This document reports on a study that examined the relationship between financial distress, earnings management, and tax avoidance among consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021. The study found that financial distress has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, indicating that companies facing greater financial difficulties engage in more tax avoidance. However, earnings management was found to have no significant effect on tax avoidance. Several control variables were also examined, and the results showed that higher profitability and larger firm size significantly reduce tax avoidance, while higher leverage significantly increases tax avoidance. The study aims to provide insights into factors influencing corporate tax avoidance practices in Indonesia.
The Effect ofDebt Restructuring and Tax Avoidance on Cost of Debt with Growth...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Pandemic covid-19 makes limitation of company productivity, so it’s hard for company to pay
their debt. Creditors also provide various waivers, such as restructuring debt.The company's efforts in increasing
the high trust of creditors will be low risk, so the company can improve the effectiveness of controlling action
that is in company. The debt will increase the company's expenses, but the company can finance it by
calculating the cost of its taxation. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of
tax avoidance, good corporate governance, and debt restructuring on the cost of debt with growth opportunity as
a moderating variable during pandemic COVID-19. The objects of this research are the sectors of various
consumption goods companies listed on the IDX for 2019–2021. The results of the study show that debt
restructuring has an effect on the cost of debt.Tax avoidance and growth have no effect on the cost of debt.
KEYWORDS :Debt Restructuring ;Tax Avoidance;Cost of Debt; Growth
The Effect of Executive Compensation, Executive Character, And Capital Intesi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The current global economic situation is unfavorable, with downward revisions to forecasts for
global economic growth and a reduction in government tax revenues. The average tax revenue from 2017 to
2021 is below 100%. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of board remuneration, board
character, and capital intensity on tax evasion. This research is quantitative in nature and uses secondary data
from annual financial reports as a data source. The population of this study is comprised of infrastructure, real
estate, and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2021, for a total
population of 144 companies. Target sampling was adopted as the sampling method, and samples that met the
criteria were obtained from 61 companies over five years, resulting in 305 observations. Descriptive statistics,
classical hypothesis testing, panel data regression, and hypothesis testing were used as data analysis methods.
The survey data was analyzed using statistical calculations using the Eviews application version 12, and the
results of a simultaneous survey (Statistics Test F) showed that executive compensation, executive
characteristics, and capital intensity collectively affect tax avoidance. Based on the results of the sub-study (t
statistical test), executive compensation has a negative correlation and has a significant effect on tax avoidance,
but executive characteristics and capital intensity have no significant effect.
KEYWORDS : Capital Intencity; Executive Compensation; Executive Character;Tax Avoidance.
THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND GOOD CORPORATEGOVERNANCE ON THE COST OF DEBT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to analyze the effect of tax avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial
ownership, independent commissioners on the cost of debt in consumer goods and industrial companies listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period (IDX). Tax avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial
ownership, and independent board of commissioners are set as independent variables while the dependent variable is
the cost of debt. A total of 6 companies were used as the research population by taking data on financial statements
that exist in industrial goods and consumption companies listed on the IDX. Sampling using purposive sampling
obtained a number of 30 samples. Here the research uses a quantitative approach, the type of research is descriptive.
The technique used is purposive sampling technique. Statistical analysis used is multiple linear regression.The results
show that the independent board of commissioners individually has an effect on the cost of debt, while tax
avoidance, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership do not affect the cost of debt. Simultaneously tax
avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, the board of commissioners have a significant and
significant effect on the cost of debt.
KEYWORDS: Cost of Debt, Tax Avoidance, Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Independent Board
of Commissioners
Tax Avoidance in Perspective of Institutional Ownership, Independent Commissi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of institutional ownership,
independent commissioners, and audit committees on tax avoidance. This research is focused on the Property
and Real Estate Industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The observations in this study
were 141 samples. Research obtained by purposive sampling technique method. The technique used in this
research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this analysis show that the proportion of
independent commissioners has an effect on tax avoidance, but institutional ownership, and the audit committee
have no effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS : Institutional Ownership, Independence Commissioner, Audit Committee, Tax Avoidance
Why Company Does Tax Avoidance? Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in Indo...inventionjournals
The problem of this research is corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. With the goal of obtaining empirical evidence whether corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. The study sample as many as 34 companies manufacturing in the Jakarta Stock Exchange of 141 existing manufacturing companies The results Showed that CSR, profitability, independent Commissioners, and Tobin's q ratio has a significant effect on tax avoidance. While partially, independent directors, and Tobin's q ratio have no significant effect on tax avoidance, and tax avoidance Significantly Affects.
Why Company Does Tax Avoidance? Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in Indo...inventionjournals
: The problem of this research is corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. With the goal of obtaining empirical evidence whether corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. The study sample as many as 34 companies manufacturing in the Jakarta Stock Exchange of 141 existing manufacturing companies The results Showed that CSR, profitability, independent Commissioners, and Tobin's q ratio has a significant effect on tax avoidance. While partially, independent directors, and Tobin's q ratio have no significant effect on tax avoidance, and tax avoidance Significantly Affects
The Effect ofDebt Restructuring and Tax Avoidance on Cost of Debt with Growth...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Pandemic covid-19 makes limitation of company productivity, so it’s hard for company to pay
their debt. Creditors also provide various waivers, such as restructuring debt.The company's efforts in increasing
the high trust of creditors will be low risk, so the company can improve the effectiveness of controlling action
that is in company. The debt will increase the company's expenses, but the company can finance it by
calculating the cost of its taxation. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of
tax avoidance, good corporate governance, and debt restructuring on the cost of debt with growth opportunity as
a moderating variable during pandemic COVID-19. The objects of this research are the sectors of various
consumption goods companies listed on the IDX for 2019–2021. The results of the study show that debt
restructuring has an effect on the cost of debt.Tax avoidance and growth have no effect on the cost of debt.
KEYWORDS :Debt Restructuring ;Tax Avoidance;Cost of Debt; Growth
The Effect of Executive Compensation, Executive Character, And Capital Intesi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The current global economic situation is unfavorable, with downward revisions to forecasts for
global economic growth and a reduction in government tax revenues. The average tax revenue from 2017 to
2021 is below 100%. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of board remuneration, board
character, and capital intensity on tax evasion. This research is quantitative in nature and uses secondary data
from annual financial reports as a data source. The population of this study is comprised of infrastructure, real
estate, and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2021, for a total
population of 144 companies. Target sampling was adopted as the sampling method, and samples that met the
criteria were obtained from 61 companies over five years, resulting in 305 observations. Descriptive statistics,
classical hypothesis testing, panel data regression, and hypothesis testing were used as data analysis methods.
The survey data was analyzed using statistical calculations using the Eviews application version 12, and the
results of a simultaneous survey (Statistics Test F) showed that executive compensation, executive
characteristics, and capital intensity collectively affect tax avoidance. Based on the results of the sub-study (t
statistical test), executive compensation has a negative correlation and has a significant effect on tax avoidance,
but executive characteristics and capital intensity have no significant effect.
KEYWORDS : Capital Intencity; Executive Compensation; Executive Character;Tax Avoidance.
THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND GOOD CORPORATEGOVERNANCE ON THE COST OF DEBT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to analyze the effect of tax avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial
ownership, independent commissioners on the cost of debt in consumer goods and industrial companies listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period (IDX). Tax avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial
ownership, and independent board of commissioners are set as independent variables while the dependent variable is
the cost of debt. A total of 6 companies were used as the research population by taking data on financial statements
that exist in industrial goods and consumption companies listed on the IDX. Sampling using purposive sampling
obtained a number of 30 samples. Here the research uses a quantitative approach, the type of research is descriptive.
The technique used is purposive sampling technique. Statistical analysis used is multiple linear regression.The results
show that the independent board of commissioners individually has an effect on the cost of debt, while tax
avoidance, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership do not affect the cost of debt. Simultaneously tax
avoidance, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, the board of commissioners have a significant and
significant effect on the cost of debt.
KEYWORDS: Cost of Debt, Tax Avoidance, Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Independent Board
of Commissioners
Tax Avoidance in Perspective of Institutional Ownership, Independent Commissi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of institutional ownership,
independent commissioners, and audit committees on tax avoidance. This research is focused on the Property
and Real Estate Industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The observations in this study
were 141 samples. Research obtained by purposive sampling technique method. The technique used in this
research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this analysis show that the proportion of
independent commissioners has an effect on tax avoidance, but institutional ownership, and the audit committee
have no effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS : Institutional Ownership, Independence Commissioner, Audit Committee, Tax Avoidance
Why Company Does Tax Avoidance? Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in Indo...inventionjournals
The problem of this research is corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. With the goal of obtaining empirical evidence whether corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. The study sample as many as 34 companies manufacturing in the Jakarta Stock Exchange of 141 existing manufacturing companies The results Showed that CSR, profitability, independent Commissioners, and Tobin's q ratio has a significant effect on tax avoidance. While partially, independent directors, and Tobin's q ratio have no significant effect on tax avoidance, and tax avoidance Significantly Affects.
Why Company Does Tax Avoidance? Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in Indo...inventionjournals
: The problem of this research is corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. With the goal of obtaining empirical evidence whether corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. The study sample as many as 34 companies manufacturing in the Jakarta Stock Exchange of 141 existing manufacturing companies The results Showed that CSR, profitability, independent Commissioners, and Tobin's q ratio has a significant effect on tax avoidance. While partially, independent directors, and Tobin's q ratio have no significant effect on tax avoidance, and tax avoidance Significantly Affects
Post IFRS Convergence Investigation: Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosu...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research aims to determine the factors that influence the level of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures after International Financial Reporting Standards convergence by testing the effect of Institutional Ownership, Public Ownership, Board of Independent Commissioner Size and Company Size on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures index. Sample used are mining sector companies that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange for period 2013-2016. The sources of the data were taken from audited financial reports and annual reports and sample were 19 banks which taken by using purposive sampling. This research uses quantitative approach with multiple linier regression analysis. The results show that institutional ownership, public ownership and company size have a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility disclosures. There is no evidence to suggest that board of independent commissioner size have any effect on corporate social responsibility disclosures. The results simultaneously show that Institutional Ownership, Public Ownership, Board of Independent Commissioner Size and Company Size have an influence on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures..
Late issuer conveys report finance audited on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2020
experienced improvement, though there is policy add period time reporting. That is interesting for research to
find possible solutions to overcome problems. Study this aim test role moderation the reputation of public
accountant firm in reducing audit delay. The population study was companies listed on the Indonesia Stock
Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2020. Sample numbered 169 determined based on formula Slovin, with purposive
sampling technique. The analysis technique was used in moderated regression analysis with SPSS’22 program
assistance. The results show a moderation reputation of public accountant firm to size company no capable
reduces audit delay. Moderation of reputation of public accountant firm to profitability and solvency capable
reduce audit delay.
The Relationship between Gender and Tax PaymentsHendra Gunawan
Paying taxes is one deduction from earnings in a company, a few companies are working to find a way to minimize tax payments but still within reasonable limits and do not violate the rules of law that have been defined. This study aims to determine the effect of gender on tax payments using control variables ROA, size, and leverage. Measurement gender is using dummy variables. Dependent measurements are measured using the tax payments CETR. The population used in this study is all companies except for the construction sector and the financial sector. The sample was selected using purposive sampling and data obtained as many as 237 companies. The results showed that gender had no effect on the payment of taxes, while the ROA and size control variables showed a significant result which means the ROA and size affect the payment of taxes. Leverage control variables showed significant results, which means leverage does not affect the payment of taxes in a company.
Study on Factors Affecting the Financial Performance of Enterprisesijtsrd
The research objective of the article is study the factors affecting the financial performance of enterprises in Vietnam. Collected data are 189 observations published by the General Statistics Office from 2017 to 2019. The regression analysis results show that the financial performance of enterprises depends on five factors, including efficiency in using labor, financial leverage, capital turnover, fixed asset ratio, and total asset growth rate. In which, the factor of capital turnover has the most significant influence on the performance of enterprises. Based on the research results, the article proposes two managerial implications to improve the financial situation, including improving labor productivity and building a reasonable capital structure for enterprises. Dr. Dinh Cong Thanh | Dr. Pham Le Hong Nhung | BBA. Nguyen Thi Ngan "Study on Factors Affecting the Financial Performance of Enterprises" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/50134/study-on-factors-affecting-the-financial-performance-of-enterprises/dr-dinh-cong-thanh
Respond to... Companies often try to keep accounting earnings .docxwilfredoa1
Respond to...
Companies often try to keep accounting earnings growing at a relatively steady pace in an effort to avoid large swings in earnings from period to period. They also try to manage earnings targets. Reflect on these practices and discuss the following in your discussion post.
Are these practices ethical?
According to Ortega & Grant (2003), “earnings management occurs when managers use judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company to influence contractual outcomes” (p. 51). Because these practices are used to alter the financials of a firm from actuality, then, no, these practices are not ethical, however there are common practice and, in some circumstances, acceptable.
What are two tactics that a financial manager can use to manage earnings?
Financial managers at times will use certain tactics to manage earnings. Two tactics that financial managers use to manage earnings are the Big Bath technique and the cookie jar reserve. The big-bath technique consists of taking a one-time, large write-offs or restructuring charges against income in order to reduce assets to further lower future expenses (Hope & Wang, 2018). The use of the big bath method can affect a firms’ competitiveness as it is essentially reporting a loss, which can have negative results on stock prices. The other method is the cookie jar reserve occurs when a company saves money from successful years and draws from that money and applies it to bad years in order to bolster earnings reports (CPA Journal, 1999). The method is used as way to smooth income and appear financially better when in actuality the company is having a bad year.
What are the implications for cash flow and shareholder wealth?
Ultimately, financial manager’s job is to maximize profit, because of this conflict of interest may occur. According to Chalak & Mohammadnezhad (2012), “with respect to increase shareholder wealth, free cash flows are of importance because allow managers to seek growth opportunities which increase share value” (p. 430). Therefore, the use of the techniques in the regards to implications for cash flow and shareholder wealth can be detrimental due to unreliable and inaccurate information, which occurs from managers intentionally influencing actual financials.
Using the financial balance sheet as displayed in the text, provide an example of how purchasing an asset or issuing stocks or bonds could potentially impact earnings targets.
When purchasing an asset or issuing stocks earnings targets are impacted due the changes in cash flow. For instance, when purchasing assets, the cash accounts will decrease the purchase amount, while issuing stocks or bonds increases by the amount received for the purchased stocks. These actions can a company to miss or exceed its earnings targets by the amounts of cash flow coming in or going ou.
THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, FIRM SIZE, LEVERAGE AND FIRM VALUE ON INCOME SMO...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of profitability,
firm size, leverage and firm value on income smoothing. The number of research samples was 21 companies for
five years with a total of 126 observations. The sample collection method uses a purposive sampling technique.
The data analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the analysis
it was found that profitability, firm size, leverage, and firm value have a positive effect on income-smoothing
practices. This study provides additional information about the effect of profitability, firm size, leverage, and
firm value on income smoothing practices on the IDX, especially the LQ45 index.
KEYWORDS: income smoothing, profitability, firm size, leverage, firm value.
This study is about the timeliness of financial reporting. It aims to analyse the profitability and
leverage in mediating the effect of company size on the timeliness of financial reporting of Indonesian Stock
Exchange (IDX) issuers in 2017-2019. Its population all companies listed on IDX in 2017-2019, totalling 645 in
2017, 714 in 2018 and 792 in 2019. The sample was chosen intentionally for issuers who were not on time and
simple random for issuers who were on time. The number of samples is 222, consisting of 98 who are not on
time and 124 who are on time. The data type is secondary data, collected using documentation, while the data
processing technique uses a structural equation model
Effect of Corporate Tax Aggressiveness on Firm Growth in Nigeria An Empirical...ijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate tax aggressiveness strategies on firm growth in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to investigate the effect of leverage tax aggressiveness strategy on firm growth in Nigeria and evaluate the effect of effective tax rate aggressiveness strategy on firm growth in Nigeria. Ex post Facto research design was adopted and the data were collected from annual reports and accounts of Nigerian food production companies. Pooled multiple regression analysis was employed to test the formulated hypotheses. The study found that Leverage LEV to impact positively on our dependent variable, Firm Growth. This impact was not statistically significant. The study found that Effective tax rate ETR to impact positive on our dependent variable, Firm Growth, but this impact was statistically significant. Since the influence of effective tax rate is not statistically significant and so, should be ignored as a determinant of firm growth in Nigeria. Therefore on the basis of efficient use of tax rate to generate growth should be encouraged. Ifurueze, Meshack S. | John-Akamelu, Racheal C. | Iyidiobi, Felicia C. "Effect of Corporate Tax Aggressiveness on Firm Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18928.pdf
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
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This research aims to determine the factors that influence the level of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures after International Financial Reporting Standards convergence by testing the effect of Institutional Ownership, Public Ownership, Board of Independent Commissioner Size and Company Size on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures index. Sample used are mining sector companies that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange for period 2013-2016. The sources of the data were taken from audited financial reports and annual reports and sample were 19 banks which taken by using purposive sampling. This research uses quantitative approach with multiple linier regression analysis. The results show that institutional ownership, public ownership and company size have a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility disclosures. There is no evidence to suggest that board of independent commissioner size have any effect on corporate social responsibility disclosures. The results simultaneously show that Institutional Ownership, Public Ownership, Board of Independent Commissioner Size and Company Size have an influence on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures..
Late issuer conveys report finance audited on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2020
experienced improvement, though there is policy add period time reporting. That is interesting for research to
find possible solutions to overcome problems. Study this aim test role moderation the reputation of public
accountant firm in reducing audit delay. The population study was companies listed on the Indonesia Stock
Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2020. Sample numbered 169 determined based on formula Slovin, with purposive
sampling technique. The analysis technique was used in moderated regression analysis with SPSS’22 program
assistance. The results show a moderation reputation of public accountant firm to size company no capable
reduces audit delay. Moderation of reputation of public accountant firm to profitability and solvency capable
reduce audit delay.
The Relationship between Gender and Tax PaymentsHendra Gunawan
Paying taxes is one deduction from earnings in a company, a few companies are working to find a way to minimize tax payments but still within reasonable limits and do not violate the rules of law that have been defined. This study aims to determine the effect of gender on tax payments using control variables ROA, size, and leverage. Measurement gender is using dummy variables. Dependent measurements are measured using the tax payments CETR. The population used in this study is all companies except for the construction sector and the financial sector. The sample was selected using purposive sampling and data obtained as many as 237 companies. The results showed that gender had no effect on the payment of taxes, while the ROA and size control variables showed a significant result which means the ROA and size affect the payment of taxes. Leverage control variables showed significant results, which means leverage does not affect the payment of taxes in a company.
Study on Factors Affecting the Financial Performance of Enterprisesijtsrd
The research objective of the article is study the factors affecting the financial performance of enterprises in Vietnam. Collected data are 189 observations published by the General Statistics Office from 2017 to 2019. The regression analysis results show that the financial performance of enterprises depends on five factors, including efficiency in using labor, financial leverage, capital turnover, fixed asset ratio, and total asset growth rate. In which, the factor of capital turnover has the most significant influence on the performance of enterprises. Based on the research results, the article proposes two managerial implications to improve the financial situation, including improving labor productivity and building a reasonable capital structure for enterprises. Dr. Dinh Cong Thanh | Dr. Pham Le Hong Nhung | BBA. Nguyen Thi Ngan "Study on Factors Affecting the Financial Performance of Enterprises" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/50134/study-on-factors-affecting-the-financial-performance-of-enterprises/dr-dinh-cong-thanh
Respond to... Companies often try to keep accounting earnings .docxwilfredoa1
Respond to...
Companies often try to keep accounting earnings growing at a relatively steady pace in an effort to avoid large swings in earnings from period to period. They also try to manage earnings targets. Reflect on these practices and discuss the following in your discussion post.
Are these practices ethical?
According to Ortega & Grant (2003), “earnings management occurs when managers use judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company to influence contractual outcomes” (p. 51). Because these practices are used to alter the financials of a firm from actuality, then, no, these practices are not ethical, however there are common practice and, in some circumstances, acceptable.
What are two tactics that a financial manager can use to manage earnings?
Financial managers at times will use certain tactics to manage earnings. Two tactics that financial managers use to manage earnings are the Big Bath technique and the cookie jar reserve. The big-bath technique consists of taking a one-time, large write-offs or restructuring charges against income in order to reduce assets to further lower future expenses (Hope & Wang, 2018). The use of the big bath method can affect a firms’ competitiveness as it is essentially reporting a loss, which can have negative results on stock prices. The other method is the cookie jar reserve occurs when a company saves money from successful years and draws from that money and applies it to bad years in order to bolster earnings reports (CPA Journal, 1999). The method is used as way to smooth income and appear financially better when in actuality the company is having a bad year.
What are the implications for cash flow and shareholder wealth?
Ultimately, financial manager’s job is to maximize profit, because of this conflict of interest may occur. According to Chalak & Mohammadnezhad (2012), “with respect to increase shareholder wealth, free cash flows are of importance because allow managers to seek growth opportunities which increase share value” (p. 430). Therefore, the use of the techniques in the regards to implications for cash flow and shareholder wealth can be detrimental due to unreliable and inaccurate information, which occurs from managers intentionally influencing actual financials.
Using the financial balance sheet as displayed in the text, provide an example of how purchasing an asset or issuing stocks or bonds could potentially impact earnings targets.
When purchasing an asset or issuing stocks earnings targets are impacted due the changes in cash flow. For instance, when purchasing assets, the cash accounts will decrease the purchase amount, while issuing stocks or bonds increases by the amount received for the purchased stocks. These actions can a company to miss or exceed its earnings targets by the amounts of cash flow coming in or going ou.
THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, FIRM SIZE, LEVERAGE AND FIRM VALUE ON INCOME SMO...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of profitability,
firm size, leverage and firm value on income smoothing. The number of research samples was 21 companies for
five years with a total of 126 observations. The sample collection method uses a purposive sampling technique.
The data analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the analysis
it was found that profitability, firm size, leverage, and firm value have a positive effect on income-smoothing
practices. This study provides additional information about the effect of profitability, firm size, leverage, and
firm value on income smoothing practices on the IDX, especially the LQ45 index.
KEYWORDS: income smoothing, profitability, firm size, leverage, firm value.
This study is about the timeliness of financial reporting. It aims to analyse the profitability and
leverage in mediating the effect of company size on the timeliness of financial reporting of Indonesian Stock
Exchange (IDX) issuers in 2017-2019. Its population all companies listed on IDX in 2017-2019, totalling 645 in
2017, 714 in 2018 and 792 in 2019. The sample was chosen intentionally for issuers who were not on time and
simple random for issuers who were on time. The number of samples is 222, consisting of 98 who are not on
time and 124 who are on time. The data type is secondary data, collected using documentation, while the data
processing technique uses a structural equation model
Effect of Corporate Tax Aggressiveness on Firm Growth in Nigeria An Empirical...ijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate tax aggressiveness strategies on firm growth in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to investigate the effect of leverage tax aggressiveness strategy on firm growth in Nigeria and evaluate the effect of effective tax rate aggressiveness strategy on firm growth in Nigeria. Ex post Facto research design was adopted and the data were collected from annual reports and accounts of Nigerian food production companies. Pooled multiple regression analysis was employed to test the formulated hypotheses. The study found that Leverage LEV to impact positively on our dependent variable, Firm Growth. This impact was not statistically significant. The study found that Effective tax rate ETR to impact positive on our dependent variable, Firm Growth, but this impact was statistically significant. Since the influence of effective tax rate is not statistically significant and so, should be ignored as a determinant of firm growth in Nigeria. Therefore on the basis of efficient use of tax rate to generate growth should be encouraged. Ifurueze, Meshack S. | John-Akamelu, Racheal C. | Iyidiobi, Felicia C. "Effect of Corporate Tax Aggressiveness on Firm Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18928.pdf
Similar to Financial Distress, Earnings Management, and Tax Avoidance: evidence from Indonesia (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
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Financial Distress, Earnings Management, and Tax Avoidance: evidence from Indonesia
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 45
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-02, pp-45-52
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Financial Distress, Earnings Management, and Tax Avoidance:
evidence from Indonesia
Eka Fitriyani1
, Sekar Mayangsari2
*
1,2
Master of Accounting, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT: This study aims to verify the correlation between financial distress and earnings management of
tax avoidance. The population in this study are primary and non-primary consumer goods companies listed on
the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2019 to 2021. Sample collection was performed using a
purposive sampling method, resulting in a total of 94 companies that published complete financial reports and
recorded a positive value on profit before tax. This study was tested by using the Multiple Regression Analysis
test. The results show that financial distress has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, meanwhile
earnings management has no significant effect on tax avoidance. This research used several control variables as
well, which are profitability, leverage, liquidity, sales growth, firm size, and the results show that profitability
and firm size has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, leverage has a significant positive effect on tax
avoidance, while liquidity, sales growth have no significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS : tax avoidance, financial distress, earning management About five keywords in alphabetical
order, separated by a comma (10 Italic)
I. INTRODUCTION
Corporate tax avoidance is an integral part of the company's capital management strategy, the tax
burden is a major expense item for companies, and management can be motivated to develop strategies to
reduce the amount of corporate tax that must be paid to meet the company's capital needs (Richardson et al.,
2015). Corporate tax avoidance has an impact on business and society, which will affect the company's
reputation, future profitability, company value, stock prices, and cost of capital. From a societal perspective,
corporate tax avoidance can hinder the financing of projects that are important to society (Majeed and Yan,
2109). With this impact, the importance of taxes has increased the value of factors that influence tax avoidance.
Companies experiencing financial distress are companies that are struggling with promises made to
their creditors (Tron, 2021). Quoted from dataindonesia.id, in a survey of people's main obstacles in fulfilling
their tax obligations, the indicator survey showed 32.6% of respondents overall that the main obstacle felt by the
community in paying taxes was financial conditions that were not good (Rizaty, 2022). Research conducted by
Mulyaningsih et al. (2021) found that public companies experienced increased financial difficulties between
2015 and 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, despite government intervention to lighten the
corporate tax burden, companies still rely on debt to support their operations due to a lack of internal funding
from retained earnings. Due to the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic that occurred from 2020-2021, which
also caused deteriorating economic and financial conditions, companies facing an increased risk of bankruptcy
can see the potential costs of tax avoidance (for example, tax penalties and reputation damage) to be minimal
compared to the potential profits (eg, the ability to continue as a going concern (Richardson, 2015). Indeed, if
the potential costs of bankruptcy are high enough, firms may be willing to pursue aggressive tax avoidance
practices regardless of the risk of being audited by tax authorities.
Based on a study conducted by Nugroho et al. (2020), manufacturing companies in Indonesia from
2017-2018 show that financial distress has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness. The financial distress
experienced by the company motivates management to seek sources of funds quickly with unexpected risks. The
easiest fund to obtain is the tax payment fund. Meanwhile, the use of funds from debt will increase the interest
expense and the possibility of rejection from creditors. Another cause is the inspection of the tax apparatus
carried out after the end of the tax year, so it is impossible to detect it early unless it leads to tax avoidance or tax
sanctions. Another study conducted by Richardson (2015), an Australian public company covering the 2006-
2010 period, especially due to the impact of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008, shows that financial
distress is significantly and positively related to tax avoidance.
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 46
Apart from financial distress, earnings management is also a measure that can be used for corporate tax
avoidance practices. Earnings management is a choice of accounting policies or concrete actions taken by
management to achieve company goals (Scott, 2015). Managers have their motives when carrying out earning
management practices, these motives include increasing compensation income and job security; to present
higher profits by hiding performance setbacks; to benefit from import assistance; to display the
portfolio/financial statement performance before being displayed to clients or shareholders (window-dress); to
avoid paying corporate taxes and breaching loan contracts; to meet analysts' and investors' earnings expectations
and maintain reputation; to reduce regulatory costs or increase regulatory benefits; and for the purpose of
making initial public offerings (Amidu et al., 2019).
Based on a study conducted by Amidu et al. (2019), Nugroho et al (2020), Thalita et al (2020), earnings
management has a positive relationship with corporate tax avoidance. Another study conducted by Nadhifah and
Arif (2020) shows that earnings management has a negative effect on tax avoidance. This shows that companies
will tend to carry out earnings management through an income minimization strategy. The lower the profit of a
company, the lower the tax burden that is borne by the company. This strategy will reduce the intensity of tax
avoidance practices because the tax burden is already lower than before.
II. LITERATUR REVIEW
1. Theoretical Overview
Agency theory explains the agency relationship, which is a set of contracts or agreements between
principals (stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, government) and agents (executors or managers) within
a company (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The problem that often arises from agency relationships is asymmetric
information where the agent has more information about the company's internal conditions than the principal
(Scott, 2015). Asymmetric information creates the tendency for agents to take inappropriate actions, such as
manipulating profits in preparing financial reports or what is commonly known as earnings management.
The selection of accountant policies aimed at maximizing company profits is often referred to as
positive accounting theory. Positive accounting theory assumes that managers will rationally choose good
accounting policies according to them. Company managers who are actively exploring will choose to change the
reported profit from the current period in order to increase the present value of the bonus flow, so that even
though high profits will not have an impact on high taxes.
2. Empirical Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1 Financial Distress and Tax Avoidance
Financial distress is a decline in the company's financial condition before bankruptcy, which will also
decrease the company's economic capacity. Companies that are in this condition are at risk of being more
aggressive in practicing tax avoidance for the sake of their business continuity. Nugroho, et al (2020) explained
that higher financial distress equals to higher tax aggressiveness, in his research he found that financial distress
has a positive effect on tax avoidance. Sadjiarto, et al (2020) found that financial distress has a positive effect on
tax avoidance. Companies that are in a state of financial distress will get greater profits in tax avoidance
practices than reducing the costs of other companies, so companies have no choice but to take higher risks and
be more aggressive in taxation, because it is important for companies to increase their income. Richardson et al.
(2015) examined the impact of financial distress on corporate tax avoidance, including the global financial crisis
in Australia. They concluded that financial distress has a positive relationship with tax avoidance and that the
relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance has increased due to the global financial crisis. Dang &
Tran (2021) found that financial distress has a positive effect on tax avoidance, the more dangerous a company's
capital position is, the more involved it will be in tax avoidance.
In contrast to the research results of Nadhifah and Arif (2020) that financial distress has a negative
effect on tax avoidance, because this will have a negative impact on the value or image of the company in the
eyes of stakeholders because it has indirectly given a negative signal for tax avoidance actions. Monika and
Noviari (2021) found that financial distress has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Companies that experience
financial distress are considered too risky to do tax avoidance. This is because the company will find it
increasingly difficult to fund its company's activities. Based on this explanation, a hypothesis can be proposed:
H1: Financial distress is positively associated with corporate tax avoidance.
2.2 Earnings Management and Tax Avoidance
Earning management is defined as an act of active manipulation of accounting information to give a
better impression of the company's financial performance, in this case profit (Amidu et al., 2019). This action
can result in recorded profits that are larger or even smaller in one accounting period than in another period due
to the manager's desire to achieve the target. With regard to tax avoidance, companies tend to carry out earnings
management through an income minimization strategy, meaning that the smaller the company's income, the
lower the tax to be paid.
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There are several studies on earnings management and tax aggressiveness, such as Nugroho et al.
(2020), which found that earnings management that was performed through abnormal operating cash flow,
operating production costs, and abnormal discretionary expense, influenced tax aggressiveness behavior
empirically. Amidu et al. (2019), Thalita et al (2022), Purba (2018), Irawan et al. (2020), Arief et al. (2016)
found that earnings management has a positive effect on tax avoidance. In contrast, research by Nadhifah and
Arif (2020) found that earnings management has a negative effect on tax avoidance, while Ginting and Elly
(2018) and Henny (2019) found that earnings management does not affect tax avoidance. Based on this
explanation, a hypothesis can be proposed:
H2: Earnings Management is positively associated with corporate tax avoidance.
III. RESEARCH METHODS
1. Data Source
This study examines the effect of financial distress and earnings management on tax avoidance. This
study uses quantitative analysis. The population in this study are primary and non-primary consumer goods
companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2019 to 2021. The sample in this study
is a purposive sampling technique based on judgment. The criteria for the companies sampled in this study are
as follows:
i. Primary and non-primary consumer goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange which
provide complete data in their Financial Statements from 2019 to 2021.
ii. The company recorded a positive value on profit before tax.
The population in this study amounted to 188 companies with a sample of 94 companies
2. Variable Measurement
Tax Avoidance is measured using a cash effective tax rate proxy to describe tax avoidance activities by
companies because Cash ETR is not affected by changes in estimates such as assessment allowances or tax
protection. Cash ETR describes all tax avoidance activities that reduce tax payments to tax authorities, because
Cash ETR is directly calculated from the cash paid for taxes divided by profit before tax (Dyreng et al, 2008).
Financial distress uses the Altman Z-Score model. A higher Z-Score indicates a healthier financial
situation. Z-Score has a negative correlation with tax avoidance. To adjust for measurements with variables, the
resulting Z-Score is multiplied by -1; thus, a higher value reflects a worsening financial condition. Financial
distress prediction is calculated as follows:
Earnings management adopts Jones' model which is modified by Dechow (1995) is the most powerful
test of earnings management. The Modified Version of the Jones Model implicitly assumes that all changes in
credit sales in the period of occurrence come from earnings management, this is based on the reasoning that it is
easier to manage revenue by exercising discretion over the recognition of revenue on credit sales than managing
revenue by applying discretion over the recognition of revenue on credit sales cash sales (Dechow et al., 1995),
The non-discretionary and discretionary accruals are the constituents of the total accrual. The non
discretionary accrual depends on the firm’s level of activity while the discretionary accruals reflect the
subjective accounting choices made by managers. Thus managers exercise their discretion over accounting
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methods and estimate as well as over the timing to recognized accruals. Hence, the study adopts the
discretionary portion of the total accruals to proxy for earnings management, the calculation model is as follows:
We employ a number of additional control variables which prior studies have shown to affect the
relationship among financial distress, earnings management and tax avoidance. Firm performance (ROA) is the
ratio of firm profit before tax to total assets. Leverage (DAR) is total debt scaled by total assets. Firm liquidity
(CR) is measured as current assets over current liabilities, liquidity is expected to positively relate to tax
avoidance. Firm’s growth potential is measured as the difference between current year’s and previous year’s
revenue over the previous year’s revenue. The logarithm of total assets is employed as a proxy for firm size.
3. Regression model
The analytical model used in this study is multiple linear regression. To test the hypothesis of the
relationship between financial distress, earnings management and tax avoidance, it will be formulated as
follows:
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of the Descriptive Statistical Analysis are shown in Table 1.
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Based on the above table, the CETR value ranges around 0.0009 to 2.4402 with an average of 0.3272
and a standard deviation of 0.3659. Where the smaller the CETR value or close to 0, the greater the possibility
of tax avoidance being carried out, but average value is lower than the standard deviation, so this indicates that
the data used is varied and the sample used for tax avoidance cannot represent the entire population. The
financial distress value ranges from -0.9244 to 14.9751 with an average of 3.4781 and a standard deviation of
2.1299. The Earnings management value ranges from -0.0182 to 0.0269 with an average of 0.0004 and a
standard deviation of 0.0034. Its average value is lower than the standard deviation, so this indicates that the
data used is varied and the sample used for earnings management cannot represent the entire population.
Profitability shows a negative minimum value of -0.1993. The existence of a negative ROA value
indicates that there are samples that experience poor profitability during the study period, with an average of
0.0646 and a standard deviation of 0.0833. Leverage shows an average value of 0.4254. This shows that most of
the company's assets are financed through debt, namely 42.54%. Liquidity shows an average value of 3.3061.
This shows that the average company has 3.3 times more current assets needed to cover its current liabilities.
Sale growth is on the average 6.05% indicating that primary and non-primary consumer goods companies
averagely increases sales by 6.05%. This is an indication of poor sales growth among the sample firms.
However, it is observed that a particular firm in one year recorded a maximum value of 93.95%. Firm size
shows an average value of 28.9495, this value is greater than the standard deviation of 1.4311. This shows that
the majority of the sample are large companies.
The Results of Regression Analysis
The results of the Multiple Linear Regression are shown in Table 2.
Based on table 2, the regression model obtained is:
Table 2 shows the Adjusted Square value of 0.117. this shows that the percentage of variation in the
dependent variable that can be explained by the variation in the independent variables is 11.7%. while the
remaining 88.3% is explained by variations in other variables not included in the regression model in this
research. The significance value (Sig.) is 0.000 <0.05. so it can be concluded that the independent variable
financial distress. earnings management simultaneously influences tax avoidance.
Table 2 shows that the test result of Hypothesis. which obtained a positive financial distress variable
coefficient of 0.024. with a significance of 0.028 on the Current ETR (0.028<0.05 = significant). It means that
financial distress variable positively influences the tax aggressiveness. Higher financial distress equals to higher
tax avoidance.
Thus. H1 was accepted.
The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Nugroho. et al (2020). Sadjiarto. et al
(2020). Richardson et al. (2015). Dang & Tran (2021) that financial distress has a positive effect on tax
avoidance. Generally. firms' financial distress is increased during the financial crisis. During this period. firms
are forced to save their cash through reducing current tax liabilities. The financial difficulties experienced by
companies could be due to the impact of Covid-19 that occurred in the 2020-2021 period. which is the year that
is the object of this research. As a result. several companies rely on debt to support their operational activities.
Financial difficulties can result in company problems in paying debts. both the principal and the interest on the
debt. Due to deteriorating economic and financial conditions. companies that face an increased risk of
bankruptcy as a result of financial distress can see the potential for the tax burden that should be paid to fiscus to
be minimal. Essentially. in times of financial distress. strategies that were previously viewed by the firm as more
risky or costly for it to undertake may become more appealing and viable as the potential benefits of tax
avoidance increase. In the sense that the company will be more aggressive in tax avoidance due to the conditions
experienced without considering the possible effects of taking this action. such as tax fines that are billed by
fiscus and damage to the company's reputation/value. because the company prioritizes the ability to continue its
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business continuity.
On the independent variable earnings management. from the results of model testing. a negative beta
value of -7.840 was obtained. with a significance of 0.261 on the Current ETR (0.261>0.05 = not significant).
Thus. H2 was rejected.
The results of this study do not support the research conducted by Amidu et.al. (2019). Thalita et.al
(2022). Purba (2018). Nurfitriasih and Istiqomah (2022). Irawan et.al. (2020). Arief et.al. (2016) who found that
earnings management has a positive effect on tax avoidance. Differences in the results of this study are thought
to be caused by differences in research sites. The difference in research sites will cause differences in economic
conditions and differences in tax regulations. Other reasons. this difference is thought to be caused by
differences in the use of tax avoidance proxies and earnings management proxies.
The results of the study show that earnings management has no effect on fund tax avoidance in line with
research conducted by Ginting and Elly (2018). and Henny (2019). Managers do not take advantage of
pandemic conditions to change the level of accrual earnings management. The company's management still
considers the company's internal conditions as a basis for determining the level of earnings management used.
One of the government regulations that is directly related to company profits is the corporate income tax. Profit
management practices that are usually carried out by companies by carrying out income minimization explain
that company profits are the benchmark in measuring the company's tax burden. Therefore. management will
report profits according to its objectives. namely using accounting options that reduce profits or decrease income
as a form of tax avoidance. or not do it. This relates to agency theory that the agent has acted in accordance with
what the principle wants. The current pandemic condition has a negative impact on company performance.
especially for consumer goods industry companies. The decrease in consumption causes the company to also
experience problems related to sales. so that managers can increase the allowance for bad debts. As a result.
profits are getting smaller and corporate taxes are decreasing. So it can be concluded that the opportunity due to
the pandemic does not cause managers to increase accrual profits because the motivation of managers is only to
provide full-disclosure. There is no effect of earnings management on tax avoidance. indicating that the greater
the decreasing income made by the company. the company has no indication of tax avoidance.
From the test of profitability. the model test results obtained a negative beta value of -1.232 with a
significance of 0.000 on Current ETR (0.000<0.05 = significant). These results prove that profitability has
significant effect on tax avoidance. This explains that the variable profitability has an inverse relationship with
tax avoidance. The profitability variable in this study uses the ratio of return on assets which is a comparison
between a company's net profit and its total assets. so it can be concluded that the greater the return on assets of
a company. the less aggressive the company's tax actions will be.
From the test of leverage. the model test results obtained a positive beta value of 0.382 with a
significance of 0.001 on Current ETR (0.001<0.05 = significant). These results prove that leverage has
significant effect on tax avoidance. This explains that the leverage variable has a unidirectional relationship with
tax avoidance. The leverage variable in this study uses the debt-to-asset ratio. which is a comparison between a
company's total liabilities and its total assets. so it can be concluded that the greater the debt-to-asset value of a
company. the company's tax avoidance will increase.
From the test of liquidity. the model test results obtained a positive beta value of 0.001 with a
significance of 0.797 on Current ETR (0.797>0.05 = no significant). These results prove that leverage has no
significant effect on tax avoidance. This explains that the company's leverage does not affect tax avoidance. The
absence of leverage on tax aggressiveness can be caused by certain factors that prevent companies from taking
advantage of the interest expense on their debt in reducing the tax burden. If the debt owned by the company is
too large. it will also have an impact on the risks it faces. that is the consideration taken by the company. The
large debt owned by the company can also reduce stakeholder confidence. especially investors because of the
large risks that the company will face in the future.
From the test of company growth. the model test results obtained a positive beta value of 0.013 with a
significance of 0.891 on Current ETR (0.891>0.05 = no significant). These results prove that company growth
has no significant effect on tax avoidance. Sales growth indicates an increase or decrease in the sales or revenue
of the entity. Entities with high sales growth do not necessarily earn high profits either. This can be due to high
costs or expenses as a result of high sales so that high sales growth can result in low profits. So the high or low
sales growth does not have a significant effect on tax avoidance.
From the test of firm size. the model test results obtained a negative beta value of -0.037 with a
significance of 0.015 on Current ETR (0.015<0.05 = significant). These results prove that firm size has
significant effect on tax avoidance. This shows that the larger the size of the company. the company's tax
avoidance will decrease. because there are impacts such as reputation and company value which will be worse if
the company takes these tax avoidance actions.
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V. CONCLUSION
We examine whether financial distress and earnings management has an impact on tax avoidance.
where we use the research of Dechow (1995) to determine the Discretionary. for financial distress we measure it
with the Altman Z Score and tax avoidance is measured using Cash Effective Tax rate (CETR).
The results showed that when the company experienced financial distress. management usually looked
for a quick fund source with unforeseen risks. The easiest fund to obtain was the tax payment fund. Meanwhile.
using fund from debt would add interest expense and a rejection possibility from creditors. Another cause was
that audit from tax apparatus was conducted after the end of the tax year. thus. impossible to detect early. unless
it led to tax avoidance or tax penalties. The earnings management that was performed through Discretionary
accrual no influenced tax avoidance behaviour empirically.
Researchers still difficult to find the component of amount of tax paid working capital to measure cash effective
tax rate. not all objects of observation. namely the company's financial reports present it. and the economic
conditions of Covid-19 have an adverse impact on profits. thus making the research sample small. Finally. our
regression models may be incomplete. Future research could possibly consider this issue.
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