realizing the vision and
mission of the school (Whitehead et al., 2013; Mathews and
Crow, 2010). It is therefore extremely important to be
aware of the progress made by school principals in their
various administrative practicesinregardtoattainingschool
objectives, as well as to have insights on the impact these
objectives have on the students’ development and on other
stakeholders in the community as well as understand the
effectiveness of their schools. For schools to be effective,
educational administrators must go beyond superficial
activity. They have to ensure the attainment of school
objectives without making the fundamental changes in
beliefs, attitudes, and instructional practices that lead to
second order change. Classroom learning and teaching
practices must reflect the attributes depicted in the stated
goals/objectives:focus,highexpectations,leadership,deeply
aligned curriculum, instruction, and assessment,monitoring
learning and teaching,professional development,supportive
environment, and high levels of family and community
involvement. It is self-evident that the successful learning of
students depends on the quality of their school experiences.
Thus schools make a difference; but teachers and
principalship practices make the most difference.
According to Ndyali (2013) Secondaryeducationisexpected
to produce graduates who are able to thrive in a fast
challenging world, meet challenges and solve problems; be
entrepreneurial and create jobs, critical and active citizens.
This is in line with the World Bank report (2001) which
states that secondary education is crucial for economic
growth since it provides countries with Human skills and
Knowledge needed for Economic growth. Secondary
Education increases further learning and training of
professionals such as technicians, scientists and
entrepreneurs. Thus governments in all countries of the
world strive to provide education to their citizens with the
understanding that it is essential, not only for economic
growth but also for social stability and this can be achieved
through effective and efficient implementation of the
curriculum (attainment of stated objectives).
In assessing the attainment of school objectives, it is
necessary to keep inmindthattheoutcomes/desired results
manifest themselves in two directions; one intrinsic,andthe
other extrinsic to the education system (Mbua, 2003; 2002).
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The first dimension refers to that which is inherent to the
education system knowledge, skills,attitudes,values,andall
other objectives contained in the respective plans and
programs of studies imparted within schools. The second
dimension refers to the impact that these results produce
within the society in which the education system operates.
That is, once these graduates who possess greater human
capital enter society, they generate impacts that are at the
same time economic, social, and political. Inordertoexpress
operationally the intrinsic dimension of the outcomes of
education systems, it is necessary to assess the practices of
the principals in financial, material and human resource
management. Moreover, in order to analyze the extrinsic
dimension, it is necessary to resort to knowledge generated
in various areas of the social sciences, since this dimension
refers to the extent to which education fulfils the various
functions assigned to the various levels and modalities
within which it is imparted. Thus, for example, the intrinsic
dimension of the efficiency of principalshippracticesmay be
estimated by examining rationality in the use of the
resources assigned to the school (cost effectiveness). For its
part, the extrinsic dimension of these outcomes refers to the
optimization of costs and benefits createdby education.This
dimension is assessed, then, through application of
cost/benefit analysis, considering the impact that the
knowledge acquired by students has on the productivity of
economic systems and on the employability and income of
those who acquire it. For its part, the intrinsic dimension of
efficacy refers to the extent to which the above-mentioned
curricular objectives areattained.The extrinsicdimensionof
efficacy is related to the capacity of the knowledge, skills,
and values acquired by students to improve their own
quality of life (Yang, 2014; Cornali, 2012; Mbua, 2002).
In any organization when the objectives are not attained or
achieved the entire organization is affected. Kaume-Mwinzi
(2017) opines that, inefficiency in the achievement of
objectives is considered as educational wastage.
“Thus the realisation of school objectivesdepends greatly
on the skill with which leaders adapt their practices to
the circumstances in which they find themselves, their
understanding of the underlying causes of the problems
they encounter, and how theyrespondtothoseproblems”
(Seashore Louis et al., 2010).
With specific reference to the school setting,ifschool leaders
do not demonstrate a democratic approach tomanagingand
facilitating the daily procedures of the school and an
undemocratic approach is used,
“a variety of undesirable outcomes will surface, such as;
dependent and apathetic followers, low-quality policies
coupled with inefficient implementation and constituent
support, the mystification of the decision-making process,
and in some cases, social strife and aggression”
(Gastil, 1994). This implies there will be a high rate of
joblessness, cyber terrorism, fraud, political thuggery,
unwanted pregnancies, drug consumption etc);thustherate
of indiscipline will be very high (Omote et al., 2015;Ali et al.,
2014). Furthermore Principals playa vital roleincurriculum
implementation in this regards Seashore Louis et al. (2010)
posited that even though a principal may not have expert
knowledge of all curriculum content, principals are able to
use their talents in order to support student learning which
indirectly influence the attainment of school objectives,
enhances the educational system and as a result leading to
operative growth and development of the students.
2.2: Theoretical Context
The rested on the following; Imogene’s Goal Attainment
theory and The Principalship Model for the Attainment of
School Objectives.
Briefly, the theory of Goal Attainment was postulated in the
1960s by Imogene M. King, a nursing education expert from
the United State of America. As seen fromthetitle,thetheory
focuses on the attainment of certain life goals. It opines that
the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in communicating
information, set goals together, and then take actions to
achieve those goals. According to the theory, the factors that
affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and
time. On the other hand, the goal of the nurse is to help
patients maintain health so they can function in their
individual roles. The nurse’s function is to interpret
information in the nursing process, to plan, implement, and
evaluate nursing care (Parker, 2006 and Gonzalo, 2019).
Contextualizing King’s theory to secondary school
leadership, it can be seen that the school principal occupies
the position of a nurse, while the other members of the
school community notably, the teachers, parents and most
importantly the students constitute the clients or patients.
The principal, in the execution of his functions, has as
responsibility to ensurethatheemploysleadershippractices
that ensure effective interaction with all these stakeholders
for the attainment of school goals and objectives. Successful
leadership in the school is not the sole responsibility of the
school principal. Based on the postulation of King, She, with
her own perception and judgment, hasothermembersofthe
school community as her clients whom they must
communicate information together, take actions, decisions
and assessments together and above all interact together in
the school leadership process in order to attain the stated
school goals and objectives. The outcome, which is the
attainment of school goals and objectives and the feedback
from such interaction, is certainly reflective of the ways or
strategies employed in the interaction orprocessingprocess
(Parker, 2006; King, 2007 and Gunazalo, 2019).
According the Principalship model for the attainment of
school objectives developed by the researcher based on the
independent and dependent variables and theories
examined in the study, the principal is the central leader in
the school, flanged by his closed collaborators, teachers,
students and the external community. As the school leader,
he has as a leadership mandate to: Effectively managed
human, material and financial resources, show prove of
accountability by always being accountable to all
stakeholders for every activity or action taken in the school,
effectively plan, implement and supervised instructions
through pedagogic follow-up for effective teaching and
learning and fully involved the external school communityin
school decision making processes through a cordial school-
community relationship. All these aretoensurethatthelofty
school’s goals and objectives such as the acquisition of
transformative skills, knowledge, and acceptable attitudes
amongst others, are sustainably attained for the benefit of
the larger society.
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3. Research Method
The research applied theevaluativeanddescriptiveresearch
designs, making use of quantitative and qualitative
approaches. By this, data was collected from 31 government
secondary general school principals in each of the regions in
respect to their divisions using a structured questionnaire.
The respondents were selected through purposivesampling
technique.
The Questionnaire comprised of 17 closed ended items. The
response option for the 17items was a 5scale likert-type
option (Strongly Agree-SA; Agree-A;Undecided-U;Disagree-
D; Strongly Disagree-SD). The first 4 items addressed
research question 1(financial resource management), the
next 7 items addressed research question 2 (material
resource management) while the last 6 items addressed
research question 3 (human resource management).
Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential
statistics. Descriptive statistics (Frequencies, percentages,
tables, and pie chart) was used to present the demographic
information for principals. The closed ended items were
grouped according to the research question and analysed
using frequencies, percentages, means and bar chart for the
various response optionsandanoverall groupmeanforeach
of the research question. The inferential statistic was
employed to analyse test the hypothesis, here, the Pearson’s
Product Moment correlation coefficient was the used. Ms
Excel 2019 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)
version 24.0 for windows software application employed to
facilitate the analysis while thematic analysis was used to
analyse the interviews, here tables carrying the themes and
accompanied responses were presented.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Out of 31 copies of the structured questionnaire
administered to the sampled population 30 (15 from the
South west Region and 15 from the Littoral region) were
returned making a returned rate of 96.77 percent. The
results from the analysis are presented below according to
the various research questions and hypotheses.
Research Question 1: To what extent does principalship
practice in financial resource management influence the
attainment of school objectives?
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Table 1: Financial resource management
U SD D A SA MEAN N
My school has an account in the
state treasury at my locality
1
(.6%)
13
(8%)
16
(9.9%)
36
(22.2%)
96
(59.3%)
3.31 16
2
The Budget of my school is
validated by the SMB prior to
execution.
16
(9.8%)
11
(6.7%)
23
(14.1%)
31
(19%)
82
(50.3%)
2.93 16
3
Receipts and administrative
documents are examined by SMB
before the payment of bills
19
(11.8%)
16
(9.9%)
32
(19.9%)
62
(38.5%)
32
(19.9%)
2.45 16
1
Receipts and administrative
documents are examined by PTA
before the payment of bills
22
(13.5%)
25
(15.3%)
47
(28.8%)
34
(20.9%)
25
(21.5%)
2.22 16
3
Group mean 2.73
No Indicator No of
items
N Mean SD Maxim
um
Mean
Critic
al
Mean
Decision Ext
ent
%
Financial
resource
managem
ent
4 1
6
7
15.40 4.
90
16.00 8.00 SA (Since
Mean>Criti
cal Mean)
96.
25
Source: Field work 2020
Figure 2: Financial Resource Management
Source: Field work, 2020
The principals generally agreed as follow that, their school
has an account in their locality (22% agreed and 59%
strongly agreed), the budget of their school is validated by
the SMB prior to execution (19% agreed and 50% strongly
agreed), SMB and PTA examine receipts and administrative
documents before payment of bills 38.5% agreed and19.9%
strongly agreed and 20.9% agreed and 21.5% strongly
agreed.
It can therefore, be established that principalship practices
in financial resource management influence the attainment
of school objectives up to 96.25% with the respective
predictive power of 0.05.
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Data from interviews
Table 2: Thematic Analysis depicting Principals’
perceptions to support their position on the
management of financial resource of their schools are
the following;
Themes Quotations
Prescribed
Financial
Rubrics
• “We try to follow the rubrics as prescribed
by the Minister and also follow the
prescribed rubrics by the PTA, from that
we can achieve the pedagogic goals”
• “The management of finances isdonewith
clear cut rubrics. Everything is itemisedto
make sure the money is used judiciously”.
• “The school expressed some needs that
they cannot meet up and they proposed to
the PTA for assistance”
• “As a principal you are forced toalwaysgo
out for fees drive and this is something
that has been put in different
compartments by the Ministry”.
Provision
&
Availability
of Didactic
materials
• “If the finances are not well managed we
will not be able to attain the objectivese.g.
we have 6 seminars and 12 teachers are
supposed to attend these seminars, the
principal is to make sure their bills in
relation to the seminars are paid and if
there is no money for transport for the
teachers to attend the seminars, the
objectives will not be attained”.
• “Principal must make sure that all
working tools are needed by thepersonnel
of the school are provided, if not work will
not go”.
• “Buy didactic materials, you willbeableto
make the schoolenvironmentenabling. So,
I think if you manage your financial
resources properly, you are able to attain
your school’s objectives”
Uses of
Finances
• “You need to use finances for pedagogy,
hygiene and sanitation and many other
things in school life”.
• “The principal is supposed to besomebody
who is objective but orderly in order to
succeed to work with other stakeholders”.
Source; Field Work 2020
Amongst the 10 principals interviewed from each region, all
of them accepted that to followtheprescribedRubricsbythe
Minister of Secondary education and the PTA and that the
principal is supposed to be somebody who is objective but
diligent and orderly in order to succeed to work with other
stakeholders for the attainment of school objectives.
With regards to management of finances, as depicted in
some of their statements as 6 out of 10 Principals said,
“If the finances are not well managed we will not be able
to attain the objectives e.g. we have 6 seminars and 12
teachers are supposed to attend these seminars, the
principal is to make sure their bills in relation to the
seminars are paid and if there is no money for transport
for the teachers to attend the seminars, the objectives will
not be attained”.
Hypothesis 1: Principalship practices in financial resource
management influences the attainment of School objectives.
The independent variable in this hypothesis is Principalship
practices in financial resource management, while the
dependent variable was attainment of School objectives.
Since the data for both the independent and the dependent
variable are continuous; the statistical analysis technique
suitable to be used to test this hypothesis was Pearson’s
Product Moment Correlation.
Table 3 showing Pearson’s’ correlation for
Principalship practices in financial resource
management and attainment of School objectives
attainment
of school
objectives
Principalship
practices in
financial
resource
management
attainment of
school objectives
1 .714**
.000
Principalship
practices in
financial resource
management
.714** 1
.000
Source: Field work 2020
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
A Pearson product-moment correlation was run to
determine the relationship between Principalship practices
in financial resource management and attainment of school
objectives. There was a positive very strong correlation
between Principalship practices in financial resource
management and attainment ofschool objectives.Which was
statistically very significant (r = .714, n = 167, p< .0005). It
could therefore be concluded that Principalship practices in
resource management influence the attainment of School
objectives.
This finding corroborates with what the principals were
saying, for instance:
“If the finances are not well managed we will not be able
to attain the objectives e.g. we have 6 seminars and 12
teachers are supposed to attend these seminars, the
principal is to make sure their bills in relation to the
seminars are paid and if there is no money for transport
for the teachers to attend the seminars, the objectives will
not be attained” ( Principal A).
This finding refutes the works of Tumen (2013),
“There is no systematic relationship betweenoveralllevel
of school resources, financial management practices of
schools, and the achievement of students in secondary
schools. This implies the overall level of resources has no
effect on student achievement. A further postulated that
current financial management practices at the school-
level have no impact on student achievement”.
This means that, even though some schools allocate
proportionally more resourcestolearningmaterials,teacher
salaries, or school site related expenses; student
achievement is not systematically higher in these schools
and if students achievement is nothigheritmeanstheschool
objectives are not attained. Such findings also suggest that
variations in the proportional allocation of resources across
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schools may be too small to detect the systematic impact of
financial management on achievement.
This finding is equally in agreement with the work of
Ogundele et al. (2014), who established that financial
management skills are needed by principals for effective
school administration, by implication to the study, the
modern-day school principal should be financially
knowledgeable, professionally and administratively
competent to run and manage the school.
Research Question 2: To what extent does in material
resource management influence the attainment of school
objectives?
Figure 3: Material Resource Management
Source: Field work 2020.
Table 4: Material Resource Management
U SD D A SA MEAN N
Didactic materials are
available throughout the
school year
10
(6.3%)
1
(.6%)
6
(3.8%)
61
(38.4%)
81
(50.9%)
3.27 159
My school has a functional
Biology laboratory
10
(6.3%)
54
(33.8%)
27
(16.9%)
30
(18.8%)
39
(24.4%)
2.21 160
My school has a functional
chemistry laboratory
10
(6.2%)
57
(35.2%)
26
(16%)
27
(16.7%)
42
(25.9%)
2.21 162
My school has a functional
physics laboratory
11
(7.1%)
51
(33.1%)
26
(16.9%)
39
(25.3%)
27
(17.5%)
2.13 154
My school has a functional
Food and Nutrition
laboratory
9
(5.8%)
46
(29.7%)
37
(23.9%)
28
(18.1%)
35
(22.6%)
2.22 155
My school has a functional
multimedia centre for
computer science Practical.
14
(8.8%)
44
(27.5%)
26
(16.3%)
46
(28.8%)
30
(18.8%)
2.21 160
My school has a functional
library
5
(3.4%)
24
(16.1%)
30
(20.1%)
78
(52.3%)
12
(8.1%)
2.46 149
Group mean 2.39
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N
o
Indicator No of
items
N Mean SD Maximu
m Mean
Critical
Mean
Decisi
on
Extent
%
Material
resource
management
7 167 16.71 6.8
2
28.00 14.00 A
(Since
Mean>
Critical
Mean)
59.68
Source: Field work 2020
In response to the Material Resource Management, there was where they agreed and disagree. As shown in Table 4 and figure
3, the responding principals generally agreed that, didactic materials are available throughout the school year (with 38.4%
agree and 50.9% strongly agreed with a mean score of up to 3.3) and that their schools have a functional libraries with mean
score of (with up to 52.3% who agreed and 8.1 who strongly agreed with a meanscore of2.5).However,theyslightlydisagreed
on the rest four (4) items, that their schools have functional Biology (33.8%disagreedand16.9%disagreed, witha meanscore
of 2.2), chemistry (35.2% strongly disagreed with 16% disagreeing, recording 2.21 as a mean score, physics ( 33.1% strongly
disagree while 16.9% disagree, a mean score of 2.1) and Food and Nutrition laboratories (29.7% strongly agreed and23.9%,
with a mean score of 2.2, and lastly disagreed on a well functional multimedia centers for computer science practical’s with a
mean score of 2.2.
From the data presented on Table 11, it can therefore, be made clear that principalship practices in material resource
management influence the attainment of school objectives up to 59.68% with the respective predictive power of 0.05.
Data from interviews
Table 5: Thematic Analysis depicting Principals’ perceptions to support their position on management of material
resources in their schools are the following;
Themes Quotations
Provision,
Purchase
and
Availability
of Materials
• “Principals ensure that those didactic and pedagogic materials needed for effective running of the school
(chalk, duster, paper, ink, pens, exercise and texts books, syllabuses, computers and their accessories) are
provided”.
• “As a principal, you do not just buy the request of teachers in relation to pedagogic and didactic materials
because money is never enough, so you scale the resources according to preferences”
• “As a principal you cannot sub-change availability and adequacy of material resources. Thus you make
sure that materials are available for example you play over the rubrics so as to providethemostessentials
when the finances get exhausted”
• “We try as much as possible to manage and keep inventories on all what we have in the office and in
classrooms”.
Construction
and
Maintenance
• “Principals try as much as possible to use the meager resources at their disposal to maintain (repair and
renovate) the material resources. So that both the teachers and students can operate at an optimumlevel
because the essence of teaching is to make learning simple”.
• “With limited classrooms, as a principal I designed moveable boards to enable studentslearnundertrees”
• “I use my own initiative to patch up with the nearby school for computer classes since I do not have a
computer laboratory in my school and also include computers and its accessories in the school budget so
as to start working on it".
Source: Field work 2020
Among the 10 principals interviewed, all accepted that as a principal you cannot sub-change availability and adequacy of
material resources. Thus the principal is to make sure that materialsareavailablefor exampleyouplayovertherubricssoasto
provide the most essentials when the finances get exhausted. Some also agreed that they try as much as possible to use the
meager resources at their disposal to maintain (repair and renovate) the material resources to enable the teachers and
students can operate at an optimum level because the essence of teaching is to make learning simple. Their reason was that it
will help improve on school/results and performance eventually leading to the attainment of stated objectives.
Hypothesis 2: Principalship practices in material resource management influences the attainment of School objectives.
The independent variable in this hypothesis is Principalship practices in material resource management,whilethe dependent
variable was attainment of School objectives. Since the data for both the independent and the dependent variable are
continuous; the statistical analysis technique suitable to be used to test this hypothesis was Pearson’s Product Moment
Correlation.
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Table 6 showing Pearson’s’ correlation for Principalship practices in material resource management and
attainment of School objectives
Attainment of School
objectives
Principalship practices in
material resource
management
Principalship practices in
material resource management
1 .681**
.000
Attainment of School objectives .681** 1
.000
Source: Field Work, 2020
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
From the analysis in the table above, the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternative retained. That there is a positive
and moderate relationship between Principalship practices in material resource management and attainment of School
objectives, which was statistically significant (r = .681, n = 167, p< .0005). It could therefore be concluded that Principalship
practices in material resource management influence the attainment of School objectives.
This work tends to align with the work of Uko, Umosen and Caleb (2016), who found out that administrators’ resource
management practices were significantly related to teachers’ job performance. This implies that the school administrator
(principal) requires adequacy of relevant componentsof educational resources(e.gmaterial resources)to beabletoeffectively
and efficiently coordinate and manage the school organization in collaboration with the teachers to bring about positive job
performance and the requisite academic achievement of students and as a consequence the attainment of school objectives.
Research Question 3: To what extent does in human resource management influence the attainment of school objectives?
Table 7: Human Resource management
U SD D A SA MEAN N
In my school I ensure that part
time teachers are actively
involved in the teaching-
learning process
0
(0%)
1
(.6%)
0
(0%)
44
(27.3%)
116
(72%)
3.71 161
In my school I ensure that
auxiliary staff are actively
involved in the teaching-
learning Process
7
(4.5%)
25
(16.1%)
51
(32.9%)
41
(26.5%)
31
(20%)
2.41 155
In my school the parents take
part in activities of the
permanent admission
commission
7
(4.7)
25
(16.8%)
34
(22.8%)
38
(25.5%)
45
(30.2%)
2.60 149
In my school the members of the
school council take part in
activities of the permanent
admission commission
10
(6.3%)
14
(8.8%)
34
(21.3%)
53
(33.1%)
49
(30.6%)
2.73 160
PTA meetings regularly hold in
my school
0
(0%)
1
(.6%)
14
(8.8%)
91
(56.9%)
54
(33.8%)
3.24 160
SMB meetings regularly hold in
my school
18
(11.5%)
10
(6.4%)
17
(10.8%)
62
(39.5%
50
(31.8%)
2.74 157
Group Mean 2.91
No Indicator No of
items
N Mean SD Maximu
m Mean
Critica
l Mean
Decision Extent
%
Human
resource
management
6 167 17.53 3.5
9
24.00 12.00 A (Since
Mean>
Critical
Mean)
73.04
Source: Field work 2020
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Source: Field work 2020
Figure 4: Human Resource management
Table 7 and Figure 4 have to do with Human resource management. Here, the responding principals generally agreedon5out
of the 6 items as follows; that part time teachers are actively involved in the teaching-learningprocess(27.3%agreedand72%
strong agreed with a mean score of 3.71), that the parents and members of the school councils take part in activities of the
permanent admission commissions (25.5% agreed and 30.2% strongly agreed, with a mean score of 2.60), PTA and SMB
meetings regularly hold in their schools (56.9% agreed and 33.8% strongly agreed with a mean score of 3.2 and39.5%agreed
and 31.8% strongly agreed with a mean score of 2.74 respectively. However, they slightly disagreed that in their schools they
ensure that auxiliary staff are actively involved in the teaching-learning Process (16.1% strongly disagreed and 32.9%
disagreed, with a mean score of 2.41)
Hence, it is evident that principalship practices in human resource managementinfluencetheattainmentofschool objectives
up to 73.04%with the respective predictive power of 0.05.
Data from interviews
Table 8: Thematic Analysis depicting Principals’ perceptions to support their position on management of material
resources in their schools are the following;
Themes Quotations
Maintaining a
positive and
healthy school
environment
• “Try as much as possible to maintain a friendly campus/environment. Your staff and collaborators
should know you are concerned about their welfare”.
• “I practice inclusive administration because it is of upmost important to note that nobody runs the
house alone thus involving the internal stakeholders in decision making”.
• “As a principal to improve on productivity which has a directimpactonschoolobjectives, teachersas
well as students have to be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated (e.g. incentives, certificates of
appreciation, verbal praise)”.
• “Principal must make sure that they delegate powers except financial power because delegating
power is not just empowering people but it is a kind of training ground for your collaborators”
Role,
Responsibility
and
leadership
style
• “As a principal you are firm when you need to be firm and you are relaxed when you need to be
relaxed thus, I am of the opinion that praise and reprimand should be done openly”
• “As a principal you are the pivot of running an institution and institution is managed by people”.
• “The principal should be the person when it comes to pedagogy and school life”
• “I make sure each vice principal in my school is in charge of particular subjects and they have
particular classes that they carter for and supervise”.
• “In human resource management the principal is not a boss; the principal treats the rest of her
collaborators, teachers, administrators and even students with human phase”.
Source: Field work 2020
Principals highlighted that to improveon productivitywhich
has a direct impact on the attainment of school objectives,
teachers as well as students have to be intrinsically and
extrinsically motivated (e.g. incentives, certificates of
appreciation, verbal praise and also that the principal is not
a boss; the principal treats the rest of her collaborators,
teachers, administrators and even students with human
phase”.
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It could be concluded that, as far as the three indicators of
resource management (with the extent of 76.32%) are
concern, financial resource management has the highest
contribution with the extent of 96.25%, followed by human
resource management with 73.04 and lastly material
resource management with the extent of 59.68% to the
attainment of school objectives. This finding is very
significant in that principals need to pay attention these
indicators if they expect a better outcome towards school
attainment. They must manage the financial resources
judiciously, take cognisance of the personnel they are
working with, while lastly make best use of the available
material at their put at their disposal.
Hypothesis 3: Principalship practices in human resource
management influences the attainment of School objectives.
The independent variable in this hypothesis is Principalship
practices in human resource management, while the
dependent variable was attainment of School objectives.
Since the data for both the independent and the dependent
variable are continuous; the statistical analysis technique
suitable to be used to test this hypothesis was Pearson’s
Product Moment Correlation.
Table 9 showing Pearson’s’ correlation for
Principalship practices in human resource
management and attainment of School objectives
Attainment
of School
objectives
Principalship
practices in
human
resource
management
Principalship
practices in
human resource
management
1 .681**
.000
Attainment of
School objectives
.681** 1
.000
Source: Field work 2020
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
From the analysis in the table above, the null hypothesis was
rejected while the alternative retained. That there is a
positive and moderate relationship between Principalship
practices in human resource managementandattainment of
School objectives, which was statistically significant (r =
.681, n = 167, p< .0005). It could therefore be concluded that
Principalship practices in human resource management
influence the attainment of School objectives.
This finding is in conformity with the postulationsofEtomes
(2016),
“That for any organization to function effectively, it
must have resource of men (human resources), money,
materials and machinery. These resources by
themselves cannot fulfil the objectives of the
organization; they need to be collected, coordinated
and utilized by the administrator”.
Thus management of these resources is therefore vital. This
implies the principal has to ensure effective andefficient use
of human talents to accomplish the goals. For example
teachers are the main human resources in school and their
efficiency is very significant for the achievement of goals of
education, thus the principal inhishumanresourcepractices
needs to effectively and efficiently manage the teachers;
because teacher personnel management to some extent
determines the quality of teachers which is paramount for
the quality outcome of the school system (Hernes, 2001).
Generally, school principals are like the engines of a train in
that they are primary factors for school success Lunenburg
(2010). Achieving/attaining school objectives and optimum
learning by students is all about school effectiveness. When
the findings about the influence of principalshippracticeson
the attainment of school objectives are examined, it can be
seen that school principals in particular have a key role in
increasing student success by creating effective learning–
teaching and social environment and increase students’ and
teachers’ motivation. These findings are consistent with the
results of many previous studies (Schulte et al., 2010;
Lunenburg, 2010; Wong & Nicotera, 2007; Fullan, 2005).
5. CONCLUSION
The study sought to analyze how principalship Practices in
resource management influence the attainment of School
objectives in Cameroon general secondary schools. This
study in context has provided information about the
situation of principalship practices in Cameroon. Focusing
specifically on their practices in resource management and
how they balance the demands of their roles and
responsibilities.
The background of the study was examined and also
reviewed the conceptual and theoretical frameworks of the
study. Conceptual framework examined the major concepts
of the study that is Principalship practices in resource
management and school objectives. The study made use of
an organizational theory and a model (Imogene’s goal
attainment theory and the principalship model for the
attainment of school objectives). These theory and model
explain the relationship between principalship and the
attainment of school objectives.QuestionnaireandInterview
guide was used to collect data for this study and were
formulated based on the three main hypotheses.
Based on the findings, the study was able to determine the
extent to which principalship practices in resource
management influence the attainment of school objectives.
As far as the three indicators of resource management are
concern; principalship practices here influence the
attainment of school objectives with the extent of 76.32%,
financial resource management has the highestcontribution
with the extent of 96.25%, followed by human resource
management with 73.04 and lastly material resource
management with the extent of 59.68% to the attainment of
school objectives.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
• The government is called upon to provide adequate
funding to educational institutions to facilitate the
administrative duties of principals which are
hampered by frequent shortage of finances and
materials.
• The government is advised to move from the policy
of appointing principals from years of teaching
experience to doing so based onformal professional
training acquired in the domain of educational
administration and leadership as offered in some
state universities.
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As a follow up to their professional development towards
excellence, the government could put in place policies that
provide free in-service trainings to principals that are
already in the field.
REFERENCES
[1] Adeogun, A.A. (2002). School Plant Planning and
Facilities Management. Lagos: Frank Unity Press.
[2] Adeotun, P.A. (2004) Material Resource Management
Ibadan, Vantage Publishers International.
[3] Adewonyin, B. (2001). Financial prudence, cost
effectiveness and efficient management of scarce
resources. Paper presented at 3rd National Workshop
on Alternative Sources of Revenue Generation: Abuja.
[4] Akinbode, A. I. & Al Shuhumi, S. R. A. (2018). The
Principalship in the Twenty-First Century. PUPIL:
International Journal of Teaching, Education and
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