Protocol presentation

1. OBJECTIVES:
To get familiar with the networking devices and their
working

2. Network Hardware – Network Interface Card
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Network adapter card
 Ethernet Card
 LAN card
 Types of NICs
 Media Specific
 Network Design Specific
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

3. Network Hardware - Hub
Hub
 An unintelligent network device that sends one
signal to all of the stations connected to it.
 All computers/devices are competing for
attention because it takes the data that comes
into a port and sends it out all the other ports in
the hub.
 Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology
networks, but they are often used with other
configurations to make it easy to add and
remove computers without bringing down the
network.
 Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

4. CSMA/CD

5. Network Hardware - Hub
Hub
Two types based on ports
Ethernet HUB
Combo HUB
Types of HUB
 Passive HUB
 Active HUB
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

6. Network Hardware
Repeater
 Used to boost the signal between two cable
segments or wireless access points.
 Can not connect different network architecture.
 Does not simply amplify the signal, it
regenerates the packets and retimes them.
 Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

7. Network Hardware
Bridge
 Connects two LANs and forwards or filters data
packets between them.
 Creates an extended network in which any two
workstations on the linked LANs can share
data.
 Transparent to protocols and to higher level
devices like routers.
 Forward data depending on the Hardware
(MAC) address, not the Network address (IP).
 Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

8. Network Hardware
Switch
 Split large networks into small segments,
decreasing the number of users sharing the
same network resources and bandwidth.
 Understands when two devices want to talk to
each other, and gives them a switched
connection
 Helps prevent data collisions and reduces
network congestion, increasing network
performance.
 Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

9. Switch Working

10. Remember!
 Remember, there are three things that switches do that, hubs
do not:
Hardware address learning
Intelligent forwarding of frames
Loop avoidance

11. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

12. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

13. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

14. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

15. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

16. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

17. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

18. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

19. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

20. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

21. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

22. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

23. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

24. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

25. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

26. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

27. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

28. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

29. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

30. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

31. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

32. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

33. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

34. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

35. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

36. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

37. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

38. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

39. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

40. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

41. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

42. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

43. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

44. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

45. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

50. Remember That!
Routers separate broadcast and collision domains.
Switches separate collision domains.
Hubs belong to only one collision domain.
Switches and hubs both only belong to one
broadcast domain.

51. VLANs – A Layer-2 or Layer-3 Function?
 By default, a switch will forward both broadcasts and multicasts out every
port but the originating port.
 However, a switch can be logically segmented into multiple broadcast
domains, using Virtual LANs (or VLANs).
 Broadcasts from one VLAN will not be forwarded to another VLAN. The
logical separation provided by VLANs is not a Layer-3 function. VLAN tags
are inserted into the Layer-2 header.
 Remember, though VLANs provide separation for Layer-3 broadcast
domains, they are still a Layer-2 function.

52. Multilayer Switching
 Multilayer switching is a generic term, referring to any switch that
forwards traffic at layers higher than Layer-2. Thus, a Layer-3
switch is considered a multilayer switch, as it forwards frames at
Layer-2 and packets at Layer-3.
 A Layer-4 switch provides the same functionality as a Layer-3
switch, but will additionally examine and cache Transport-layer
application flow information, such as the TCP or UDP port.
 Some advanced multilayer switches can provide load balancing,
content management, and other application-level services. These
switches are sometimes referred to as Layer-7 switches.

53. Network Hardware
Router
 A device that connects any number of LANs.
 Uses standardized protocols to move packets
efficiently to their destination.
 More sophisticated than bridges, connecting
networks of different types (for example, star and
token ring)
 Forwards data depending on the Network
address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address.
 Routers are the only one of these four devices
that will allow you to share a single IP address
among multiple network clients.
 Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

54. Assignment 3
1. Differentiate b/w HUB and REPEATER?
2. Differentiate b/w BRIDGE and SWITCH?
3. Differentiate b/w ROUTER and SWITCH?

55. THANKS