Taxes & Corporate Investment Decisions by Mansoor A. Seelro
•
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Companies consider tax implications when making investment decisions in order to maximize value. Higher corporate taxes reduce after-tax profits available for investment. As a result, firms cut investments when taxes increase. There are differing views on the relationship between taxes and investment. One view is that using debt financing for investments can provide multiple benefits, including reduced corporate taxes since interest payments lower taxable profits. Managing investments carefully when using borrowed funds can also maximize shareholder value. Taxation strategies influence corporate decisions around investment and financing.
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1.1. Nature and Definition of Auditing
Different scholars have defined auditing in different ways. For example, Auditing is a process of collection and evaluation of evidence for the purpose of reporting on economic transaction. The other definition of auditing given by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, in its publication titled, General Guidelines on Internal Auditing has defined auditing as ‘ a systematic and independent evaluation of data, statements, records, operations and performances ( financial or otherwise) of an enterprise for stated purpose. In any auditing situation, the auditor perceives and recognizes the propositions before him for examination, collects evidence, evaluates the same and on this basis formulates his/her judgment which is communicated through audit report.
As it is cited in Kanal Gupta and Arora A.(1996,p6), Arens and Loebbecke defined auditing as the process by which a complete, independent person accumulates and evaluates evidence about quantifiable information related to specific economic entity for the purpose of determining and reporting on the degree of correspondence between the quantifiable information and established criteria. To sum up, Auditing is the process of verifying the assertions produced by accounting, as to whether they present a true and fair view of the entity's financial position in accordance with accounting standards and GAAP. In other words, auditing seeks to verify whether or not financial records have been properly prepared.
Study Note
The term audit is derived from the Latin term ‘audire,’ which means to hear. In early days an auditor used to listen to the accounts read over by an accountant in order to check them Auditing is as old as accounting.
It was in use in all ancient countries such as Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt. Rome, U.K. and India. The Vedas contain reference to accounts and auditing.
The original objective of auditing was to detect and prevent errors and frauds and most recently objective of audit shifted to ascertain whether the accounts were true and fair rather than detection of errors and frauds.
Auditing evolved and grew rapidly after the industrial revolution in the 18th century with the growth of the joint stock companies the ownership and management became separate.
The shareholders who were the owners needed a report from an independent expert on the accounts of the company managed by the board of directors who were the employees.
1.2. Historical Development of Auditing
The development of auditing is closely linked to the development of accounting. In the early stage of civilization, the number of transaction was usually so small that able to record the transactions himself. However, with the growth of civilization and consequential growth in volume and complexity of transactions, it becomes necessary to entrust the job of recording the transactions to other persons. The trend started with maintenance of accounts to empires by public officials
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The document defines finance and describes who is responsible for financial management within an organization. It states that financial management deals with decisions that are meant to maximize shareholder wealth. Financial managers make planning, acquisition, and utilization of funds decisions that involve risk-return tradeoffs and can impact share prices. The roles of the finance manager include investing, financing, operating, and dividend decisions.
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- 1. Contributed by Mansoor A. Seelro Published on Medium and LinkedIn 14-Dec-2020
- 2. Contributed by Mansoor A. Seelro Taxes and Corporate Investment Decisions Companies work hard and put their best possible efforts in an attempt to optimize their tax liabilities. This not only helps them in making safe financial decisions but also maximizes firm value. Investment decisions have a substantial impact on corporate valuation as they influence corporate growth. Value enhancement has been central to financial management though, taxation strategies carry a distorting effect as to corporate investment and financing decisions. Investment plans rely on taxation strategies for the most part. As corporate taxes apply to the companies’ profits, hence, the after-tax profits determine the amount and the avenues of investments and the way investment planning shall be carried out. Another side of the coin is that investments call for ample cash flows generated internally. While it is sure that internal cash flows are largely affected by the corporate taxes applied. Clearly, firms cut investments when they are giving more in taxes. This is particularly true when the capital markets are in such conditions as they greatly lean on internal investment sources. There are several independent opinions of experts about the relationship between taxes and investments. The most worthwhile being the use of debt financing to make any investment. This has manifold benefits. First, the managers in a particular company tend to invest more sensibly because the funds have been borrowed and are under the supervision of a financing institution. Second, the shareholders are also at ease because of the supervision of a third- party financier. Third, the borrowed funds that are invested more often result in the value maximization for the shareholders because of prudently choosing what projects to invest in.
- 3. Contributed by Mansoor A. Seelro Finally, the most important benefit is that the use of debt results in reduced corporate taxes as the interest paid on a debt has a trickle-down effect on corporate profits (Princen, 2012).
- 4. Contributed by Mansoor A. Seelro Reference Princen, S. (2012). Determining the impact of taxation on corporate financial decision- making. Reflets Et Perspectives De La Vie Économique, LI(3), 161. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.513.0161